Pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prognosis

Vascular Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 543-559

  Beckman, Joshua A ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882475629     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0284-4.50043-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (276)

1. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2005 2005, American Heart Association, AHA, Dallas.
2. Wolinsky H, Glagov S A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals. Circ Res 1967, 20:99.
3. Movat HZ, More RH, Haust MD The diffuse intimal thickening of the human aorta with aging. Am J Pathol 1958, 34:1023.
4. Kawasaki T, Sasayama S, Yagi S, et al. Non-invasive assessment of the age related changes in stiffness of major branches of the human arteries. Cardiovasc Res 1987, 21:678.
5. Breithaupt-Grogler K, Belz GG Epidemiology of the arterial stiffness. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1999, 47:604.
6. Lakatta EG Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part III: Cellular and molecular clues to heart and arterial aging. Circulation 2003, 107:490.
7. Groenink M, Langerak SE, Vanbavel E, et al. The influence of aging and aortic stiffness on permanent dilation and breaking stress of the thoracic descending aorta. Cardiovasc Res 1999, 43:471.
8. Wassef M, Baxter BT, Chisholm RL, et al. Pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A multidisciplinary research program supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Vasc Surg 2001, 34:730.
9. Creager MA, Halperin JL, Whittemore AD Aneurysmal Disease of the Aorta and Its Branches. Vascular Medicine: A Textbook of Vascular Biology and Diseases 1996, 901. Little, Brown & Company, Boston. V.J. Dzau (Ed.).
10. Lopez-Candales A, Holmes DR, Liao S, et al. Decreased vascular smooth muscle cell density in medial degeneration of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:993.
11. Lin AE, Lippe BM, Geffner ME, et al. Aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 1986, 109:820.
12. de Sa M, Moshkovitz Y, Butany J, et al. Histologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: Clinical relevance to the ross procedure. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999, 118:588.
13. Nataatmadja M, West M, West J, et al. Abnormal extracellular matrix protein transport associated with increased apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in Marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve thoracic aortic aneurysm. Circulation 2003, 108(suppl 1):II329.
14. Tamarina NA, Grassi MA, Johnson DA, et al. Proteoglycan gene expression is decreased in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Surg Res 1998, 74:76.
15. Zhang J, Schmidt J, Ryschich E, et al. Increased apoptosis and decreased density of medial smooth muscle cells in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Chin Med J (Engl) 2003, 116:1549.
16. Henderson EL, Geng YJ, Sukhova GK, et al. Death of smooth muscle cells and expression of mediators of apoptosis by T lymphocytes in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 1999, 99:96.
17. Rucker RB, Tinker D Structure and metabolism of arterial elastin. Int Rev Exp Pathol 1977, 17:1.
18. Halpern VJ, Nackman GB, Gandhi RH, et al. The elastase infusion model of experimental aortic aneurysms: Synchrony of induction of endogenous proteinases with matrix destruction and inflammatory cell response. J Vasc Surg 1994, 20:51.
19. Campa JS, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT Elastin degradation in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Atherosclerosis 1987, 65:13.
20. Baxter BT, Davis VA, Minion DJ, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are associated with altered matrix proteins of the nonaneurysmal aortic segments. J Vasc Surg 1994, 19:797.
21. Dobrin PB, Mrkvicka R Failure of elastin or collagen as possible critical connective tissue alterations underlying aneurysmal dilatation. Cardiovasc Surg 1994, 2:484.
22. Rose AG, Dent DM Inflammatory variant of abdominal atherosclerotic aneurysm. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1981, 105:409.
23. Koch AE, Haines GK, Rizzo RJ, et al. Human abdominal aortic aneurysms: Immunophenotypic analysis suggesting an immune-mediated response. Am J Pathol 1990, 137:1199.
24. Satta J, Laurila A, Paakko P, et al. Chronic inflammation and elastin degradation in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: An immuno-histochemical and electron microscopic study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998, 15:313.
25. Ocana E, Bohorquez JC, Perez-Requena J, et al. Characterisation of T and B lymphocytes infiltrating abdominal aortic aneurysms. Atherosclerosis 2003, 170:39.
26. Szekanecz Z, Shah MR, Pearce WH, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) production by cytokine-activated human aortic endothelial cells: A possible role for ICAM-1 and sICAM-1 in atherosclerotic aortic aneurysms. Clin Exp Immunol 1994, 98:337.
27. Davis CA, Pearce WH, Haines GK, et al. Increased ICAM-1 expression in aortic disease. J Vasc Surg 1993, 18:875.
28. Newman KM, Jean-Claude J, Li H, et al. Cytokines that activate proteolysis are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 1994, 90:II224.
29. Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Pearce WH, et al. Enhanced production of the chemotactic cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoat-tractant protein-1 in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1993, 142:1423.
30. Szekanecz Z, Shah MR, Pearce WH, et al. Human atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms produce interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon-gamma but not IL-2 and IL-4: The possible role for IL-6 and interferon-gamma in vascular inflammation. Agents Actions 1994, 42:159.
31. Treska V, Kocova J, Boudova L, et al. Inflammation in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysm and its role in the symptomatology of aneurysm. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 2002, 7:91.
32. Vainas T, Lubbers T, Stassen FR, et al. Serum C-reactive protein level is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm size and may be produced by aneurysmal tissue. Circulation 2003, 107:1103.
33. Meijer A, van der Vliet JA, Roholl PJ, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Abundance of membrane components in the absence of heat shock protein 60 and DNA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:2680.
34. Yonemitsu Y, Nakagawa K, Tanaka S, et al. In situ detection of frequent and active infection of human cytomegalovirus in inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms: Possible pathogenic role in sustained chronic inflammatory reaction. Lab Invest 1996, 74:723.
35. Juvonen J, Juvonen T, Laurila A, et al. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the walls of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1997, 25:499.
36. Lindholt JS, Ostergard L, Henneberg EW, et al. Failure to demonstrate Chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998, 15:161.
37. Petersen E, Boman J, Persson K, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998, 15:138.
38. Halme S, Juvonen T, Laurila A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae reactive T lymphocytes in the walls of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Clin Invest 1999, 29:546.
39. Blanchard JF, Armenian HK, Peeling R, et al. The relation between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and abdominal aortic aneurysm: Case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:946.
40. Karlsson L, Gnarpe J, Naas J, et al. Detection of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000, 19:630.
41. Lindholt JS, Ashton HA, Scott RA Indicators of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2001, 34:212.
42. Maraha B, den Heijer M, Wullink M, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in buffy-coat samples of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001, 20:111.
43. Petersen E, Boman J, Wagberg F, et al. Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms is not associated with increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002, 24:365.
44. Porqueddu M, Spirito R, Parolari A, et al. Lack of association between serum immunoreactivity and Chlamydia pneumoniae detection in the human aortic wall. Circulation 2002, 106:2647.
45. Gregory AK, Yin NX, Capella J, et al. Features of autoimmunity in the abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Surg 1996, 131:85.
46. Tilson MD, Ozsvath KJ, Hirose H, et al. A genetic basis for autoimmune manifestations in the abdominal aortic aneurysm resides in the MHC class II locus DR-beta-1. Ann NYAcad Sci 1996, 800:208.
47. Xia S, Ozsvath K, Hirose H, et al. Partial amino acid sequence of a novel 40-kDa human aortic protein, with vitronectin-like, fibrinogenlike, and calcium binding domains: Aortic aneurysm-associated protein-40 (AAAP-40) [human MAGP-3, proposed]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 219:36.
48. Ozsvath KJ, Hirose H, Xia S, et al. Expression of two novel recom-binant proteins from aortic adventitia (kappafibs) sharing amino acid sequences with cytomegalovirus. J Surg Res 1997, 69:277.
49. Chew DK, Knoetgen J, Xia S, et al. Regional distribution in human of a novel aortic collagen-associated microfibrillar protein. Exp Mol Pathol 1999, 66:59.
50. Chew DK, Knoetgen J, Xia S, et al. The role of a putative microfibrillar protein (80 kDa) in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease. J Surg Res 2003, 114:25.
51. Cohen JR, Sarfati I, Danna D, et al. Smooth muscle cell elastase, atherosclerosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Surg 1992, 216:327.
52. Capella JF, Paik DC, Yin NX, et al. Complement activation and sub-classification of tissue immunoglobulin G in the abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Surg Res 1996, 65:31.
53. Pasquinelli G, Preda P, Gargiulo M, et al. An immunohistochemical study of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1993, 25:103.
54. Monux G, Serrano FJ, Vigil P, et al. Role of HLA-DR in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003, 26:211.
55. Visse R, Nagase H Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistry. Circ Res 2003, 92:827.
56. Louwrens HD, Kwaan HC, Pearce WH, et al. Plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor expression by normal and aneurysmal human aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995, 10:289.
57. Allaire E, Hasenstab D, Kenagy RD, et al. Prevention of aneurysm development and rupture by local overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Circulation 1998, 98:249.
58. Reilly JM, Sicard GA, Lucore CL Abnormal expression of plasminogen activators in aortic aneurysmal and occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1994, 19:865.
59. Vine N, Powell JT Metalloproteinases in degenerative aortic disease. Clin Sci (Colch) 1991, 81:233.
60. Brophy CM, Marks WH, Reilly JM, et al. Decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue: A preliminary report. J Surg Res 1991, 50:653.
61. Herron GS, Unemori E, Wong M, et al. Connective tissue proteinases and inhibitors in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Involvement of the vasa vasorum in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb 1991, 11:1667.
62. Newman KM, Malon AM, Shin RD, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in abdominal aortic aneurysm: Characterization, purification, and their possible sources. Connect Tissue Res 1994, 30:265.
63. Newman KM, Ogata Y, Malon AM, et al. Identification of matrix metalloproteinases 3 (stromelysin-1) and 9 (gelatinase B) in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:1315.
64. Newman KM, Jean-Claude J, Li H, et al. Cellular localization of matrix metalloproteinases in the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall. J Vasc Surg 1994, 20:814.
65. Patel MI, Melrose J, Ghosh P, et al. Increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases by aortic smooth muscle cells is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1996, 24:82.
66. Thompson RW, Holmes DR, Mertens RA, et al. Production and localization of 92-kilodalton gelatinase in abdominal aortic aneurysms: An elastolytic metalloproteinase expressed by aneurysm-infiltrating macrophages. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:318.
67. Davis V, Persidskaia R, Baca-Regen L, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and its binding to the matrix are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998, 18:1625.
68. Goodall S, Crowther M, Hemingway DM, et al. Ubiquitous elevation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in the vasculature of patients with abdominal aneurysms. Circulation 2001, 104:304.
69. Longo GM, Xiong W, Greiner TC, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:625.
70. Freestone T, Turner RJ, Coady A, et al. Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15:1145.
71. Petersen E, Gineitis A, Wagberg F, et al. Activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Relation to size and rupture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000, 20:457.
72. Papalambros E, Sigala F, Georgopoulos S, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Correlation with symptoms and aortic diameter. IntJ Mol Med 2003, 12:965.
73. Nishimura K, Ikebuchi M, Kanaoka Y, et al. Relationships between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Int Angiol 2003, 22:229.
74. Petersen E, Wagberg F, Angquist KA Serum concentrations of elastin-derived peptides in patients with specific manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002, 24:440.
75. Petersen E, Wagberg F, Angquist KA Proteolysis of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall and the association with rupture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002, 23:153.
76. Tamarina NA, McMillan WD, Shively VP, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aneurysms and normal aorta. Surgery 1997, 122:264.
77. Pyo R, Lee JK, Shipley JM, et al. Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest 2000, 105:1641.
78. Annabi B, Shedid D, Ghosn P, et al. Differential regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activities in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2002, 35:539.
79. Crowther M, Goodall S, Jones JL, et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 2 within the aneurysmal and normal aortic wall. Br J Surg 2000, 87:1391.
80. Mazzieri R, Masiero L, Zanetta L, et al. Control of type IV collagenase activity by components of the urokinase-plasmin system: A regulatory mechanism with cell-bound reactants. EMBO J 1997, 16:2319.
81. Henrotin YE, Bruckner P, Pujol JP The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003, 11:747.
82. Siwik DA, Colucci WS Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases by cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the myocardium. Heart Fail Rev 2004, 9:43.
83. Miller FJ, Sharp WJ, Fang X, et al. Oxidative stress in human abdominal aortic aneurysms: A potential mediator of aneurysmal remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002, 22:560.
84. Defawe OD, Colige A, Lambert CA, et al. TIMP-2 and PAI-1 mRNA levels are lower in aneurysmal as compared to athero-occlusive abdominal aortas. Cardiovasc Res 2003, 60:205.
85. Elmore JR, Keister BF, Franklin DP, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 1998, 12:221.
86. Saito S, Zempo N, Yamashita A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase expressions in arteriosclerotic aneurysmal disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2002, 36:1.
87. Ailawadi G, Knipp BS, Lu G, et al. A nonintrinsic regional basis for increased infrarenal aortic MMP-9 expression and activity. J Vasc Surg 2003, 37:1059.
88. Allaire E, Forough R, Clowes M, et al. Local overexpression of TIMP-1 prevents aortic aneurysm degeneration and rupture in a rat model. J Clin Invest 1998, 102:1413.
89. Silence J, Collen D, Lijnen HR Reduced atherosclerotic plaque but enhanced aneurysm formation in mice with inactivation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) gene. Ore Res 2002, 90:897.
90. Falkenberg M, Holmdahl L, Tjarnstrom J, et al. Abnormal levels of urokinase plasminogen activator protein and tissue plasminogen activator activity in human aortic aneurysms. Eur J Surg 2001, 167:10.
91. Golub LM, Ramamurthy N, McNamara TF, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit tissue collagenase activity: A new mechanism in the treatment of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1984, 19:651.
92. Thompson RW, Liao S, Curci JA Therapeutic potential of tetracy-cline derivatives to suppress the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Adv Dent Res 1998, 12:159.
93. Boyle JR, McDermott E, Crowther M, et al. Doxycycline inhibits elastin degradation and reduces metalloproteinase activity in a model of aneurysmal disease. J Vasc Surg 1998, 27:354.
94. Manning MW, Cassis LA, Daugherty A Differential effects of doxycycline, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, on angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:483.
95. Prall AK, Longo GM, Mayhan WG, et al. Doxycycline in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and in mice: Comparison of serum levels and effect on aneurysm growth in mice. J Vasc Surg 2002, 35:923.
96. Curci JA, Mao D, Bohner DG, et al. Preoperative treatment with doxycycline reduces aortic wall expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2000, 31:325.
97. Baxter BT, Pearce WH, Waltke EA, et al. Prolonged administration of doxycycline in patients with small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms: Report of a prospective (phase II) multicenter study. J Vasc Surg 2002, 36:1.
98. Mosorin M, Juvonen J, Biancari F, et al. Use of doxycycline to decrease the growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Vasc Surg 2001, 34:606.
99. Holmes DR, Petrinec D, Wester W, et al. Indomethacin prevents elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in the rat. J Surg Res 1996, 63:305.
100. Franklin IJ, Walton LJ, Greenhalgh RM, et al. The influence of indomethacin on the metabolism and cytokine secretion of human aneurysmal aorta. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999, 18:35.
101. Miralles M, Wester W, Sicard GA, et al. Indomethacin inhibits expansion of experimental aortic aneurysms via inhibition of the cox2 isoform of cyclooxygenase. J Vasc Surg 1999, 29:884.
102. Walton LJ, Franklin IJ, Bayston T, et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Implications for smooth muscle cell viability, inflammatory processes, and the expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 1999, 100:48.
103. Holmes DR, Wester W, Thompson RW, et al. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and cyclooxygenase expression in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1997, 25:810.
104. Bayston T, Ramessur S, Reise J, et al. Prostaglandin E2 receptors in abdominal aortic aneurysm and human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Surg 2003, 38:354.
105. Reilly JM, Miralles M, Wester WN, et al. Differential expression of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 in occlusive and aneurysmal aortic disease. Surgery 1999, 126:624.
106. Nagashima H, Aoka Y, Sakomura Y, et al. A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, cerivastatin, suppresses production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human abdominal aortic aneurysm wall. J Vasc Surg 2002, 36:158.
107. Ejiri J, Inoue N, Tsukube T, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm: Protective role of statin and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. Cardiovasc Res 2003, 59:988.
108. Wolinsky H, Glagov S Comparison of abdominal and thoracic aortic medial structure in mammals: Deviation of man from the usual pattern. Circ Res 1969, 25:677.
109. Benjamin HB, Becker AB Etiologic incidence of thoracic and abdominal aneurysms. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967, 125:1307.
110. Heistad DD, Marcus ML, Larsen GE, et al. Role of vasa vasorum in nourishment of the aortic wall. Am J Physiol 1981, 240:H781.
111. Stefanadis C, Vlachopoulos C, Karayannacos P, et al. Effect of vasa vasorum flow on structure and function of the aorta in experimental animals. Circulation 1995, 91:2669.
112. Moore JE, Ku DN, Zarins CK, et al. Pulsatile flow visualization in the abdominal aorta under differing physiologic conditions: Implications for increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis. J Biomech Eng 1992, 114:391.
113. EgelhoffCJ, Budwig RS, Elger DF, et al. Model studies of the flow in abdominal aortic aneurysms during resting and exercise conditions. J Biomech 1999, 32:1319.
114. Peattie RA, Asbury CL, Bluth EI, et al. Steady flow in models of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Part II: Wall stresses and their implication for in vivo thrombosis and rupture. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 15:689.
115. Peattie RA, Schrader T, Bluth EI, et al. Development of turbulence in steady flow through models of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Ultrasound Med 1994, 13:467.
116. Schrader T, Peattie RA, Bluth EI, et al. A qualitative investigation of turbulence in flow through a model abdominal aortic aneurysm. Invest Radiol 1992, 27:515.
117. Sangiorgi G, D'Averio R, Mauriello A, et al. Plasma levels of metalloproteinases-3 and -9 as markers of successful abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion after endovascular graft treatment. Circulation 2001, 104:I288.
118. Lorelli DR, Jean-Claude JM, Fox CJ, et al. Response of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 to conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or endovascular exclusion: Implications for endoleak. J Vasc Surg 2002, 35:916.
119. Nakahashi TK, Hoshina K, Tsao PS, et al. Flow loading induces macrophage antioxidative gene expression in experimental aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002, 22:2017.
120. Hoshina K, Sho E, Sho M, et al. Wall shear stress and strain modulate experimental aneurysm cellularity. J Vasc Surg 2003, 37:1067.
121. Sho E, Sho M, Hoshina K, et al. Hemodynamic forces regulate mural macrophage infiltration in experimental aortic aneurysms. Exp Mol Pathol 2004, 76:108.
122. Wang DH, Makaroun MS, Webster MW, et al. Effect of intraluminal thrombus on wall stress in patient-specific models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2002, 36:598.
123. Di Martino ES, Vorp DA Effect of variation in intraluminal thrombus constitutive properties on abdominal aortic aneurysm wall stress. Ann Biomed Eng 2003, 31:804.
124. Thubrikar MJ, Robicsek F, Labrosse M, et al. Effect of thrombus on abdominal aortic aneurysm wall dilation and stress. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2003, 44:67.
125. Fontaine V, Jacob MP, Houard X, et al. Involvement of the mural thrombus as a site of protease release and activation in human aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:1701.
126. Krettek A, Sukhova GK, Libby P Elastogenesis in human arterial disease: A role for macrophages in disordered elastin synthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:582.
127. Darling RC, Messina CR, Brewster DC, et al. Autopsy study of unoperated abdominal aortic aneurysms. The case for early resection. Circulation 1977, 56:II161.
128. Lilienfield D, Baxter J, Sprafka J Prevalence of AA in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, 1979-84. Public Health Reports 1993, 108:506.
129. Boll AP, Verbeek AL, Van de Lisdonk EH, et al. High prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a primary care screening programme. Br J Surg 1998, 85:1090.
130. Kullmann G, Wolland T, Krohn CD, et al. [Ultrasonography for early diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992, 112:1825.
131. Pleumeekers HJ, Hoes AW, van der Does E, et al. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142:1291.
132. Lucarotti M, Shaw E, Poskitt K, et al. The Gloucestershire Aneurysm Screening Programme: the first 2 years' experience. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993, 7:397.
133. Morris GE, Hubbard CS, Quick CR An abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme for all males over the age of 50 years. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994, 8:156.
134. Scott RA, Wilson NM, Ashton HA, et al. Influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5-year results of a randomized controlled study. Br J Surg 1995, 82:1066.
135. Smith FC, Grimshaw GM, Paterson IS, et al. Ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in an urban community. Br J Surg 1993, 80:1406.
136. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al. The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: Validation cohort and final results. Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:1425.
137. Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, et al. The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:1531.
138. Scott RA, Ashton HA, Kay DN Abdominal aortic aneurysm in 4237 screened patients: prevalence, development and management over 6 years. Br J Surg 1991, 78:1122.
139. Singh K, Bonaa KH, Jacobsen BK, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: The Tromso Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154:236.
140. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE Abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. J Vasc Surg 2001, 34:122.
141. Blanchard JF Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Epidemiol Rev 1999, 21:207.
142. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al. Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:441.
143. Alcorn HG, Wolfson SK, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in older adults enrolled in The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996, 16:963.
144. Kurvers HA, van der Graaf Y, Blankensteijn JD, et al. Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: Comparing the yield between patients with manifest atherosclerosis and patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only. J Vasc Surg 2003, 37:1226.
145. Tornwall ME, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, et al. Life-style factors and risk for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a cohort of Finnish male smokers. Epidemiology 2001, 12:94.
146. Rodin MB, Daviglus ML, Wong GC, et al. Middle age cardiovascular risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm in older age. Hypertension 2003, 42:61.
147. Scott RA, Bridgewater SG, Ashton HA Randomized clinical trial of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. Br J Surg 2002, 89:283.
148. Vardulaki KA, Walker NM, Day NE, et al. Quantifying the risks of hypertension, age, sex and smoking in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2000, 87:195.
149. Rogot E, Murray JL Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep 1980, 95:213.
150. Hammond EC Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1966, 19:127.
151. Weir JM, Dunn JE Smoking and mortality: A prospective study. Cancer 1970, 25:105.
152. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994, 309:901.
153. Nilsson S, Carstensen JM, Pershagen G Mortality among male and female smokers in Sweden: A 33 year follow up. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001, 55:825.
154. Tang JL, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al. Mortality in relation to tar yield of cigarettes: A prospective study of four cohorts. BMJ 1995, 311:1530.
155. Goldberg RJ, Burchfiel CM, Benfante R, et al. Lifestyle and biologic factors associated with atherosclerotic disease in middle-aged men: 20-year findings from the Honolulu Heart Program. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:686.
156. Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Carson MN, et al. Smoking, atherosclerosis and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:671.
157. Wilmink TB, Quick CR, Day NE The association between cigarette smoking and abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1999, 30:1099.
158. Lederle FA, Nelson DB, Joseph AM Smokers' relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: A systematic review. J Vasc Surg 2003, 38:329.
159. Strachan DP Predictors of death from aortic aneurysm among middle-aged men: The Whitehall Study. Br J Surg 1991, 78:401.
160. Franks PJ, Edwards RJ, Greenhalgh RM, et al. Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in smokers. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996, 11:487.
161. Blanchard JF, Armenian HK, Friesen PP Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm: Results of a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 151:575.
162. Hobbs SD, Claridge MW, Quick CR, et al. LDL cholesterol is associated with small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003, 26:618.
163. Gillum RF Epidemiology of aortic aneurysm in the United States. J Clin Epidemiol 1995, 48:1289.
164. Norrgard O, Rais O, Angquist KA Familial occurrence of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 1984, 95:650.
165. Lederle FA Ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Intern Med 2003, 139:516.
166. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD, Yee IM, et al. Sibling risks of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet 1995, 346:601.
167. Verloes A, Sakalihasan N, Koulischer L, et al. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: Familial and genetic aspects in three hundred thirteen pedigrees. J Vasc Surg 1995, 21:646.
168. Frydman G, Walker PJ, Summers K, et al. The value of screening in siblings of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003, 26:396.
169. Adams DC, Tulloh BR, Galloway SW, et al. Familial abdominal aortic aneurysm: Prevalence and implications for screening. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993, 7:709.
170. Cole CW, Barber GG, Bouchard AG, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Consequences of a positive family history. Can J Surg 1989, 32:117.
171. Webster MW, St Jean PL, Steed DL, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Results of a family study. J Vasc Surg 1991, 13:366.
172. Webster MW, Ferrell RE, St Jean PL, et al. Ultrasound screening of first-degree relatives of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 1991, 13:9.
173. Majumder PP, St Jean PL, Ferrell RE, et al. On the inheritance of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Hum Genet 1991, 48:164.
174. Norrgard O, Cedergren B, Angquist KA, et al. Blood groups and HLA antigens in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Hum Hered 1984, 34:9.
175. Wiernicki I, Gutowski P, Ciechanowski K, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Association between haptoglobin phenotypes, elas-tase activity, and neutrophil count in the peripheral blood. Vasc Surg 2001, 35:345.
176. St Jean P, Hart B, Webster M, et al. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in aneurysmal disease. Hum Hered 1996, 46:92.
177. Schardey HM, Hernandez-Richter T, Klueppelberg U, et al. Alleles of the alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotype in patients with aortic aneurysms. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1998, 39:535.
178. Tilson MD, Seashore MR Fifty families with abdominal aortic aneurysms in two or more first-order relatives. Am J Surg 1984, 147:551.
179. Cronenwett JL, Murphy TF, Zelenock GB, et al. Actuarial analysis of variables associated with rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 1985, 98:472.
180. Szilagyi DE, Elliott JP, Smith RF Clinical fate of the patient with asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm and unfit for surgical treatment. Arch Surg 1972, 104:600.
181. BickerstaffLK, Hollier LH, Van Peenen HJ, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: The changing natural history. J Vasc Surg 1984, 1:6.
182. Nevitt MP, Ballard DJ, Hallett JW Prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:1009.
183. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al. Rupture rate of large abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients refusing or unfit for elective repair. JAMA 2002, 287:2968.
184. Harris LM, Faggioli GL, Fiedler R, et al. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: Factors affecting mortality rates. J Vasc Surg 1991, 14:812.
185. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Lancet 1998, 352:1649. Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms.
186. Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, et al. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1437.
187. Brown LC, Powell JT Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Ann Surg 1999, 230:289.
188. Brown PM, Sobolev B, Zelt DT Selective management of abdominal aortic aneurysms smaller than 5.0 cm in a prospective sizing program with gender-specific analysis. J Vasc Surg 2003, 38:762.
189. Chang JB, Stein TA, Liu JP, et al. Risk factors associated with rapid growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 1997, 121:117.
190. Powell JT, Brown LC The natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms and their risk of rupture. Acta ChirBelg 2001, 101:11.
191. Evans SM, Adam DJ, Bradbury AW The influence of gender on outcome after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2000, 32:258.
192. Svensjo S, Bengtsson H, Bergqvist D Thoracic and thoracoab-dominal aortic aneurysm and dissection: An investigation based on autopsy. Br J Surg 1996, 83:68.
193. BickerstaffL, Pairolero P, Hollier L, et al. Thoracic aortic aneurysms: A population-based study. Surgery 1982, 92:1103.
194. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, et al. Experience with 1509 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic operations. J Vasc Surg 1993, 17:357.
195. Vaccaro PS, Elkhammas E, Smead WL Clinical observations and lessons learned in the treatment of patients with thoracoabdominal aortic
196. Itani Y, Watanabe S, Masuda Y, et al. Measurement of aortic diameters and detection of asymptomatic aortic aneurysms in a mass screening program using a mobile helical computed tomography unit. Heart Vessels 2002, 16:42.
197. Joyce JW, Fairbairn JF, Kincaid OW, et al. Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta: A clinical study with special reference to prognosis. Circulation 1964, 29:176.
198. Crawford ES, Crawford JL, SafiHJ, et al. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: Preoperative and intraoperative factors determining immediate and long-term results of operations in 605 patients. J Vasc Surg 1986, 3:389.
199. Panneton JM, Hollier LH Nondissecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: Part I. Ann Vasc Surg 1995, 9:503.
200. Beckman JA, O'Gara PT Diseases of the aorta. Adv Intern Med 1999, 44:267.
201. Cambria RA, Gloviczki P, Stanson AW, et al. Outcome and expansion rate of 57 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms managed nonoperatively. Am J Surg 1995, 170:213.
202. Masuda Y, Yamada Z, Morooka N, et al. Prognosis of patients with medically treated aortic dissections. Circulation 1991, 84:III7.
203. Pressler V, McNamara JJ Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: Review of 260 cases. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985, 89:50.
204. Dapunt OE, Galla JD, Sadeghi AM, et al. The natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994, 107:1323.
205. Masuda Y, Takanashi K, Takasu J, et al. Unoperated thoracic aortic aneurysms: Survival rates of the patients and determinants of prognosis. Intern Med 1992, 31:1088.
206. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL, et al. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms?. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 113:476.
207. Davies RR, Goldstein LJ, Coady MA, et al. Yearly rupture or dissection rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: Simple prediction based on size. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 73:17.
208. Elefteriades JA Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: Indications for surgery, and surgical versus nonsurgical risks. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 74:S1877.
209. Juvonen T, Ergin MA, Galla JD, et al. Prospective study of the natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms [published erratum appears in Ann Thorac Surg 64: 594, 1997]. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 63:1533.
210. Griepp RB, Ergin MA, Galla JD, et al. Natural history of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg 1999, 67:1927.
211. Fomon JJ, Kurzweg FT, Broadaway FK Aneurysms of the aorta: A review. Ann Surg 1967, 165:557.
212. Hollier LH, Symmonds JB, Pairolero PC, et al. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Analysis of postoperative morbidity. Arch Surg 1988, 123:871.
213. Cambria RP, Brewster DC, Moncure AC, et al. Recent experience with thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. Arch Surg 1989, 124:620.
214. Golden MA, Donaldson MC, Whittemore AD, et al. Evolving experience with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair at a single institution. J Vasc Surg 1991, 13:792.
215. Lynch DR, Dawson TM, Raps EC, et al. Risk factors for the neurologic complications associated with aortic aneurysms. Arch Neurol 1992, 49:284.
216. Juvonen T, Ergin MA, Galla JD, et al. Prospective study of the natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 63:1533.
217. Crawford ES, DeNatale RW Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm: Observations regarding the natural course of the disease. J Vasc Surg 1986, 3:578.
218. Pitt MP, Bonser RS The natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm disease: An overview. J Card Surg 1997, 12:270.
219. Beckman JA Giant cell arteritis. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2000, 2:213.
220. Evans JM, Bowles CA, Bjornsson J, et al. Thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in giant cell arteritis: A descriptive study of 41 cases [published erratum appears in Arthritis Rheum 38: 290, 1995]. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1539.
221. Evans JM, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: A population-based study. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:502.
222. NuenninghoffDM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, et al. Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: A population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3522.
223. NuenninghoffDM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, et al. Mortality of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: A population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3532.
224. Nikkari ST, Hoyhtya M, Isola J, et al. Macrophages contain 92-kd gelatinase (MMP-9) at the site of degenerated internal elastic lamina in temporal arteritis. Am J Pathol 1996, 149:1427.
225. Tomita T, Imakawa K Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in giant cell arteritis: An immunocytochemical study. Pathology 1998, 30:40.
226. Subramanyan R, Joy J, Balakrishnan KG Natural history of aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease). Circulation 1989, 80:429.
227. Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:919.
228. Ishikawa K, Maetani S Long-term outcome for 120 Japanese patients with Takayasu's disease: Clinical and statistical analyses of related prognostic factors. Circulation 1994, 90:1855.
229. Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, et al. Behçet's disease. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:1284.
230. Yazici H, Yurdakul S, Hamuryudan V Behçet disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001, 13:18.
231. Ehrlich GE Vasculitis in Behçet's disease. Int Rev Immunol 1997, 14:81.
232. Roldan CA, Chavez J, Wiest PW, et al. Aortic root disease and valve disease associated with ankylosing spondylitis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:1397.
233. Amor B Reiter's syndrome: Diagnosis and clinical features. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1998, 24:677.
234. Cosh JA, Barritt DW, Jayson MI Cardiac lesions of Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Br Heart J 1973, 35:553.
235. Letko E, Zafirakis P, Baltatzis S, et al. Relapsing polychondritis: A clinical review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002, 31:384.
236. Parkhurst GF, Dekcer JP Bacterial aortitis and mycotic aneurysm of the aorta: A report of twelve cases. Am J Pathol 1955, 31:821.
237. Sommerville RL, Allen EV, Edwards JE Bland and infected arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: A clinicopathologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 1959, 38:207.
238. Bennett DE, Cherry JK Bacterial infection of aortic aneurysms: A clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg 1967, 113:321.
239. Sedwitz MM, Hye RJ, Stabile BE The changing epidemiology of pseudoaneurysm: Therapeutic implications. Arch Surg 1988, 123:473.
240. Mansur AJ, Grinberg M, Leao PP, et al. Extracranial mycotic aneurysms in infective endocarditis. Clin Cardiol 1986, 9:65.
241. Anderson CB, Butcher HR, Ballinger WF Mycotic aneurysms. Arch Surg 1974, 109:712.
242. Jarrett F, Darling RC, Mundth ED, et al. The management of infected arterial aneurysms. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1977, 18:361.
243. Vogelzang RL, Sohaey R Infected aortic aneurysms: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988, 12:109.
244. Jarrett F, Darling RC, Mundth ED, et al. Experience with infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Arch Surg 1975, 110:1281.
245. Goldberg MB, Rubin RH The spectrum of Salmonella infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988, 2:571.
246. Taylor LM, Deitz DM, McConnell DB, et al. Treatment of infected abdominal aneurysms by extraanatomic bypass, aneurysm excision, and drainage. Am J Surg 1988, 155:655.
247. Johansen K, Devin J Mycotic aortic aneurysms: A reappraisal. Arch Surg 1983, 118:583.
248. Long R, Guzman R, Greenberg H, et al. Tuberculous mycotic aneurysm of the aorta: Review of published medical and surgical experience. Chest 1999, 115:522.
249. Pugh PJ, Grech ED Syphilitic aortitis. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:676.
250. Kampmeier RH Saccular aneurysms of the thoracic aorta: A clinical study of 633 cases. Ann Intern Med 1938, 12:624.
251. Rich C, Webster B The natural history of uncomplicated syphilitic aortitis. Am Heart J 1952, 43:321.
252. Saruk M, Eisenstein R Aortic lesion in Marfan syndrome: The ultrastructure of cystic medial degeneration. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977, 101:74.
253. Sisk HE, Zahka KG, Pyeritz RE The Marfan syndrome in early childhood: Analysis of 15 patients diagnosed at less than 4 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1983, 52:353.
254. Germain DP Clinical and genetic features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 2002, 16:391.
255. Arteaga-Solis E, Gayraud B, Ramirez F Elastic and collagenous networks in vascular diseases. Cell Struct Funct 2000, 25:69.
256. Nishiyama Y, Manabe N, Ooshima A, et al. A sporadic case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: Diagnosed by a morphometric study of collagen content. Pathol Int 1995, 45:524.
257. Pepin M, Schwarze U, Superti-Furga A, et al. Clinical and genetic features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, the vascular type. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:673.
258. Pachulski RT, Weinberg AL, Chan KL Aortic aneurysm in patients with functionally normal or minimally stenotic bicuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 1991, 67:781.
259. Hahn RT, Roman MJ, Mogtader AH, et al. Association of aortic dilation with regurgitant, stenotic and functionally normal bicuspid aortic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:283.
260. Nistri S, Sorbo MD, Marin M, et al. Aortic root dilatation in young men with normally functioning bicuspid aortic valves. Heart 1999, 82:19.
261. Keane MG, Wiegers SE, Plappert T, et al. Bicuspid aortic valves are associated with aortic dilatation out of proportion to coexistent valvular lesions. Circulation 2000, 102:III35.
262. Yasuda H, Nakatani S, Stugaard M, et al. Failure to prevent progressive dilation of ascending aorta by aortic valve replacement in patients with bicuspid aortic valve: Comparison with tricuspid aortic valve. Circulation 2003, 108(suppl 1):II291.
263. Fedak PW, de Sa MP, Verma S, et al. Vascular matrix remodeling in patients with bicuspid aortic valve malformations: Implications for aortic dilatation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126:797.
264. Schmid FX, Bielenberg K, Schneider A, et al. Ascending aortic aneurysm associated with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve: Involvement and clinical relevance of smooth muscle cell apoptosis and expression of cell death-initiating proteins. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003, 23:537.
265. Schmid FX, Bielenberg K, Holmer S, et al. Structural and biomolecular changes in aorta and pulmonary trunk of patients with aortic aneurysm and valve disease: Implications for the Ross procedure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004, 25:748.
266. Boyum J, Fellinger EK, Schmoker JD, et al. Matrix metallo-proteinase activity in thoracic aortic aneurysms associated with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004, 127:686.
267. Sybert VP Cardiovascular malformations and complications in Turner syndrome. Pediatrics 1998, 101:E11.
268. Mutinelli MR, Nizzoli G, Chiumello G, et al. Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital bicuspid aortic valve in gonadal dysgenesis. G Ital Cardiol 1986, 16:496.
269. Miller MJ, Geffner ME, Lippe BM, et al. Echocardiography reveals a high incidence of bicuspid aortic valve in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 1983, 102:47.
270. Jenkins NP, Ward C Coarctation of the aorta: Natural history and outcome after surgical treatment. QJM 1999, 92:365.
271. Scovil JA, Nanda NC, Gross CM, et al. Echocardiographic studies of abnormalities associated with coarctation of the aorta. Circulation 1976, 53:953.
272. Tawes RL, Berry CL, Aberdeen E Congenital bicuspid aortic valves associated with coarctation of the aorta in children. Br Heart J 1969, 31:127.
273. Knyshov GV, Sitar LL, Glagola MD, et al. Aortic aneurysms at the site of the repair of coarctation of the aorta: A review of 48 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61:935.
274. Bergdahl L, Ljungqvist A Long-term results after repair of coarctation of the aorta by patch grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980, 80:177.
275. Rao PS, Galal O, Smith PA, et al. Five - to nine-year follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation in infants and children. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:462.
276. Fletcher SE, Nihill MR, Grifka RG, et al. Balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of the aorta: Midterm follow-up and prognostic factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:730.