Flagellar motility and the dynein regulatory complex

Dyneins

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 336-365

  Porter, Mary E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882402222     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382004-4.10012-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Fliegauf M., Benzing T., Omran H. When cilia go bad: Cilia defects and ciliopathies. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007, 8:880-893.
2. Gibbons I.R. Studies on the protein components of cilia from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1963, 50:1002-1010.
3. Gibbons I.R. Chemical dissection of the cilia. Arch. Biol. (Liege). 1965, 76:317-352.
4. Satir P. Studies on cilia III. Further studies on the cilium tip and a "sliding filament" model of ciliary motility. J. Cell Biol. 1968, 39:77-94.
5. Sale W.S., Satir P. The direction of active sliding of microtubules in. Tetrahymena cilia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1977, 74:2045-2049.
6. Fox L.A., Sale W.S. Direction of force generated by the inner row of dynein arms on flagellar microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 1987, 105:1781-1787.
7. Satir P. Switching mechanisms in the control of ciliary motility. Mod. Cell Biol. 1985, 4:1-46.
8. Riedel-Kruse I.H., Hilfinger A., Howard J., Julicher F. How molecular motors shape the flagellar beat. HFSP J. 2007, 1:192-208.
9. Brokaw C.J. Thinking about flagellar oscillation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009, 66:425-436.
10. Lindemann C.B., Lesich K.A. Flagellar and ciliary beating: The proven and the possible. J. Cell Sci. 2010, 123:519-528.
11. Woolley D.M. Flagellar oscillation: A commentary on proposed mechanisms. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2010, 85:453-470.
12. Lindemann C.B. A "geometric clutch" hypothesis to explain oscillations of the axoneme of cilia and flagella. J. Theor. Biol. 1994, 168:175-189.
13. Lindemann C.B. A model of flagellar and ciliary functioning which uses the forces transverse to the axoneme as the regulator of dynein activation. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 1994, 29:141-154.
14. Brokaw C.J. Simulation of cyclic dynein-driven sliding, splitting, and reassociation in an outer doublet pair. Biophys. J. 2009, 97:2939-2947.
15. Aoyama S., Kamiya R. Cyclical interactions between two outer doublet microtubules in split flagellar axonemes. Biophys. J. 2005, 89:3261-3268.
16. Lindemann C.B., Mitchell D.R. Evidence for axonemal distortion during the flagellar beat of. Chlamydomonas. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:580-589.
17. Porter M.E., Sale W.S. The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility. J. Cell Biol. 2000, 151:F37-F42.
18. Smith E.F., Yang P. The radial spokes and central apparatus: Mechano-chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2004, 57:8-17.
19. Nakano I., Kobayashi T., Yoshimura M., Shingyoji C. Central-pair-linked regulation of microtubule sliding by calcium in flagellar axonemes. J. Cell Sci. 2003, 116:1627-1636.
20. Witman G.B., Plummer J., Sander G. Chlamydomonas flagellar mutants lacking radial spokes and central tubules. Structure, composition, and function of specific axonemal components. J. Cell Biol. 1978, 76:729-747.
21. Huang B., Ramanis Z., Luck D.J. Suppressor mutations in Chlamydomonas reveal a regulatory mechanism for flagellar function. Cell 1982, 28:115-124.
22. Porter M.E., Power J., Dutcher S.K. Extragenic suppressors of paralyzed flagellar mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identify loci that alter the inner dynein arms. J. Cell Biol. 1992, 118:1163-1176.
23. Piperno G., Mead K., Shestak W. The inner dynein arms I2 interact with a "dynein regulatory complex" in Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Biol. 1992, 118:1455-1463.
24. Piperno G., Mead K., LeDizet M., Moscatelli A. Mutations in the "dynein regulatory complex" alter the ATP-insensitive binding sites for inner arm dyneins in Chlamydomonas axonemes. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 125:1109-1117.
25. Porter M.E., Knott J.A., Gardner L.C., Mitchell D.K., Dutcher S.K. Mutations in the SUP-PF-1 locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identify a regulatory domain in the beta-dynein heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 126:1495-1507.
26. Rupp G., O'Toole E., Gardner L.C., Mitchell B.F., Porter M.E. The sup-pf-2 mutations of Chlamydomonas alter the activity of the outer dynein arms by modification of the γ-dynein heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 1996, 135:1853-1865.
27. Mitchell B.F., Grulich L.E., Mader M.M. Flagellar quiescence in Chlamydomonas: Characterization and defective quiescence in cells carrying sup-pf-1 and sup-pf-2 outer dynein arm mutations. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2004, 57:186-196.
28. Mastronarde D.N., O'Toole E.T., McDonald K.L., McIntosh J.R., Porter M.E. Arrangement of inner dynein arms in wild-type and mutant flagella of. Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 1992, 118:1145-1162.
29. Gardner L.C., O'Toole E., Perrone C.A., Giddings T., Porter M.E. Components of a "dynein regulatory complex" are located at the junction between the radial spokes and the dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 127:1311-1325.
30. Rupp G., Porter M.E. A subunit of the dynein regulatory complex in Chlamydomonas is a homologue of a growth arrest-specific gene product. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 162:47-57.
31. Heuser T., Raytchev M., Krell J., Porter M.E., Nicastro D. The dynein regulatory complex is the nexin link and a major regulatory node in cilia and flagella. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 187:921-933.
32. Adams G.M.W., Huang B., Piperno G., Luck D.J.L. The central pair microtubular complex of Chlamydomonas flagella: Polypeptide composition as revealed by analysis of mutants. J. Cell Biol. 1981, 91:69-76.
33. Sapiro R., Kostetskii I., Olds-Clarke P., Gerton G.L., Radice G.L., Strauss I.J. Male infertility, impaired sperm motility, and hydrocephalus in mice deficient in sperm-associated antigen 6. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 22:6298-6305.
34. Stannard W., Rutman A., Wallis C., O'Callaghan C. Central microtubular agenesis causing primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2004, 169:634-637.
35. Lechtreck K.F., Witman G.B. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydin is a central pair protein required for flagellar motility. J. Cell Biol. 2007, 176:473-482.
36. DiPetrillo C.G., Smith E.F. Pcdp1 is a central apparatus protein that binds Ca(2+)-calmodulin and regulates ciliary motility. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 189:601-612.
37. Lechtreck K.F., Delmotte P., Robinson M.L., Sanderson M.J., Witman G.B. Mutations in Hydin impair ciliary motility in mice. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 180:633-643.
38. Dutcher S.K., Huang B., Luck D.J.L. Genetic dissection of the central pair microtubules of the flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 1984, 98:229-236.
39. Smith E.F., Lefebvre P.A. The role of central apparatus components in flagellar motility and microtubule assembly. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 1997, 38:1-8.
40. Mitchell D.R., Sale W.S. Characterization of a Chlamydomonas insertional mutant that disrupts flagellar central pair microtubule-associated structures. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 144:293-304.
41. Rupp G., O'Toole E., Porter M.E. The Chlamydomonas PF6 locus encodes a large alanine/proline-rich polypeptide that is required for assembly of a central pair projection and regulates flagellar motility. Mol. Biol. Cell 2001, 12:739-751.
42. Mitchell D.R. Reconstruction of the projection periodicity and surface architecture of the flagellar central pair complex. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2003, 55:188-199.
43. Zhang H., Mitchell D.R. Cpc1, a Chlamydomonas central pair protein with an adenylate kinase domain. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117:4179-4188.
44. Wargo M.J., Dymek E.E., Smith E.F. Calmodulin and PF6 are components of a complex that localizes to the C1 microtubule of the flagellar central apparatus. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118:4655-4665.
45. Mitchell D.R. Orientation of the central pair complex during flagellar bend formation in Chlamydomonas. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2003, 56:120-129.
46. Wargo M.J., Smith E.F. Asymmetry of the central apparatus defines the location of active microtubule sliding in Chlamydomonas flagella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:137-142.
47. Mitchell B.F., Pedersen L.B., Feely M., Rosenbaum J.L., Mitchell D.R. ATP production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella by glycolytic enzymes. Mol. Biol. Cell 2005, 16:4509-4518.
48. Bernstein M., Beech P.L., Katz S.G., Rosenbaum J.L. A new kinesin-like protein (Klp1) localized to a single microtubule of the Chlamydomonas flagellum. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 125:1313-1326.
49. Omoto C.K., Kung C. The pair of central tubules rotates during ciliary beat in Paramecium. Nature 1979, 279:532-534.
50. Omoto C., Kung C. Rotation and twist of the central-pair microtubules in the cilia of. Paramecium. J. Cell Biol. 1980, 87:33-46.
51. Omoto C.K., Gibbons I.R., Kamiya R., Shingyoji C., Takahashi K., Witman G.B. Rotation of the central pair microtubules in eukaryotic flagella. Mol. Biol. Cell 1999, 10:1-4.
52. Mitchell D.R., Nakatsugawa M. Bend propagation drives central pair rotation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella. J. Cell Biol. 2004, 166:709-715.
53. Gaillard A.R., Diener D.R., Rosenbaum J.L., Sale W.S. Flagellar radial spoke protein 3 is an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). J. Cell Biol. 2001, 153:443-448.
54. 2+-stimulated nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Mol. Biol. Cell 2004, 15:3891-3902.
55. Yang P., Diener D.R., Rosenbaum J.L., Sale W.S. Localization of calmodulin and dynein light chain LC8 in flagellar radial spokes. J. Cell Biol. 2001, 153:1315-1326.
56. Yang P., Yang C., Sale W.S. Flagellar radial spoke protein 2 is a calmodulin binding protein required for motility in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot. Cell 2004, 3:72-81.
57. Yang P., Diener D.R., Yang C., Kohno T., Pazour G.J., Dienes J.M., Agrin N.S., King S.M., Sale W.S., Kamiya R., Rosenbaum J.L., Witman G.B. Radial spoke proteins of Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Sci. 2006, 119:1165-1174.
58. Smith E.F., Sale W.S. Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by the radial spokes in flagella. Science 1992, 257:1557-1559.
59. Howard D.R., Habermacher G., Glass D.B., Smith E.F., Sale W.S. Regulation of Chlamydomonas flagellar dynein by an axonemal protein kinase. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 127:1683-1692.
60. Gokhale A., Wirschell M., Sale W.S. Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by the axonemal protein kinase CK1 in Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 186:817-824.
61. Smith E.F. Regulation of flagellar dynein by calcium and a role for an axonemal calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent kinase. Mol. Biol. Cell 2002, 13:3303-3313.
62. Habermacher G., Sale W.S. Regulation of flagellar dynein by phosphorylation of a 138-kD inner arm dynein intermediate chain. J. Cell Biol. 1997, 136:167-176.
63. King S.J., Dutcher S.K. Phosphoregulation of an inner dynein arm complex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is altered in phototactic mutant strains. J. Cell Biol. 1997, 136:177-191.
64. Hendrickson T.W., Perrone C.A., Griffin P., Wuichet K., Mueller J., Yang P., Porter M.E., Sale W.S. IC138 is a WD-repeat dynein intermediate chain required for light chain assembly and regulation of flagellar bending. Mol. Biol. Cell 2004, 15:5431-5442.
65. Bower R., VanderWaal K., O'Toole E., Fox L., Perrone C., Mueller J., Wirschell M., Kamiya R., Sale W.S., Porter M.E. IC138 defines a subdomain at the base of the I1 dynein that regulates microtubule sliding and flagellar motility. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:3055-3063.
66. Boesger J., Wagner V., Weisheit W., Mittag M. Analysis of flagellar phosphoproteins from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot. Cell 2009, 8:922-932.
67. Brokaw C.J., Luck D.J., Huang B. Analysis of the movement of Chlamydomonas flagella: the function of the radial-spoke system is revealed by comparison of wild-type and mutant flagella. J. Cell Biol. 1982, 92:722-732.
68. Brokaw C.J., Luck D.J.L. Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella III. A radial spoke deficient mutant and a central pair deficient mutant. Cell Motil. 1985, 5:195-208.
69. Sakakibara H., Takada S., King S.M., Witman G.B., Kamiya R. A Chlamydomonas outer-arm dynein mutant with a truncated beta heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 1993, 122:653-661.
70. Kamiya R. Functional diversity of axonemal dyneins as studied in Chlamydomonas mutants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 2002, 219:115-155.
71. Liu Z., Takazaki H., Nakazawa Y., Sakato M., Yagi T., Yasunaga T., King S.M., Kamiya R. Partially functional outer-arm dynein in a novel Chlamydomonas mutant expressing a truncated gamma heavy chain. Eukaryot. Cell 2008, 7:1136-1145.
72. Omoto C.K., Yagi T., Kurimoto E., Kamiya R. The ability of paralyzed flagella mutants of Chlamydomonas to move. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1996, 33:88-94.
73. Frey E., Brokaw C.J., Omoto C.K. Reactivation at low ATP distinguishes among classes of paralyzed flagella mutants. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1997, 38:91-99.
74. Hayashibe K., Shingyoji C., Kamiya R. Induction of temporary beating in paralyzed flagella of Chlamydomonas mutants by application of external force. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1997, 37:232-239.
75. Yagi T., Kamiya R. Vigorous beating of Chlamydomonas axonemes lacking central pair/radial spoke structures in the presence of salts and organic compounds. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2000, 46:190-199.
76. Nicastro D., Schwartz C., Pierson J., Gaudette R., Porter M.E., McIntosh J.R. The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography. Science 2006, 313:944-948.
77. Bui K.H., Sakakibara H., Movassagh T., Oiwa K., Ishikawa T. Molecular architecture of inner dynein arms in situ in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 183:923-932.
78. Brokaw C.J., Kamiya R. Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: IV. Mutants with defects in inner and outer dynein arms indicate differences in dynein arm function. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1987, 8:68-75.
79. Yang P., Sale W.S. Casein kinase I is anchored on axonemal doublet microtubules and regulates flagellar dynein phosphorylation and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275. 18905-18912.
80. DiBella L.M., Sakato M., Patel-King R.S., Pazour G.J., King S.M. The LC7 light chains of Chlamydomonas flagellar dyneins interact with components required for both motor assembly and regulation. Mol. Biol. Cell 2004, 15:4633-4646.
81. DiBella L.M., Smith E.F., Patel-King R.S., Wakabayashi K., King S.M. A novel Tctex2-related light chain is required for stability of inner dynein arm I1 and motor function in the Chlamydomonas flagellum. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279. 21666-21676.
82. Ikeda K., Yamamoto R., Wirschell M., Yagi T., Bower R., Porter M.E., Sale W.S., Kamiya R. A novel ankyrin-repeat protein interacts with the regulatory proteins of inner arm dynein f(I1) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009, 66:448-456.
83. Wirschell M., Yang C., Yang P., Fox L., Yanagisawa H.A., Kamiya R., Witman G.B., Porter M.E., Sale W.S. IC97 is a novel intermediate chain of I1 dynein that interacts with tubulin and regulates interdoublet sliding. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:3044-3054.
84. Myster S.H., Knott J.A., O'Toole E., Porter M.E. The Chlamydomonas Dhc1 gene encodes a dynein heavy chain subunit required for assembly of the I1 inner arm complex. Mol. Biol. Cell 1997, 8:607-620.
85. Myster S.H., Knott J.A., Wysocki K.M., O'Toole E., Porter M.E. Domains in the 1α dynein heavy chain required for inner arm assembly and flagellar motility in Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 146:801-818.
86. Toba S., Fox L.A., Sakakibara H., Porter M.E., Oiwa K., Sale W.S. Distinct roles of the 1alpha and 1beta heavy dyneins of the inner arm dynein I1 of Chlamydomonas flagella. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2011, 22:342-353.
87. Perrone C.A., Myster S.H., Bower R., O'Toole E.T., Porter M.E. Insights into the structural organization of the I1 inner arm dynein from a domain analysis of the 1beta dynein heavy chain. Mol. Biol. Cell 2000, 11:2297-2313.
88. Kotani N., Sakakibara H., Burgess S.A., Kojima H., Oiwa K. Mechanical properties of inner-arm dynein-f (dynein I1) studied with in vitro motility assays. Biophys. J. 2007, 93:886-894.
89. Piperno G., Ramanis Z., Smith E.F., Sale W.S. Three distinct inner dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella: Molecular composition and location in the axoneme. J. Cell Biol. 1990, 110:379-389.
90. Kamiya R., Kurimoto E., Muto E. Two types of Chlamydomonas flagellar mutants missing different components of inner-arm dynein. J. Cell Biol. 1991, 112:441-447.
91. Kagami O., Kamiya R. Translocation and rotation of microtubules caused by multiple species of Chlamydomonas inner-arm dynein. J. Cell Sci. 1992, 103:653-664.
92. Wirschell M., Hendrickson T., Sale W.S. Keeping an eye on I1: I1 dynein as a model for flagellar dynein assembly and regulation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:569-579.
93. LeDizet M., Piperno G. ida4-1, ida4-2, and ida4-3 are intron splicing mutations affecting the locus encoding p28, a light chain of Chlamydomonas axonemal inner dynein arms. Mol. Biol. Cell 1995, 6:713-723.
94. LeDizet M., Piperno G. The light chain p28 associates with a subset of inner dynein arm heavy chains in Chlamydomonas axonemes. Mol. Biol. Cell 1995, 6:697-711.
95. Yagi T., Minoura I., Fujiwara A., Saito R., Yasunaga T., Hirono M., Kamiya R. An axonemal dynein particularly important for flagellar movement at high viscosity. Implications from a new Chlamydomonas mutant deficient in the dynein heavy chain gene DHC9. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280. 41412-41420.
96. Yagi T., Uematsu K., Liu Z., Kamiya R. Identification of dyneins that localize exclusively to the proximal portion of Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Sci. 2009, 122:1306-1314.
97. Kato T., Kagami O., Yagi T., Kamiya R. Isolation of two species of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar mutants, ida5 and ida6, that lack a newly identified heavy chain of the inner dynein arm. Cell Struct. Funct. 1993, 18:371-377.
98. Yanagisawa H.A., Kamiya R. A tektin homologue is decreased in Chlamydomonas mutants lacking an axonemal inner-arm dynein. Mol. Biol. Cell 2004, 15:2105-2115.
99. Setter P.W., Malvey-Dorn E., Steffen W., Stephens R.E., Linck R.W. Tektin interactions and a model for molecular functions. Exp. Cell Res. 2006, 312:2880-2896.
100. Woolley D.M. Studies on the eel sperm flagellum. I. The structure of the inner dynein arm complex. J. Cell Sci. 1997, 110:85-94.
101. Goodenough U.W., Heuser J.E. Structure of the soluble and in situ ciliary dyneins visualized by quick-freeze deep-etch microscopy. Cell Movement. The Dynein ATPases 1989, 121-140. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. F.D. Warner, P. Satir, I.R. Gibbons (Eds.).
102. Burgess S.A., Carter D.A., Dover S.D., Woolley D.M. The inner dynein arm complex: Compatible images from freeze-etch and thin section methods of microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 1991, 100:319-328.
103. Allen R.D. A reinvestigation of cross-sections of cilia. J. Cell Biol. 1968, 37:825-831.
104. Stephens R.E. Thermal fractionation of outer fiber doublet microtubules into A- and B-subfiber components. J. Mol. Biol. 1970, 47:353-363.
105. Stephens R.E. Isolation of nexin - the linkage protein responsible for the maintenance of the nine-fold configuration of flagellar axonemes. Biol. Bull. 1970, 139:1.
106. Linck R. Chemical and structural differences between cilia and flagella from the Lamellibranch mollusc, Aequipecten irradians. J. Cell Sci. 1973, 12:951-981.
107. Stephens R.E., Oleszko-Szuts S., Linck R.W. Retention of ciliary ninefold structure after removal of microtubules. J. Cell Sci. 1989, 92:391-402.
108. Ikeda K., Brown J.A., Yagi T., Norrander J.M., Hirono M., Eccleston E., Kamiya R., Linck R.W. Rib72, a conserved protein associated with the ribbon compartment of flagellar A-microtubules and potentially involved in the linkage between outer doublet microtubules. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:7725-7734.
109. Warner F.D. Ciliary inter-microtubule bridges. J. Cell Sci. 1976, 20:101-114.
110. Warner F.D. Organization of interdoublet links in Tetrahymena cilia. Cell Motil. 1983, 3:321-332.
111. Olson G.E., Linck R.W. Observations of the structural components of flagellar axonemes and central pair microtubules from rat sperm. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1977, 61:21-43.
112. Bozkurt H.H., Woolley D.M. Morphology of nexin links in relation to interdoublet sliding in the sperm flagellum. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 1993, 24:109-118.
113. Summers K.E., Gibbons I.R. Effects of trypsin digestion on flagellar structures and their relationship to motility. J. Cell Biol. 1973, 58:618-629.
114. Brokaw C.J. Elastase digestion of demembranated sperm flagella. Science (Wash. D.C.) 1980, 207:1365-1367.
115. Linck R.W., Stephens R.E. Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:489-495.
116. Nicastro D. Cryo-electron microscope tomography to study axonemal organization. Meth. Cell Biol. 2009, 91:1-39.
117. Bekker J.M., Colantonio J.R., Stephens A.D., Clarke W.T., King S.J., Hill K.L., Crosbie R.H. Direct interaction of Gas11 with microtubules: Implications for the dynein regulatory complex. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:461-473.
118. Tanaka H., Iguchi N., Toyama Y., Kitamura K., Takahashi T., Kaseda K., Maekawa M., Nishimune Y. Mice deficient in the axonemal protein Tektin-t exhibit male infertility and immotile-cilium syndrome due to impaired inner arm dynein function. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 24:7958-7964.
119. Baron D.M., Ralston K.S., Kabututu Z.P., Hill K.L. Functional genomics in Trypanosoma brucei identifies evolutionarily conserved components of motile flagella. J. Cell Sci. 2007, 120:478-491.
120. Dawe H.R., Farr H., Portman N., Shaw M.K., Gull K. The Parkin co-regulated gene product, PACRG, is an evolutionarily conserved axonemal protein that functions in outer-doublet microtubule morphogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118:5421-5430.
121. Hill K.L., Hutchings N.R., Grandgenett P.M., Donelson J.E. T lymphocyte-triggering factor of African trypanosomes is associated with the flagellar fraction of the cytoskeleton and represents a new family of proteins that are present in several divergent eukaryotes. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275. 39369-39378.
122. Hutchings N.R., Donelson J.E., Hill K.L. Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes. J. Cell Biol. 2002, 156:867-877.
123. Ralston K.S., Lerner A.G., Diener D.R., Hill K.L. Flagellar motility contributes to cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei and is modulated by an evolutionarily conserved dynein regulatory system. Eukaryot. Cell 2006, 5:696-711.
124. Ralston K.S., Hill K.L. Trypanin, a component of the flagellar dynein regulatory complex, is essential in bloodstream form African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2. e101.
125. Ralston K.S., Hill K.L. The flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei: New tricks from an old dog. Int. J. Parasitol. 2008, 38:869-884.
126. Whitmore S.A., Settasatian C., Crawford J., Lower K.M., McCallum B., Seshadri R., Cornelisse C.J., Moerland E.W., Cleton-Jansen A., Tipping A.J., Mathew C.G., Savnio M., Savoia A., Verlander P., Auerbach A.D., Van Berkel C., Pronk J.C., Doggett N.A., Callen D.F. Characterization and screening for mutations of the growth arrest-specific 11 (GAS11) and C16orf3 genes at 16q24.3 in breast cancer. Genomics 1998, 52:325-331.
127. Yeh S.D., Chen Y.J., Chang A.C., Ray R., She B.R., Lee W.S., Chiang H.S., Cohen S.N., Lin-Chao S. Isolation and properties of Gas8, a growth arrest-specific gene regulated during male gametogenesis to produce a protein associated with the sperm motility apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:6311-6317.
128. Colantonio J.R., Vermot J., Wu D., Langenbacher A.D., Fraser S., Chen J.N., Hill K.L. The dynein regulatory complex is required for ciliary motility and otolith biogenesis in the inner ear. Nature 2009, 457:205-209.
129. Brenner D.G., LIn-Chao S., Cohen S.N. Analysis of mammalian cell genetic regulation in situ by using retrovirus-derived "portable exons" carrying the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:5517-5521.
130. Lih C.J., Cohen S.N., Wang C., Lin-Chao S. The platelet derived-growth factor α-receptor is encoded by a growth arrest-specific gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93. 4617-4462.
131. Carlen B., Lindberg S., Stenram U. Absence of nexin links as a possible cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 2003, 27:123-126.
132. Colantonio J.R., Bekker J.M., Kim S.J., Morrissey K.M., Crosbie R.H., Hill K.L. Expanding the role of the dynein regulatory complex to non-axonemal functions: Association of GAS11 with the Golgi apparatus. Traffic 2006, 7:538-548.
133. Nishimura N., Araki K., Shinahara W., Nakano Y., Nishimura K., Higashio H., Sasaki T. Interaction of Rab3B with microtubule-binding protein Gas8 in NIH 3T3 cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 474:136-142.
134. Zhao L., Xu L., Zhou X., Zhu Q., Yang Z., Zhang C., Zhu X., Yu M., Zhang Y., Zhao X., Huang P. Interaction of influenza virus NS1 protein with growth arrest-specific protein 8. Virol. J. 2009, 6:218.
135. Lorenzetti D., Bishop C.E., Justice M.J. Deletion of the Parkin coregulated gene causes male sterility in the quaking (viable) mouse mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:8402-8407.
136. Li J.B., Gerdes J.M., Haycraft C.J., Fan Y., Teslovich T.M., May-Simera H., Li H., Blacque O.E., Li L., Leitch C.C., Lewis R.A., Green J.S., Parfrey P.S., Leroux M.R., Davidson W.S., Beales P.L., Guay-Woodford L.M., Yoder B.K., Stormo G.D., Katsanis N., Dutcher S.K. Comparative genomics identifies a flagellar and basal body proteome that includes the BBS5 human disease gene. Cell 2004, 117:541-552.
137. Ikeda K., Ikeda T., Morikawa K., Kamiya R. Axonemal localization of Chlamydomonas PACRG, a homologue of the human Parkin-coregulated gene product. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:814-821.
138. Broadhead R., Dawe H.R., Farr H., Griffiths S., Hart S.R., Portman N., Shaw M.K., Ginger M.L., Gaskell S.J., McKean P.G., Gull K. Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome. Nature 2006, 440:224-227.
139. Piperno G. Regulation of dynein activity within Chlamydomonas flagella. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1995, 32:103-105.
140. Dymek E.E., Smith E.F. A conserved CaM and radial spoke associated complex mediates regulation of flagellar dynein activity. J. Cell Biol. 2007, 179:515-526.
141. Gibbons B.H., Gibbons I.R., Baccetti B. Structure and motility of the 9+0 flagellum of eel spermatozoa. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 1983, 15:15-20.
142. Gibbons B.H., Baccetti B., Gibbons I.R. Live and reactivated motility in the 9+0 flagellum of Anguilla sperm. Cell Motil. 1985, 5:333-350.
143. Caspary T., Larkins C.E., Anderson K.V. The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture. Dev. Cell 2007, 12:767-778.
144. Hagiwara H., Ohwada N., Aoki T., Suzuki T., Takata K. The primary cilia of secretory cells in the human oviduct mucosa. Med. Mol. Morphol. 2008, 41:193-198.
145. Perkins L.A., Hedgecock E.M., Thomson J.N., Culotti J.G. Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 1986, 117:456-487.
146. Gluenz E., Hoog J.L., Smith A.E., Dawe H.R., Shaw M.K., Gull K. Beyond 9+0: Noncanonical axoneme structures characterize sensory cilia from protists to humans. FASEB J. 2010, 24:3117-3121.
147. Minoura I., Yagi T., Kamiya R. Direct measurement of inter-doublet elasticity in flagellar axonemes. Cell Struct. Funct. 1999, 24:27-33.
148. Wirschell M., Nicastro D., Porter M.E., Sale W.S. The regulation of axonemal bending. The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook, Cell Motility and Behavior 2009, 253-282. Academic Press, San Diego. G.B. Witman (Ed.).
149. Pelle D.W., Brokaw C.J., Lesich K.A., Lindemann C.B. Mechanical properties of the passive sea urchin sperm flagellum. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009, 66:721-735.
150. Lindemann C.B., Macauley L.J., Lesich K.A. The counterbend phenomenon in dynein-disabled rat sperm flagella and what it reveals about the interdoublet elasticity. Biophys. J. 2005, 89:1165-1174.
151. Movassagh T., Bui K.H., Sakakibara H., Oiwa K., Ishikawa T. Nucleotide-induced global conformational changes of flagellar dynein arms revealed by in situ analysis. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2010, 17:761-767.