Managing diversity in the USA: The evolution of inclusion in the workplace

International Handbook on Diversity Management at Work: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 304-334

  Lillevik, Waheeda ^a   Combs, Gwendolyn M ^b   Wyrick, Cheryl ^c  

^a The College of New Jersey   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881937940     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Allport, Gordon W. (1954), The Nature of Prejudice, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Ansoorian, A., P. Good and D. Samuelson (2003), 'Managing generational differences', Leadership, 32 (5), 34-6.
3. Ashkanasy, N.M., C. Härtel and C. Daus (2002), 'Diversity and emotion: the new frontiers in organizational behaviour research', Journal of Management, 28 (3), 307-38.
4. Barker, Lucius J., Twiley W. Barker, Michael W. Combs, Kevin L. Lyles and Huey Perry (1999), Civil Liberties and the Constitution, 8th edn, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Bell, Ella L.J. and Stella M. Nkomo (2001), Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professiona Identity, Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
6. Bell, Myrtle P. (2007), Diversity in Organizations, Mason, OH: Thomsen South-Western.
7. Bennett-Alexander, Dawn and Laura Hartman (2009), Employment Law for Business, 6th edn, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill.
8. Benokraitis, Nijole V. (1997), Subtle Sexism: Current Practice and Prospects for Change, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
9. Biddle, D. and P. Nooren (2006), 'Validity generalization vs. Title VII: can employers successfully defend tests without conducting local validation studies?', Labor Law Journal, 57 (4), 216-37.
10. Bleau, D. (2008), 'The ADA amendments of act of 2008', Labor Law Journal, 59 (4), 277-96.
11. Bond, M. and J. Pyle (1998), 'The ecology of diversity in organizational settings: lessons from a case study', Human Relations, 51 (5), 589-623.
12. Bowes-Sperry, Lynne and Jasmine Tata (1999), 'A multiperspective framework of sexual harassment', in Gary N. Powell (ed.), Handbook of Gender & Work, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 263-80.
13. Bowman, G.W., N.B. Worthy and S.A. Greyser (1965), 'Are women executives people?', Harvard Business Review, July-August, 14-28 and 164-78.
14. Bucher, Richard D. (2004), Diversity Consciousness: Opening our Minds to People, Cultures, and Opportunities, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
15. Budig, Michelle (2002), 'Male advantage and the gender composition of jobs: who rides the glass escalator?', Social Problems, 49 (2), 258-77.
16. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2006), 'Charting the US labour market in 2006', http://www.bls.gov/cps/labour2006/home.htm, 25 April 2008.
17. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009), 'Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age', accessed 24 August 2009.
18. Carter, H. and E. Strong (1933), 'Sex differences in occupational interests of high school students', Personnel Journal, 12, 166-75.
19. Catalyst Reports (2009), Women in U.S. Management, New York.
20. Caudill, William and George A. De Vos (1956), 'Achievement, culture and personality: the case of the Japanese Americans', American Anthropologist, 58 (6), 1102-26.
21. Cho, S. (1997), 'Converging stereotypes in racialized sexual harassment: where the model minority meets Suzie Wong', Journal of Gender, Race, & Justice, 1 (1), 177-211.
22. Chou, Rosalind S. and Joe Feagin (2008), The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans and Racism, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press.
23. Combs, G. and F. Luthans (2007), 'Diversity training: analysis of the impact of self-efficacy', Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18 (1), 91-120.
24. Combs, G.M. and J. Griffith (2007), 'An examination of interracial contact: the influence of cross-race interpersonal efficacy and affect regulation', Human Resource Development Review, 6 (3), 222-44.
25. Combs, G.M. and S. Nadkarni (2005), 'A tale of two cultures: attitudes towards affirmative action in the United States and India', The Journal of World Business, 40 (2), 158-71.
26. Combs, G.M. and S. Sommer (2004), 'Social comparison theory and contact theory: implications for African American managers career development', paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference, New Orleans, LA.
27. Cox, R., P. Dorfman and W. Stephan (2005), 'Determinants of sexual harassment coping strategies in Mexican American and Anglo women', paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management Conference, Honolulu, HI.
28. Cox, Taylor H. Jr (2001), Creating the Multicultural Organization: A Strategy for Capturing the Power of Diversity, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
29. Cox, T. and S. Blake (1991), 'Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness', Academy of Management Executive, 5 (3), 45-56.
30. Cox, T. and S. Nkomo (1990), 'Invisible men and women: a status report on race as a variable in organizations behaviour research', Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11, 419-31.
31. Dall, Caroline W.H. (1861), Woman's Rights under the Law: In Three Lectures, Delivered in Boston, January, 1861, Boston, MA: Walker, Wise and Company.
32. Deal, Jennifer J. (2007), Retiring the Generation Gap: How Employees Young and Old can Find Common Ground, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass and CCL.
33. Dovidio, John F. and Sam L. Gaertner (2005a), 'Aversive racism', in Mark P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 36, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 1-52.
34. Dovidio, J.and S. Gaertner (2005b), 'Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: from aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model', Journal of Social Issues, 61 (3), 615-39.
35. Du Bois, Burghardt W.E. (1899), The Philadelphia Negro: A social study, Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.
36. Edelman, L.B. (1992), 'Legal ambiguity and symbolic structures: organizational mediation of civil rights law', American Journal of Sociology, 97 (6), 1531-76.
37. Edelman, L.B., S.R. Fuller and I. Mara-Drita (2001), 'Diversity rhetoric and the managerialization of law', American Journal of Sociology, 106 (6), 1589-641.
38. Ely, R. and D. Meyerson (2000), 'Advancing gender equity in organizations: the challenge and importance of maintaining a gender narrative', Organization, 7 (4), 589-608.
39. Fisher, M.J. (1951), 'Equal-pay-for-equal-work legislation', Labor Law Journal, 2 (8), 578-87.
40. Fiske, Susan T., Amy J. Cuddy, Peter Glick and Jun Xu (2002), 'A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
41. Franklin, John Hope (1989), Race and History, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
42. Frazier, E.F. (1932), The Free Negro Family: A study of Family Origins Before the Civil War, Nashville, TN: Fisk University Press.
43. Frazier, E. Franklin (1951), The Integration of the Negro in American Society, Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
44. Friedan, Betty (1963), The Feminine Mystique, New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
45. Fuller, F.M. and M.B. Batchelder (1953), 'Opportunities for women at the administrative level', Harvard Business Review, 31 (1), 111-28.
46. Goodman, J., D. Fields and T. Blum (2003), 'Cracks in the glass ceiling: in what kinds of organizations do women make it to the top?', Group & Organization Management, 28 (4), 475-501.
47. Government Publications Office (2009), Regulations under the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ233/html/PLAW-110publ233.htm, 12 August 2009.
48. Graham, Hugh D. (2002), Collision Course: The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America, New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Greaves, M.B. and A.E. Smith (2009), 'The new Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act', Defense Counsel Journal, 76 (1), 137-40.
50. Greenhaus, Jeffery and Saroj Parasuraman (1999), 'Research on work, family, and gender: current status and future directions', in Gary N. Powell (ed.), Handbook of Gender & Work, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 371-90.
51. Greenhaus, J., S. Parasuraman and W. Wormley (1990), 'Effects of race on organizational experience, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes', Academy of Management Journal, 33 (1), 64-86.
52. Gross, Barry R. (1978), Discrimination in Reverse: Is Turnabout Fair Play?, New York: New York University Press.
53. Gullett, C.R. (2000), 'Reverse discrimination and remedial affirmative action in employment: dealing with the paradox of nondiscrimination', Public Personnel Management, 29 (1), 107-18.
54. Harrison, D., K. Price and M. Bell (1998), 'Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion', Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1), 96-107.
55. Harrison, D., D. Kravitz, D. Mayer, L. Leslie and D. Lev-Arey (2006), 'Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programmes in employment: summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research', Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (5), 1013-36.
56. Hayes-Bautista, D. (1980), 'Identifying "Hispanic" populations: the influence of research methodology upon public policy (editorial)', American Journal of Public Health, 70 (4), 353-6.
57. Herring, C. (2009), 'Does diversity pay?: Race, gender, and the business case for diversity', American Sociological Review, 74 (2), 208-24.
58. Hoffarth, V. (1996), 'Perspectives on career development of women in management', Equal Opportunities International, 15 (3), 21-53.
59. Hoyer, S.H. (2007), Testimony of House Majority Leader, House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, Hearing on H.R. 3195, ADA Restoration Act of 2007.
60. Ibarra, H. (1999), 'Provisional selves: experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation', Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (4), 764-91.
61. Ivancevich, J. and J. Gilbert (2000), 'Diversity management', Public Personnel Management, 29 (1), 75-92.
62. Jain, Harish C., Peter Sloane and Frank Horwitz (2003), 'Introduction', Employment Equity and Affirmative Action: An International Comparison, New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
63. Jehn, K., G. Northcraft and M. Neale (1999), 'Why differences make a difference: a field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups', Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (4), 741-63.
64. Johnston, William B. and Arnold E. Packer (1987), Workforce 2000, Work and Workers for the 21st Century, Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute.
65. Kelly, E. and F. Dobbin (1998), 'How affirmative action became diversity management', American Behavioral Scientist, 41 (7), 960.
66. Key, Valdimer O. Jr (1949), Southern Politics in State and Nation, New York: Random House.
67. Konrad, A. (2003), 'Special issue introduction: defining the domain of workplace diversity scholarship', Group and Organization Management, 28 (1), 4-17.
68. Konrad, A. and F. Linnehan (1995), 'Formalized HRM structures: coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices?', Academy of Management Journal, 38 (3), 787-820.
69. Leonard, J.S. (1984), 'The impact of affirmative action on employment', The Journal of Labor Economics, 2 (4), 439-63.
70. Lewis, John (1998), Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Company.
71. Linnehan, F., D. Chrobot-Mason and A. Konrad (2006), 'Diversity attitudes and norms: the role of ethnic identity and relational demography', Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27 (4), 419-42.
72. Mallol, C., B. Holtom and T. Lee (2007), 'Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment', Journal of Business and Psychology, 22 (1), 35-44.
73. Mangum, M. (2008), 'Testing competing explanations of black opinions on affirmative action', Policy Studies Journal, 36 (3), 347-66.
74. Mastracci, S. (2004), 'Backstage and spotlight activism: one survival strategy of the women's bureau and its price', Labor History, 45 (1), 85-99.
75. McLaughlin, M., M. Bell and D. Stringer (2004), 'Stigma and acceptance of persons with disabilities: understudied aspects of workforce diversity', Group & Organization Management, 29 (3), 302-33.
76. Menache, R. and B. Kleiner (1999), 'New developments in reverse discrimination', Equal Opportunities International, 18 (2-4), 41-2.
77. Morris, A. (1999), 'A retrospective on the civil rights movement: political and intellectual landmarks', Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 517-39.
78. Murrell, Audrey J., Faye J. Crosby and Robin J. Ely (1999), Mentoring Dilemmas: Developmental Relationships in Multicultural Organizations, Princeton, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
79. Myrdal, Gunnar (1944), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy, New York: Harper & Row.
80. Nkomo, S.M. (1992), 'The emperor has no clothes: rewriting race in organizations', Academy of Management Review, 17, 487-513.
81. Pettigrew, T. (1998). 'Intergroup contact theory', Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85.
82. Phillips, K. and D. Loyd (2006), 'When surface and deep-level diversity collide: the effects on dissenting group members', Organizational Behaviour & Human Decision Processes, 99 (2), 143-60.
83. Pitts, D. (2009), 'Diversity management, job satisfaction and job performance: evidence from U.S. federal agencies', Public Administration Review, 69 (2), 314-27.
84. Powell, Gary N. (1999), Handbook of Gender & Work, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
85. Pybum, K., R. Ployhart and D. Kravitz (2008), 'The diversity-validity dilemma: overview and legal context', Personnel Psychology, 61 (1), 143-51.
86. Ragins, B.R. (1999), 'Gender and mentoring relationships: a review and research agenda for the next decade', in Gary N. Powell (ed.), Handbook of Gender & Work, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 347-70.
87. Rao, Asha (2005), 'Religion, culture, and management in the new millennium', in Carol P. Harvey and June Allard (eds), Understanding and Managing Diversity, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, pp. 149-57.
88. Raver, J. and M. Gelfand (2005), 'Beyond the individual victim: linking sexual harassment, team processes, and team performance', Academy of Management Journal, 48 (3), 387-400.
89. Richard, O. (2000), 'Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: a resource-based view', Academy of Management Journal, 43 (2), 164-77.
90. Roberson, L., C. Kulik and M. Pepper (2009), 'Individual and environmental factors influencing the use of transfer strategies after diversity training', Group & Organization Management, 34 (1), 67-89.
91. Rosen, B., T. Jerdee and R. Lunn (1981), 'Effects of performance appraisal format, age, and performance level on retirement decisions', Journal of Applied Psychology, 66 (4), 515-19.
92. Shultz, Kenneth S. and Gary Adams (2007), Aging and Work in the 21st Century, Florence, KE: Routledge.
93. Simon, R. (1978), 'Statistical justification of discrimination', Analysis, 38, 37-42.
94. Skrentny, John D. (2002), The Minority Rights Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95. Smithey, Philippa N. and Gregory B. Lewis (1998), 'Gender, race and training in the federal civil service', Public Administration Quarterly, 22, 204-28.
96. Stanley, T. and S. Jarrell (1998), 'Gender wage discrimination bias? A meta-regression analysis', Journal of Human Resources, 33 (4), 947-73.
97. Sumner, William G. (1906), Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals, Boston, MA: The Athenaeum Press.
98. Tajfel, H. (1978), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Oxford: Academic Press.
99. Terry, Deborah J. and Michael Hogg (2001), 'Attitudes, behaviour, and social context: the role of norms and group membership in social influence processes', in Joseph P. Forgas and Kipling D. Williams (eds), Social Influence: Direct and Indirect Processes, New York: Psychology Press, pp. 253-70.
100. Thomas, D. and R. Ely (1996), 'Making differences matter', Harvard Business Review, 74 (5), 79-90.
101. Thomas, David A. and Karen Proudford (2000), 'Making sense of race relations in organizations: theories for practice', in Robert T. Carter (ed.), Addressing Cultural Issues in Organizations: Beyond the Corporate Context, New York: Guilford Press, pp. 51-68.
102. Thomas, Kecia M. (2008), Diversity Resistance in Organizations, New York: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
103. Thomas, R. (1990), 'From affirmative action to affirming diversity', Harvard Business Review, 68, 107-17.
104. Thomas, Roosevelt R. Jr (1992), Beyond Race and Gender: Unleashing the Power of your Total Work Force by Managing Diversity, New York: AMACOM Division of American Management Association.
105. Thomas, Roosevelt R. Jr (2005). Building on the Promise of Diversity: How we can Move to the Next Level in our Workplace, our Communities, and our Society, New York: AMACOM Division American Management Association.
106. Tosi, H. and S. Einbender (1985), 'The effects of the type and amount of information in sex discrimination research: a meta-analysis', Academy of Management Journal, 28 (3), 712-23.
107. Toussiant-Comeau, Maude and Sherrie Rhine (2004), 'Tenure choice with location selection: the case of Hispanic neighborhoods in Chicago', Contemporary Economic Policy, 22 (1), 95-110.
108. Tsui, Anne S. and Barbara A. Gutek (1999), Demographic Differences in Organizations: Current Research and Future Directions, New York: Lexington Books/Macmillan.
109. US Census Bureau (2007), 'The African American Community', http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/ acs-04.pdf, 25 April 2008.
110. US Census Bureau (2009), 'Hispanic Fact Sheet', www.hispanictips.com/2009/08/25/us-census-2009-hispanicfact-sheet-hispanic-heritage-month-sept-15-%E2%80%93-oct-15/, January 2010.
111. US Department of Labor (1990). 'Federal Contract Compliance Manual (FCCM), Chapter 7 -Identification & Remedy of Employment Discrimination', http://www.dol.gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/fccm/ofcpch7.htm, 31 August 2009.
112. US Department of Labor (2002), 'Facts on Executive Order 11246', http://www.dol.gov/esa/regs/compliance/ofccp/aa.htm, 16 April 2008.
113. US Department of Transportation (2008), 'Executive Orders', http://www.dotcr.ost.dot.gov/asp/execorders.asp, 21 April 2008.
114. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1964), 'Civil Rights Act of 1964', http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/vii.html, 8 July 2009.
115. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1967), 'Facts about Age Discrimination in Employment Act', http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/age.html, 21 April 2008.
116. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1990), 'Americans with Disabilities Act', http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/ada.html, 14 April 2008.
117. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1991), 'Civil Rights Act of 1991', http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/cra91.html, 8 July 2009.
118. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1997), 'Equal Pay Act of 1963', http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/epa.html, 21 April 2008.
119. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2002), 'Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination', http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html, 21 April 2008.
120. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2005), 'EEOC Litigation Settlements April 2005, EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. No. 04-4731 (N.D. Cal. April 14, 2005)', http://www.eeoc.gov/litigation/ settlements/settlement04-05.html, 5 June 2009.
121. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2008a), 'Facts about Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978', http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-preg.html, 21 April 2008.
122. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2008b), 'Information about Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008', http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adaaa_info.cfm.
123. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009a), 'Pre-1965 -Events Leading to the Creation of the EEOC', http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/pre1965/index.html, 8 July 2009.
124. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009b), 'The 1970's -The Toothless Tiger Gets Its Teeth -A New Era of Enforcement', http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/1970s/index.html, 8 July 2009.
125. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009c), 'The 1990's -New Laws, New Strategies', http:// www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/1990s/index.html, 8 July 2009.
126. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009d), 'Combating New Forms of Age Discrimination', http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/1990s/ada.html, 8 July 2009.
127. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009e), 'Combating New Forms of Age Discrimination', http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/1990s/civilrights.html, 8 July 2009.
128. US Glass Ceiling Commission (1995), Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/116, 8 July 2009.
129. US Office of Personnel Management (2009), VetsInfo Guide: Affirmative Action For Certain Veterans Under Title 38, http://www.opm.gov/veterans/html/vetsinfo.asp, 12 August 2009.
130. Wallin, P. (1950), 'Cultural contradictions and sex roles: a repeat study', American Sociological Review, 15 (2), 288-93.
131. Walters, G.E. (1967), 'Sex, state protective laws and the civil rights act of 1964', Labor Law Journal, 18 (6), 344-52.
132. Williams, J. (2001), 'Building a movement: Betty Friedan and the feminine mystique', Radical History Review, 80, 149-54.
133. Willis-Esqueda, C. and K. Swanson (1997), 'The effects of stereotypical crime and alcohol use on criminal culpability attributions for Native Americans and European Americans', American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 21, 229-54.
134. Woo, Deborah (2000), Glass Ceiling and Asian Americans: The New Face of Workplace Barriers, Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
135. Wright, P., S. Ferris, J. Hiller and M. Kroll (1995), 'Competitiveness through management of diversity: effects on stock price valuation', Academy of Management Journal, 38 (1), 272-87.
136. Young, C. (2007), 'Organization culture change: the bottom line of diversity', The Diversity Factor, 15 (1), 26-31.