Biological delivery approaches for gene therapy: Strategies to potentiate efficacy and enhance specificity

Molecular Immunology

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 599-611

  Mohit, Elham ^a   Rafati, Sima ^b  

^a SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF IRAN   (Iran)

Author keywords

Bacterial vectors; Biological delivery system; Cancer vaccine; DC vaccine and MSCs based delivery system; Viral vectors

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; BACTERIAL VECTOR; BELAGENPUMATUCEL L; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 2; CANCER VACCINE; FALIMAREV; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BINDING FACTOR; LISTERIOLYSIN O; LONTUCIREV; LOVAXIN C; MELACINE; MODIFIED VACCINIA VIRUS ANKARA 5T4 VACCINE; ONAMELATUCEL L; ONCOLYTIC VIRUS; RILIMOGENE GALVACIREPVEC; SIPULEUCEL T; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TALIMOGENE LAHERPAREPVEC; TUMOR CELL VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; CANCER CELL; CANCER GENE THERAPY; CANCER IMMUNIZATION; CANCER INHIBITION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLOSTRIDIUM; COLON CANCER; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEFECTIVE VIRUS; DENDRITIC CELL; DNA IMMUNIZATION; DNA REPLICATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE BREAST CANCER; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC IMMUNIZATION; GENETIC STABILITY; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HELPER CELL; HELPER VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IN VIVO GENE TRANSFER; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LACTOCOCCUS; LISTERIA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; ONCOGENE NEU; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY; OSSIFICATION; PANCREAS CANCER; PHAGOSOME; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SERTOLI CELL; STEM CELL; SUICIDE GENE; SUICIDE GENE THERAPY; TARGET CELL; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSGENE; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; TUMOR GROWTH; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRUS GENE; CELL ENGINEERING; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CLASSIFICATION; GENE TRANSFER; GENE VECTOR; GENETICS; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRENDS;

CELL ENGINEERING; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; GENETIC THERAPY; GENETIC VECTORS; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84881108625     PISSN: 01615890     EISSN: 18729142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Adachi Y., Matsubara S., Muramatsu T., Curiel D.T., Reynolds P.N. Midkine promoter-based adenoviral suicide gene therapy to midkine-positive pediatric tumor. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2002, 37:588-592.
2. Alba R., Bosch A., Chillon M. Gutless adenovirus: last-generation adenovirus for gene therapy. Gene Therapy 2005, 12(Suppl. 1):S18-S27.
3. Amato R.J., Hawkins R.E., Kaufman H.L., Thompson J.A., Tomczak P., Szczylik C., McDonald M., Eastty S., Shingler W.H., de Belin J., Goonewardena M., Naylor S., Harrop R. Vaccination of metastatic renal cancer patients with MVA-5T4: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Clinical cancer research 2010, 16:5539-5547.
4. Anderson R.J., Schneider J. Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Vaccine 2007, 25(Suppl. 2):B24-B34.
5. Appledorn D.M., Kiang A., McBride A., Jiang H., Seregin S., Scott J.M., Stringer R., Kousa Y., Hoban M., Frank M.M., Amalfitano A. Wild-type adenoviruses from groups A-F evoke unique innate immune responses, of which HAd3 and SAd23 are partially complement dependent. Gene Therapy 2008, 15:885-901.
6. Ardiani A., Higgins J.P., Hodge J.W. Vaccines based on whole recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEMS Yeast Research 2010, 10:1060-1069.
7. Baban C.K., Cronin M., O'Hanlon D., O'Sullivan G.C., Tangney M. Bacteria as vectors for gene therapy of cancer. Bioengineered Bugs 2010, 1:385-394.
8. Berlec A., Ravnikar M., Strukelj B. Lactic acid bacteria as oral delivery systems for biomolecules. Die Pharmazie 2012, 67:891-898.
9. Bexell D., Scheding S., Bengzon J. Toward brain tumor gene therapy using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell vectors. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2010, 18:1067-1075.
10. Bolhassani A., Zahedifard F. Therapeutic live vaccines as a potential anticancer strategy. International Journal of Cancer 2012, 131:1733-1743.
11. Breton M., Tremblay M.J., Ouellette M., Papadopoulou B. Live nonpathogenic parasitic vector as a candidate vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73:6372-6382.
12. Breton M., Zhao C., Ouellette M., Tremblay M.J., Papadopoulou B. A recombinant non-pathogenic Leishmania vaccine expressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Gag elicits cell-mediated immunity in mice and decreases HIV-1 replication in human tonsillar tissue following exposure to HIV-1 infection. The Journal of General Virology 2007, 88:217-225.
13. Bridle B.W., Hanson S., Lichty B.D. Combining oncolytic virotherapy and tumour vaccination. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 2010, 21:143-148.
14. Burki T.K. Recent developments for cancer care in Africa. The Lancet Oncology 2012, 13:e6.
15. Choi J.W., Lee J.S., Kim S.W., Yun C.O. Evolution of oncolytic adenovirus for cancer treatment. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2012, 64:720-729.
16. Chu R.L., Post D.E., Khuri F.R., Van Meir E.G. Use of replicating oncolytic adenoviruses in combination therapy for cancer. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2004, 10:5299-5312.
17. de Gruijl T.D., van de Ven R. Chapter six-adenovirus-based immunotherapy of cancer: promises to keep. Advances in Cancer Research 2012, 115:147-220.
18. Decoster L., Wauters I., Vansteenkiste J.F. Vaccination therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: review of agents in phase III development. Annals of oncology 2012, 23:1387-1393.
19. Ding H.F., Liu R., Li B.G., Lou J.R., Dai K.R., Tang T.T. Biologic effect and immunoisolating behavior of BMP-2 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in APA microcapsules. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007, 362:923-927.
20. Donnelly O.G., Errington-Mais F., Prestwich R., Harrington K., Pandha H., Vile R., Melcher A.A. Recent clinical experience with oncolytic viruses. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2012, 13:1834-1841.
21. Dorer D.E., Nettelbeck D.M. Targeting cancer by transcriptional control in cancer gene therapy and viral oncolysis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2009, 61:554-571.
22. Drake C.G. Combination immunotherapy approaches. Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology/ESMO 2012, 23(Suppl. 8):viii41-viii46.
23. Draube A., Klein-Gonzalez N., Mattheus S., Brillant C., Hellmich M., Engert A., von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Dendritic cell based tumor vaccination in prostate and renal cell cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e18801.
24. Duarte S., Carle G., Faneca H., Lima M.C., Pierrefite-Carle V. Suicide gene therapy in cancer: where do we stand now?. Cancer Letters 2012, 324:160-170.
25. Duda D.G. Molecular biomarkers of response to antiangiogenic therapy for cancer. ISRN Cell Biology 2012, 2012.
26. Dufour J.M., Rajotte R.V., Seeberger K., Kin T., Korbutt G.S. Long-term survival of neonatal porcine Sertoli cells in non-immunosuppressed rats. Xenotransplantation 2003, 10:577-586.
27. Edelstein M.L., Abedi M.R., Wixon J. Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2007-an update. The Journal of Gene Medicine 2007, 9:833-842.
28. Eko F.O., Talin B.A., Lubitz W. Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial ghost vaccine to fight human blindness. Human Vaccines 2008, 4:176-183.
29. Eliopoulos N., Francois M., Boivin M.N., Martineau D., Galipeau J. Neo-organoid of marrow mesenchymal stromal cells secreting interleukin-12 for breast cancer therapy. Cancer Research 2008, 68:4810-4818.
30. Eliopoulos N., Lejeune L., Martineau D., Galipeau J. Human-compatible collagen matrix for prolonged and reversible systemic delivery of erythropoietin in mice from gene-modified marrow stromal cells. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2004, 10:741-748.
31. Fang B., Wang H., Gordon G., Bellinger D.A., Read M.S., Brinkhous K.M., Woo S.L., Eisensmith R.C. Lack of persistence of E1-recombinant adenoviral vectors containing a temperature-sensitive E2A mutation in immunocompetent mice and hemophilia B dogs. Gene Therapy 1996, 3:217-222.
32. Finke L.H., Wentworth K., Blumenstein B., Rudolph N.S., Levitsky H., Hoos A. Lessons from randomized phase III studies with active cancer immunotherapies-outcomes from the 2006 meeting of the Cancer Vaccine Consortium (CVC). Vaccine 2007, 25(Suppl 2):B97-B109.
33. Frohlich M.W. Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Seminars in oncology 2012, 39:245-252.
34. Fujimori M. Genetically engineered bifidobacterium as a drug delivery system for systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2006, 13:27-31.
35. Garcia F., Routy J.P. Challenges in dendritic cells-based therapeutic vaccination in HIV-1 infection Workshop in dendritic cell-based vaccine clinical trials in HIV-1. Vaccine 2011, 29:6454-6463.
36. Gerritsen W.R. The evolving role of immunotherapy in prostate cancer. Annals of oncology 2012, 23(Suppl. 8):viii22-viii27.
37. Giacca M., Zacchigna S. Virus-mediated gene delivery for human gene therapy. Journal of controlled release 2012, 161:377-388.
38. Goren A., Dahan N., Goren E., Baruch L., Machluf M. Encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells: a unique hypoimmunogenic platform for long-term cellular therapy. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2010, 24:22-31.
39. Gores P.F., Hayes D.H., Copeland M.J., Korbutt G.S., Halberstadt C., Kirkpatrick S.A., Rajotte R.V. Long-term survival of intratesticular porcine islets in nonimmunosuppressed beagles. Transplantation 2003, 75:613-618.
40. Habersetzer F., Baumert T.F., Stoll-Keller F. GI-5005, a yeast vector vaccine expressing an NS3-core fusion protein for chronic HCV infection. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 2009, 11:456-462.
41. Haisma H.J., Pinedo H.M., Rijswijk A., der Meulen-Muileman I., Sosnowski B.A., Ying W., Beusechem V.W., Tillman B.W., Gerritsen W.R., Curiel D.T. Tumor-specific gene transfer via an adenoviral vector targeted to the pan-carcinoma antigen EpCAM. Gene Therapy 1999, 6:1469-1474.
42. Hall R.D., Gray J.E., Chiappori A.A. Beyond the standard of care: a review of novel immunotherapy trials for the treatment of lung cancer. Cancer control 2013, 20:22-31.
43. Halley K., Dyson E.L., Kaur G., Mital P., Uong P.M., Dass B., Crowell S.N., Dufour J.M. Delivery of a therapeutic protein by immune-privileged Sertoli cells. Cell Transplantation 2010, 19:1645-1657.
44. Harzstark A.L., Small E.J. Immunotherapy for prostate cancer using antigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells: APC8015 (Provenge). Expert opinion on biological therapy 2007, 7:1275-1280.
45. Heideman D.A., Snijders P.J., Craanen M.E., Bloemena E., Meijer C.J., Meuwissen S.G., van Beusechem V.W., Pinedo H.M., Curiel D.T., Haisma H.J., Gerritsen W.R. Selective gene delivery toward gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma cells via EpCAM-targeted adenoviral vectors. Cancer Gene Therapy 2001, 8:342-351.
46. Itoh K., Yamada A., Mine T., Noguchi M. Recent advances in cancer vaccines: an overview. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 39:73-80.
47. Jongbloed S.L., Kassianos A.J., McDonald K.J., Clark G.J., Ju X., Angel C.E., Chen C.J., Dunbar P.R., Wadley R.B., Jeet V., Vulink A.J., Hart D.N., Radford K.J. Human CD141+(BDCA-3)+dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique myeloid DC subset that cross-presents necrotic cell antigens. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2010, 207:1247-1260.
48. Jung M.R., Shim I.K., Kim E.S., Park Y.J., Yang Y.I., Lee S.K., Lee S.J. Controlled release of cell-permeable gene complex from poly(l-lactide) scaffold for enhanced stem cell tissue engineering. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 2011, 152:294-302.
49. Junqueira C., Santos L.I., Galvao-Filho B., Teixeira S.M., Rodrigues F.G., DaRocha W.D., Chiari E., Jungbluth A.A., Ritter G., Gnjatic S., Old L.J., Gazzinelli R.T. Trypanosoma cruzi as an effective cancer antigen delivery vector. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:19695-19700.
50. Karimi K., Boudreau J.E., Fraser K., Liu H., Delanghe J., Gauldie J., Xing Z., Bramson J.L., Wan Y. Enhanced antitumor immunity elicited by dendritic cell vaccines is a result of their ability to engage both CTL and IFN gamma-producing NK cells. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2008, 16:411-418.
51. Kashentseva E.A., Seki T., Curiel D.T., Dmitriev I.P. Adenovirus targeting to c-erbB-2 oncoprotein by single-chain antibody fused to trimeric form of adenovirus receptor ectodomain. Cancer Research 2002, 62:609-616.
52. Kaur G., Long C.R., Dufour J.M. Genetically engineered immune privileged Sertoli cells: a new road to cell based gene therapy. Spermatogenesis 2012, 2:23-31.
53. Kawashima R., Abei M., Fukuda K., Nakamura K., Murata T., Wakayama M., Seo E., Hasegawa N., Mizuguchi H., Obata Y., Hyodo I., Hamada H., Yokoyama K.K. EpCAM- and EGFR-targeted selective gene therapy for biliary cancers using Z33-fiber-modified adenovirus. International Journal of Cancer 2011, 129:1244-1253.
54. Kim D.W., Krishnamurthy V., Bines S.D., Kaufman H.L. TroVax, a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus encoding 5T4: lessons learned and future development. Human vaccines 2010, 6:784-791.
55. Kirn D. Armed interference: oncolytic viruses engineered to carry antitumor shRNAs. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2007, 15:227-228.
56. Kirn D.H. The end of the beginning: oncolytic virotherapy achieves clinical proof-of-concept. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2006, 13:237-238.
57. Klopp A.H., Spaeth E.L., Dembinski J.L., Woodward W.A., Munshi A., Meyn R.E., Cox J.D., Andreeff M., Marini F.C. Tumor irradiation increases the recruitment of circulating mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Research 2007, 67:11687-11695.
58. Koizumi N., Mizuguchi H., Hosono T., Ishii-Watabe A., Uchida E., Utoguchi N., Watanabe Y., Hayakawa T. Efficient gene transfer by fiber-mutant adenoviral vectors containing RGD peptide. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2001, 1568:13-20.
59. Kovesdi I., Hedley S.J. Adenoviral Producer Cells. Viruses 2010, 2:1681-1703.
60. Kudela P., Koller V.J., Lubitz W. Bacterial ghosts (BGs)-advanced antigen and drug delivery system. Vaccine 2010, 28:5760-5767.
61. Larocca C., Schlom J. Viral vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer Journal 2011, 17:359-371.
62. Le D.T., Pardoll D.M., Jaffee E.M. Cellular vaccine approaches. Cancer Journal 2010, 16:304-310.
63. Lemiale F., Haddada H., Nabel G.J., Brough D.E., King C.R., Gall J.G. Novel adenovirus vaccine vectors based on the enteric-tropic serotype 41. Vaccine 2007, 25:2074-2084.
64. Lion E., Smits E.L., Berneman Z.N., Van Tendeloo V.F. NK cells: key to success of DC-based cancer vaccines?. The Oncologist 2012, 17:1256-1270.
65. Liu L., Wang S., Shan B., Sang M., Liu S., Wang G. Advances in viral-vector systemic cytokine gene therapy against cancer. Vaccine 2010, 28:3883-3887.
66. Loebinger M.R., Janes S.M. Stem cells as vectors for antitumour therapy. Thorax 2010, 65:362-369.
67. Madan R.A., Arlen P.M., Mohebtash M., Hodge J.W., Gulley J.L. Prostvac-VF: a vector-based vaccine targeting PSA in prostate cancer. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2009, 18:1001-1011.
68. Madan R.A., Aragon-Ching J.B., Gulley J.L., Dahut W.L. From clinical trials to clinical practice: therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer. Expert review of vaccines 2011, 10:743-753.
69. McMahon J.M., Conroy S., Lyons M., Greiser U., O'Shea C., Strappe P., Howard L., Murphy M., Barry F., O'Brien T. Gene transfer into rat mesenchymal stem cells: a comparative study of viral and nonviral vectors. Stem Cells and Development 2006, 15:87-96.
70. Mizbani A., Taheri T., Zahedifard F., Taslimi Y., Azizi H., Azadmanesh K., Papadopoulou B., Rafati S. Recombinant Leishmania tarentolae expressing the A2 virulence gene as a novel candidate vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2009, 28:53-62.
71. Morrissey D., O'Sullivan G.C., Tangney M. Tumour targeting with systemically administered bacteria. Current Gene Therapy 2010, 10:3-14.
72. Mott G.A., Wilson R., Fernando A., Robinson A., MacGregor P., Kennedy D., Schaap D., Matthews J.B., Matthews K.R. Targeting cattle-borne zoonoses and cattle pathogens using a novel trypanosomatid-based delivery system. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7:e1002340.
73. Muhammad A.K., Puntel M., Candolfi M., Salem A., Yagiz K., Farrokhi C., Kroeger K.M., Xiong W., Curtin J.F., Liu C., Lawrence K., Bondale N.S., Lerner J., Baker G.J., Foulad D., Pechnick R.N., Palmer D., Ng P., Lowenstein P.R., Castro M.G. Study of the efficacy, biodistribution, and safety profile of therapeutic gutless adenovirus vectors as a prelude to a phase I clinical trial for glioblastoma. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010, 88:204-213.
74. Murugaiyan G., Basak S., Saha B. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for treatment of cancer. Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology 2005, 9:343-358.
75. Nemunaitis J., Ganly I., Khuri F., Arseneau J., Kuhn J., McCarty T., Landers S., Maples P., Romel L., Randlev B., Reid T., Kaye S., Kirn D. Selective replication and oncolysis in p53 mutant tumors with ONYX-015, an E1B-55kD gene-deleted adenovirus, in patients with advanced head and neck cancer: a phase II trial. Cancer Research 2000, 60:6359-6366.
76. Nettelbeck D.M., Rivera A.A., Kupsch J., Dieckmann D., Douglas J.T., Kontermann R.E., Alemany R., Curiel D.T. Retargeting of adenoviral infection to melanoma: combining genetic ablation of native tropism with a recombinant bispecific single-chain diabody (scDb) adapter that binds to fiber knob and HMWMAA. International Journal of Cancer 2004, 108:136-145.
77. Palucka K., Ueno H., Fay J., Banchereau J. Dendritic cells and immunity against cancer. Journal of Internal Medicine 2011, 269:64-73.
78. Palucka K., Ueno H., Roberts L., Fay J., Banchereau J. Dendritic cell subsets as vectors and targets for improved cancer therapy. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2011, 344:173-192.
79. Palucka K., Ueno H., Zurawski G., Fay J., Banchereau J. Building on dendritic cell subsets to improve cancer vaccines. Current Opinion in Immunology 2010, 22:258-263.
80. Paterson Y., Guirnalda P.D., Wood L.M. Listeria and Salmonella bacterial vectors of tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Seminars in Immunology 2010, 22:183-189.
81. Peng L.H., Tsang S.Y., Tabata Y., Gao J.Q. Genetically-manipulated adult stem cells as therapeutic agents and gene delivery vehicle for wound repair and regeneration. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 2012, 157:321-330.
82. Persano L., Crescenzi M., Indraccolo S. Anti-angiogenic gene therapy of cancer: current status and future prospects. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2007, 28:87-114.
83. Poulin L.F., Salio M., Griessinger E., Anjos-Afonso F., Craciun L., Chen J.L., Keller A.M., Joffre O., Zelenay S., Nye E., Le Moine A., Faure F., Donckier V., Sancho D., Cerundolo V., Bonnet D., Reis e Sousa C. Characterization of human DNGR-1+BDCA3+leukocytes as putative equivalents of mouse CD8alpha+dendritic cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2010, 207:1261-1271.
84. Qian C., Liu X.Y., Prieto J. Therapy of cancer by cytokines mediated by gene therapy approach. Cell Research 2006, 16:182-188.
85. Radulovic S., Brankovic-Magic M., Malisic E., Jankovic R., Dobricic J., Plesinac-Karapandzic V., Maciag P.C., Rothman J. Therapeutic cancer vaccines in cervical cancer: phase I study of Lovaxin-C. Journal of B.U.O.N.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 2009, 14(Suppl. 1):S165-S168.
86. Rahma O.E., Khleif S.N. Therapeutic vaccines for gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2011, 7:517-564.
87. Rao G., Yadava P., Hughes J. Rationally designed synthetic vectors for gene delivery. The Open Drug Delivery Journal 2007, 1:7-19.
88. Riemann H., Takao J., Shellman Y.G., Hines W.A., Edwards C.K., Franzusoff A., Norris D.A., Fujita M. Generation of a prophylactic melanoma vaccine using whole recombinant yeast expressing MART-1. Experimental Dermatology 2007, 16:814-822.
89. Robert-Guroff M. Replicating and non-replicating viral vectors for vaccine development. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2007, 18:546-556.
90. Roberts D.M., Nanda A., Havenga M.J., Abbink P., Lynch D.M., Ewald B.A., Liu J., Thorner A.R., Swanson P.E., Gorgone D.A., Lifton M.A., Lemckert A.A., Holterman L., Chen B., Dilraj A., Carville A., Mansfield K.G., Goudsmit J., Barouch D.H. Hexon-chimaeric adenovirus serotype 5 vectors circumvent pre-existing anti-vector immunity. Nature 2006, 441:239-243.
91. Rousseau R.F., Haight A.E., Hirschmann-Jax C., Yvon E.S., Rill D.R., Mei Z., Smith S.C., Inman S., Cooper K., Alcoser P., Grilley B., Gee A., Popek E., Davidoff A., Bowman L.C., Brenner M.K., Strother D. Local and systemic effects of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine combining transgenic human lymphotactin with interleukin-2 in patients with advanced or refractory neuroblastoma. Blood 2003, 101:1718-1726.
92. Saini V., Roth J.C., Pereboeva L., Everts M. Importance of viruses and cells in cancer gene therapy. Advances in gene. Molecular and Cell Therapy 2007, 1:30-34.
93. Salehi M., Taheri T., Mohit E., Zahedifard F., Seyed N., Taslimi Y., Sattari M., Bolhassani A., Rafati S. Recombinant Leishmania tarentolae encoding the HPV type 16 E7 gene in tumor mice model. Immunotherapy 2012, 4:1107-1120.
94. Sancho D., Mourao-Sa D., Joffre O.P., Schulz O., Rogers N.C., Pennington D.J., Carlyle J.R., Reis e Sousa C. Tumor therapy in mice via antigen targeting to a novel, DC-restricted C-type lectin. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008, 118:2098-2110.
95. Schmidt C. Amgen spikes interest in live virus vaccines for hard-to-treat cancers. Nature Biotechnology 2011, 29:295-296.
96. Shah K. Mesenchymal stem cells engineered for cancer therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2012, 64:739-748.
97. Sheikh N.A., Petrylak D., Kantoff P.W., Dela Rosa C., Stewart F.P., Kuan L.Y., Whitmore J.B., Trager J.B., Poehlein C.H., Frohlich M.W., Urdal D.L. Sipuleucel-T immune parameters correlate with survival: an analysis of the randomized phase 3 clinical trials in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy 2012, 62:137-147.
98. Sims R.B. Development of sipuleucel-T: autologous cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Vaccine 2012, 30:4394-4397.
99. Sivendran S., Pan M., Kaufman H.L., Saenger Y. Herpes simplex virus oncolytic vaccine therapy in melanoma. Expert opinion on biological therapy 2010, 10:1145-1153.
100. Sondak V.K., Liu P.Y., Tuthill R.J., Kempf R.A., Unger J.M., Sosman J.A., Thompson J.A., Weiss G.R., Redman B.G., Jakowatz J.G., Noyes R.D., Flaherty L.E. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: overall results of a randomized trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. Journal of clinical oncology 2002, 20:2058-2066.
101. Tanaka T., Huang J., Hirai S., Kuroki M., Watanabe N., Tomihara K., Kato K., Hamada H. Carcinoembryonic antigen-targeted selective gene therapy for gastric cancer through FZ33 fiber-modified adenovirus vectors. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2006, 12:3803-3813.
102. Tanaka T., Kuroki M., Hamada H., Kato K., Kinugasa T., Shibaguchi H., Zhao J. Cancer-targeting gene therapy using tropism-modified adenovirus. Anticancer Research 2007, 27:3679-3684.
103. Tandle A., Blazer D.G., Libutti S.K. Antiangiogenic gene therapy of cancer: recent developments. Journal of Translational Medicine 2004, 2:22.
104. Tangney M. Gene therapy for cancer: dairy bacteria as delivery vectors. Discovery Medicine 2010, 10:195-200.
105. Thomas A., Hassan R. Immunotherapies for non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. The Lancet Oncology 2012, 13:e301-e310.
106. Thorne S.H. Immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Immunologic Research 2011, 50:286-293.
107. Torabi-Rahvar M., Bozorgmehr M., Jeddi-Tehrani M., Zarnani A.H. Potentiation strategies of dendritic cell-based antitumor vaccines: combinational therapy takes the front seat. Drug Discovery Today 2011, 16:733-740.
108. Trapnell B.C., Gorziglia M. Gene therapy using adenoviral vectors. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1994, 5:617-625.
109. Umer B., Good D., Anne J., Duan W., Wei M.Q. Clostridial spores for cancer therapy: targeting solid tumour microenvironment. Journal of Toxicology 2012, 2012:862764.
110. Uyl-de Groot C.A., Vermorken J.B., Hanna M.G., Verboom P., Groot M.T., Bonsel G.J., Meijer C.J., Pinedo H.M. Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine in patients with colon cancer: a prospective study of medical and economic benefits. Vaccine 2005, 23:2379-2387.
111. Van Poppel H., Joniau S., Van Gool S.W. Vaccine therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma. European urology 2009, 55:1333-1342.
112. Villatoro-Hernandez J., Montes-de-Oca-Luna R., Kuipers O.P. Targeting diseases with genetically engineered Lactococcus lactis and its course towards medical translation. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2011, 11:261-267.
113. Volpers C., Thirion C., Biermann V., Hussmann S., Kewes H., Dunant P., von der Mark H., Herrmann A., Kochanek S., Lochmuller H. Antibody-mediated targeting of an adenovirus vector modified to contain a synthetic immunoglobulin g-binding domain in the capsid. Journal of Virology 2003, 77:2093-2104.
114. Wang M., Zheng X., Rao X.M., Hao H., Dong Y., McMasters K.M., Zhou H.S. Adenoviral vector systems for gene therapy Review Article. Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology 2005, 9:291-300.
115. Wall D.M., Srikanth C.V., McCormick B.A. Targeting tumors with salmonella Typhimurium- potential for therapy. Oncotarget 2010, 1:721-728.
116. Wansley E.K., Chakraborty M., Hance K.W., Bernstein M.B., Boehm A.L., Guo Z., Quick D., Franzusoff A., Greiner J.W., Schlom J., Hodge J.W. Vaccination with a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a tumor antigen breaks immune tolerance and elicits therapeutic antitumor responses. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2008, 14:4316-4325.
117. Wei H., Wang S., Zhang D., Hou S., Qian W., Li B., Guo H., Kou G., He J., Wang H., Guo Y. Targeted delivery of tumor antigens to activated dendritic cells via CD11c molecules induces potent antitumor immunity in mice. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2009, 15:4612-4621.
118. Wen J., Yang Y., Zhao G., Tong S., Yu H., Jin X., Du L., Jiang S., Kou Z., Zhou Y. Salmonella typhi Ty21a bacterial ghost vector augments HIV-1 gp140 DNA vaccine-induced peripheral and mucosal antibody responses via TLR4 pathway. Vaccine 2012, 30:5733-5739.
119. Yu Y.A., Zhang Q., Szalay A.A. Establishment and characterization of conditions required for tumor colonization by intravenously delivered bacteria. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2008, 100:567-578.
120. Zou J., Huang X.X., Yin G.W., Ding Y., Liu X.Y., Wang H., Chen Q.J., Suo X. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii as a live vaccine vector in susceptible and resistant hosts. Parasites and Vectors 2011, 4:168.