Testing and programming of implantable defibrillator functions at implantation

Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation, and Resynchronization Therapy

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 531-557

  Kroll, Mark W ^a,b   Tchou, Patrick J ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881061745     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-2536-8.50022-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (265)

1. Koning G, Schneider H, Hoelen AJ, et al. Amplitude-duration relation for direct ventricular defibrillation with rectangular current pulses. Med Biol Eng 1975, 13:388-395.
2. Gold JH, Schuder JC, Stoeckle H, et al. Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in the 100 Kg calf with unidirectional rectangular pulses. Circulation 1977, 56:745-750.
3. Bourland JD, Tacker WA, Geddes LA Strength duration curves for trapezoidal waveforms of various tilts for transchest defibrillation in animals. Med Instrum 1978, 12:38-41.
4. Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Tacker WA Energy and current requirements for ventricular defibrillation using trapezoidal waves. Am J Physiol 1980, 238:H231-H236.
5. Niebauer MJ, Babbs CF, Geddes LA, et al. Efficacy and safety of defibrillation with rectangular waves of 2 to 20-milliseconds duration. Crit Care Med 1983, 11:95-98.
6. Geddes LA, Niebauer MJ, Babbs CF, et al. Fundamental criteria underlying the efficacy and safety of defibrillating current waveforms. Med Biol Eng Comp 1985, 23:122-130.
7. Wessale JL, Bourland JD, Tacker WA, Geddes LA Bipolar catheter defibrillation in dogs using trapezoidal waveforms of various tilts. J Electrocardiol 1980, 1:359-365.
8. Davy JM, Fain ES, Dorian P, Winkle RA The relationship between successful defibrillation and delivered energy in open-chest dogs: Reappraisal of the "defibrillation threshold" concept. Am Heart J 1987, 113:77-84.
9. Malkin RA, Souza JJ, Ideker RE The ventricular defibrillation and upper limit of vulnerability dose-response curves. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:895-903.
10. Degroot PJ, Church TR, Mehra R, et al. Derivation of a defibrillator implant criterion based on probability of successful defibrillation. PACE 1997, 20:1924-1935.
11. Dillon SM, Kwaku KF Progressive depolarization: A unified hypothesis for defibrillation and fibrillation induction by shocks. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998, 9:529-552.
12. Chen PS, Swerdlow CD, Hwang C, Karacueuzian HS Current concepts of ventricular defibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998, 9:552-562.
13. Zhou X, Daubert JP, Wolf PD, et al. Epicardial mapping of ventricular defibrillation with monophasic and biphasic shocks in dogs. Circ Res 1993, 72:145-160.
14. Hsu W, Lin Y, Lang DJ, Jones JL Improved internal defibrillation success with shocks timed to the morphology electrogram. Circulation 1998, 98:808-812.
15. Hegel MT, Griegel LE, Black C, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients receiving implanted cardioverter-defibrillators: A longitudinal investigation. Int J Psychiatry Med 1997, 27:57-69.
16. Tokano T, Bach D, Chang J, et al. Effect of ventricular shock strength on cardiac hemodynamics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998, 9:791-797.
17. Steinbeck G, Dorwarth U, Mattke S, et al. Hemodynamic deterioration during ICD implant: Predictors of high-risk patients. Am Heart J 1994, 127:1064-1067.
18. Singer I, Lang D The defibrillation threshold. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy: The Engineering Clinical Interface 1996, Kluwer Academic, Boston. M. Kroll, M. Lehmann (Eds.).
19. Spotnitz HM Does ventricular fibrillation cause myocardial stunning during defibrillator implantation?. J Card Surg 1993, 8(Suppl):249-256.
20. Antunes ML, Spotnitz HM, Livelli FD, et al. Effect of electrophysiological testing on ejection fraction during cardioverter/defibrillator implantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1988, 45:315-318.
21. Poelaert J, Jordaens L, Visser CA, et al. Transoesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular function during transvenous defibrillator implantation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1996, 40:913-918.
22. Runsio M, Bergfeldt L, Brodin LA, et al. Left ventricular function after repeated episodes of ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:124-131.
23. Stoddard MF, Redd RR, Buckingham TA, et al. Effects of elec-trophysiologic testing of the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator on left ventricular systolic function and diastolic filling. Am Heart J 1991, 122:714-719.
24. Meyer J, Mollhoff T, Seifert T, et al. Cardiac output is not affected during intraoperative testing of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996, 7:211-216.
25. Singer I, van der Laken J, Edmonds HL, et al. Is defibrillation testing safe?. PACE 1991, 14:1899-1904.
26. Behrens S, Spies C, Neumann U, et al. Cerebral ischemia during implantation of automatic defibrillators. Z Kardiol 1995, 84:798-807.
27. de Vries JW, Visser GH, Bakker PFJ Neuromonitoring in defibrillation threshold testing: A comparison between EEG, near-infrared spectroscopy and jugular bulb oximetry. Clin Monit 1997, 13:303-307.
28. Vriens EM, Bakker PF, Vries JW, et al. The impact of repeated short episodes of circulatory arrest on cerebral function: Reassuring electroencephalographic (EEG) findings during defibrillation threshold testing at defibrillator implantation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996, 98:236-242.
29. Swerdlow CD, Martin DJ, Kass RM, et al. The zone of vulnerability to T wave shocks in humans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:145-154.
30. Yamanouchi Y, Cheng Y, Tchou PJ, Efimov IR The mechanisms of the vulnerable window: The role of virtual electrodes and shock polarity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001, 79:25-33.
31. Sharma AD, Fain E, O'Neill PG, et al. Shock on T versus direct current voltage for induction of ventricular fibrillation: A randomized prospective comparison. PACE 2004, 27:89-94.
32. Cua M, Veltri EP A comparison of ventricular arrhythmias induced with programmed stimulation versus alternating current. PACE 1993, 16:382-386.
33. Rattes MF, Jones DL, Sharma AD, Klein GJ Defibrillation threshold: A simple and quantitative estimate of the ability to defibrillate. PACE 1987, 10:70-77.
34. Zipes DP, Fisher J, King RM, et al. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium. Am J Cardiol 1975, 36:37-44.
35. Jones JL, Jones RE Improved defibrillator waveform safety factor with biphasic waveforms. Am J Physiol 1983, 245:H60-H65.
36. Mower MM, Mirowski M, Spear JF, et al. Patterns of ventricular activity during catheter defibrillation. Circulation 1974, 49:858-861.
37. Deale OC, Wesley RC, Morgan D, Lerman BB Nature of defibrillation: Determinism versus probabilism. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:H1544-H1550.
38. Province RA, Fishler MG, Thakor NV Effects of defibrillation shock energy and timing on 3-D computer model of heart. Ann Biomed Eng 1993, 21:19-31.
39. Hsia PW, Mahmud R Genesis of sigmoidal dose-response curve during defibrillation by random shock: A theoretical model based on experimental evidence for a vulnerable window during ventricular fibrillation. PACE 1990, 13:1326-1342.
40. McDaniel WC, Schuder JC The cardiac ventricular defibrillation threshold: Inherent limitations in its application and interpretation. Med Instrum 1987, 21:170-176.
41. Rattes MF, Jones DL, Sharma AD, et al. Defibrillation threshold: A simple and quantitative estimate of the ability to defibrillate. PACE 1987, 10:70-77.
42. Davy JM, Fain ES, Dorian P, et al. The relationship between successful defibrillation and delivered energy in open-chest dogs: Reappraisal of the "defibrillation threshold" concept. Am Heart J 1987, 113:77-84.
43. Church T, Martinson M, Kallok M, Watson W A model to evaluate alternative methods of defibrillation threshold determination. PACE 1988, 11:2002-2007.
44. Gill RM, Sweeney RJ, Reid PR The defibrillation threshold: A comparison of anesthetics and measurement methods. PACE 1993, 16:708-714.
45. Leonelli FM, Kroll MW, Brewer JE Defibrillation thresholds are lower with smaller storage capacitors. PACE 1995, 18:1661-1665.
46. Malkin RA, Burdick DS, Johnson EE, et al. Estimating the 95% effective defibrillation dose. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993, 40:256-265.
47. Swerdlow CD, Fan W, Brewer JE Charge-burping theory correctly predicts optimal ratios of phase duration for biphasic defibrillation waveforms. Circulation 1996, 94:2278-2284.
48. Malkin RA, Pilkington TC, Ideker RE Estimating defibrillation efficacy using combined upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation testing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1996, 43:69-78.
49. Chen PS, Feld GK, Kriett JM, et al. Relation between upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in humans. Circulation 1993, 88:186-192.
50. Behrens S, Li C, Franz MR Timing of the upper limit of vulnerability is different for monophasic and biphasic shocks: Implications for the determination of the defibrillation threshold. PACE 1997, 20:2179-2187.
51. Hwang C, Swerdlow CD, Kass RM, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability reliably predicts the defibrillation threshold in humans. Circulation 1994, 90:2308-2314.
52. Swerdlow CD, Ahern T, Kass RM, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability is a good estimator of shock strength associated with 90% probability of successful defibrillation in humans with transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:1112-1118.
53. Swerdlow CD, Davie S, Ahern T, Chen PS Comparative reproducibility of defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability. PACE 1996, 19:2103-2111.
54. Souza JJ, Malkin RA, Ideker RE Comparison of upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation probability of success curves using a nonthoracotomy lead system. Circulation 1995, 91:1247-1252.
55. Fan W, Gotoh M, Chen PS Effects of the pacing site, procainamide, and lead configuration on the relationship between the upper limit of vulnerability and the defibrillation threshold. PACE 1995, 18:1279-1284.
56. Behrens S, Li C, Franz MR Effects of myocardial ischemia on ventricular fibrillation inducibility and defibrillation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:817-824.
57. Martin DJ, Chen PS, Hwang C, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability predicts chronic defibrillation threshold for transvenous implantable defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:241-248.
58. Huang J, KenKnight BH, Walcott GP, et al. Effects of transvenous electrode polarity and waveform duration on the relationship between defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability. Circulation 1997, 96:1351-1359.
59. Singer I, Lang D Defibrillation threshold: Clinical utility and therapeutic implications. PACE 1992, 15:932-949.
60. Grimm W, Timmann U, Menz V, et al. Simplified Implantation of single lead pectoral cardioverter defibrillators using device based testing. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:503-505.
61. Rugge FP, Savalle LH, Schalij MJ Subcutaneous single-incision implantation of cardioverter defibrillators under local anesthesia by electrophysiologists in the electrophysiology laboratory. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:302-305.
62. Schuchert A, Hoffman M, Steffgen F, Meinertz T Several unsuccessful internal and external defibrillations during active can ICD implantation in a patient with pneumothorax. PACE 1998, 21:471-473.
63. Marchlinski FE, Flores B, Miller JM, et al. Relation of the intra-operative defibrillation threshold to successful postoperative defibrillation with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 1988, 62:393-398.
64. Daoud EG, Man KC, Morady F, Strickberger SA Rise in chronic defibrillation energy requirements necessitating implantable defibrillator lead system revision. PACE 1997, 20:714-719.
65. Neuzner J Safety margins: Lessons from the Low Energy END-OTAK Trial (LEET). Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:26-32.
66. Strickberger SA, Man KC, Souza J, et al. Prospective evaluation of two defibrillation safety margin techniques in patients with low defibrillation energy requirements. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998, 9:41-46.
67. Strickberger SA, Daoud EG, Davidson T, et al. Probability of successful defibrillation at multiples of the defibrillation energy requirement in patients with an implantable defibrillator. Circulation 1997, 96:1217-1223.
68. Compos AT, Malkin RA, Ideker RE An up-down Bayesian, defibrillation efficacy estimator. PACE 1997, 20:1292-1300.
69. Malkin RA, Burdick DS, Johnson EE, et al. Estimating the 95% effective defibrillation dose. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993, 40:256-265.
70. Poole JE, Bardy GH, Dolack GL, et al. Serial defibrillation threshold measures in man: A prospective controlled study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995, 6:19-25.
71. Higgins SL, Rich DH, Haygood JR, et al: ICD restudy: Results and potential benefit from routine predischarge and 2-month evaluation. PACE 410-417, 1998.
72. Tummala RV, Riggio DR, Peters RW, et al. Chronic rise in defibrillation threshold with a hybrid lead system. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:309-312.
73. Venditti FJ, Martin DT, Vassolas G, Bowen S Rise in chronic defibrillation thresholds in nonthoracotomy implantable defibrillator. Circulation 1994, 89:216-223.
74. Hsia HH, Mitra RL, Flores BT, Marchlinski FE Early postoperative increase in defibrillation threshold with nonthoracotomy system in humans. PACE 1994, 17:1166-1173.
75. Neuzner J, Pitschner HF, Stohring R, et al. Implantable cardio-verter/defibrillators with endocardial electrode systems: Long-term stability of the defibrillator's effectiveness. Z Kardiol 1995, 84:44-50.
76. Schwartzman D, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, et al. Early postoperative rise in defibrillation threshold in patients with nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead systems: Attenuation with biphasic shock waveforms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996, 7:483-493.
77. Newman D, Barr A, Greene M, et al. A population-based method for the estimation of defibrillation energy requirements in humans: Assessment of time-dependent effects with a transvenous defibrillation system. Circulation 1997, 96:267-273.
78. Martin DT, John R, Venditti FJ Increase in defibrillation threshold in non-thoracotomy implantable defibrillators using a biphasic waveform. Am J Cardiol 1995, 76:263-266.
79. Lucy SD, Jones DL, Klein GJ Pronounced increase in defibrillation threshold associated with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in the dog. Am Heart J 1994, 127:366-376.
80. Friedman PA, Foley DA, Christian TF, Stanton MS Stability of the defibrillation probability curve with the development of ventricular dysfunction in the canine rapid paced model. PACE 1998, 21:339-351.
81. Tokano T, Pelosi F, Flemming M, et al. Long-term evaluation of the ventricular defibrillation energy requirement. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998, 9:916-920.
82. Venditti FJ, John RM, Hull M, et al. Circadian variation in defibrillation energy requirements. Circulation 1996, 94:1607-1612.
83. Luria D, Stanton MS, Eldar M, Glikson M Pneumothorax: An unusual cause of ICD defibrillation failure. PACE 1998, 21:474-475.
84. Cohen TJ, Lowenkron DD The effects of pneumothorax on defibrillation thresholds during pectoral implantation of an active can implantable cardioverter defibrillator. PACE 1998, 21:468-470.
85. Mann DE, Klein RC, Higgins SL, et al. The Low Energy Safety Study (LESS): Rationale, design, patient characteristics, and device utilization. Am Heart J 2002, 143:199-204. LESS Investigators.
86. Gold MR, Higgins S, Klein R, et al. Primary results from the Low Energy Safety Study (LESS). Circulation 2002, 105:2043-2048. Efficacy and temporal stability of reduced safety margins for ventricular defibrillation.
87. Smits KF, DeGroot P A Bayesian approach to reduced implant testing of a ventricular defibrillator: A computer simulation. Europace 2004, 6(Suppl):97.
88. Winters SL, Casale AS, Inglesby TV, Curwin JH Setting of relatively low energy outputs may permit implantation of a non-thoracotomy automatic cardioverter defibrillator system when high energy outputs prove ineffective. PACE 1996, 19:1516-1518.
89. Nitta J, Khoury DS Role of proximal electrode position in transvenous ventricular defibrillation. Ann Biomed Eng 1996, 24:418-423.
90. Stajduhar KC, Ott GY, Kron J, et al. Optimal electrode position for transvenous defibrillation: A prospective randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:90-94.
91. Markewitz A, Kaulbach H, Mattke S, et al. Influence of anodal electrode position on transvenous defibrillation efficacy in humans: A prospective randomized comparison. PACE 1997, 20:2193-2199.
92. Block M, Hammel D, Bocker D, et al. Bipolar transvenous defibrillation: Efficacy of two different positions of the anode. PACE 1995, 18:1995-2000.
93. Trappe HJ, Pfitzner P, Fain E, et al. Transvenous defibrillation leads: Is there an ideal position of the defibrillation anode?. PACE 1997, 20:880-892.
94. Gold MR, Shorofsky SR Transvenous defibrillation lead systems. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996, 7:570-580.
95. Bardy GH, Johnson G, Poole JE, et al. A simplified, single-lead unipolar transvenous cardioversion-defibrillation system. Circulation 1993, 88:543-547.
96. Kall JG, Kopp D, Lonchyna V, et al. Implantation of a subcutaneous lead array in combination with a transvenous defibrillation electrode via a single infraclavicular incision. PACE 1995, 18:482-485.
97. Kuhlkamp V, Khalighi K, Dornberger V, Ziemer G Single-incision and single-element array electrode to lower the defibrillation threshold. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 64:1177-1179.
98. Obadia JF, Janier M, Chevalier P, et al. Defibrillation threshold and electrode configurations: An experimental study testing three configurations in twelve pigs. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1997, 38:495-499.
99. Tang AS, Hendry P, Goldstein W, et al. Nonthoracotomy implantation of cardioverter defibrillators: Preliminary experience with a defibrillation lead placed at the right ventricular outflow tract. PACE 1996, 19:960-964.
100. Singer I, Goldsmith J, Maldonado C Transseptal defibrillation is superior for transvenous defibrillation. PACE 1995, 18:229-232.
101. Bardy GH, Dolack GL, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Prospective, randomized comparison in humans of a unipolar defibrillation system with that using an additional superior vena cava electrode. Circulation 1994, 89:1090-1093.
102. Gold MR, Foster AH, Shorofsky SR Effects of an active pectoral-pulse generator shell on defibrillation efficacy with a transvenous lead system. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:540-543.
103. Gold MR, Foster AH, Shorofsky SR Lead system optimization for transvenous defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:1163-1167.
104. Epstein AE, Kay GN, Plumb VJ, et al. Elevated defibrillation threshold when right-sided venous access is used for nonthoracotomy implantable defibrillator lead implantation. The ENDOTAK Investigators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995, 6:979-986.
105. Yamanouchi Y, Mowrey KA, Niebauer MJ, et al. Additional lead improves defibrillation efficacy with an abdominal 'hot can' electrode system. Circulation 1997, 96:4400-4407.
106. Natale A, Sra J, Geiger MJ, et al. Right side implant of the unipolar single lead defibrillation system. PACE 1997, 20:1910-1912.
107. Jensen SM, Pietersen A, Chen X Implantation of active can implantable defibrillators in the right pectoral region. PACE 1998, 21:476-477.
108. Flaker GC, Tummala R, Wilson J, et al. Comparison of right-and left-sided pectoral implantation parameters with the Jewel active can cardiodefibrillator. PACE 1998, 21:447-451.
109. Neuzner J, Schwarz T, Strasser R, et al. Effect of the addition of an abdominal hot can cardioverter/defibrillator pulse generator on the defibrillation energy requirements in a single-lead endocardial defibrillation system. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:1655-1658.
110. Yamanouchi Y, Mowrey KA, Niebauer MJ, et al. Additional lead improves defibrillation efficacy with an abdominal 'hot can' electrode system. Circulation 1997, 96:4400-4407.
111. Jones GK, Poole JE, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. A prospective randomized evaluation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator size on unipolar defibrillation system efficacy. Circulation 1995, 92:2940-2943.
112. Newby KH, Moredock L, Rembert J, et al. Impact of defibrillator-can size on defibrillation success with a single-lead unipolar system. Am Heart J 1996, 131:261-265.
113. Leonelli FM, Wright H, Latterell ST, et al. A long thin electrode is equivalent to a short thick electrode for defibrillation in the right ventricle. PACE 1995, 18:221-224.
114. Tomassoni G, Pendekanti R, Dixon-Tulloch E, et al. Importance of electrode conductive surface area and edge effects on ventricular defibrillation efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:1246-1254.
115. Halperin BD, Reynolds B, Fain ES, et al. The effect of electrode size on transvenous defibrillation energy requirements: A prospective evaluation. PACE 1997, 20:893-898.
116. Kroll MW, Anderson KM, Supino CG, Adams TP Decline in defibrillation thresholds. PACE 1993, 16:213-217.
117. Kroll MW A minimal model of the monophasic defibrillation pulse. PACE 1993, 16:769-777.
118. Irnich W Optimal truncation of defibrillation pulses. PACE 1995, 18:673-688.
119. Cleland BG A conceptual basis for defibrillation waveforms. PACE 1996, 19:1186-1195.
120. Gold MR, Shorofsky SR Strength-duration relationship for human transvenous defibrillation. Circulation 1997, 96:3517-3520.
121. Rist K, Tchou PJ, Mowrey K, et al. Smaller capacitors improve the biphasic waveform. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994, 5:771-776.
122. Bardy GH, Poole JE, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. A prospective randomized comparison in humans of biphasic waveform 60-microF and 120-microF capacitance pulses using a unipolar defibrillation system. Circulation 1995, 91:91-95.
123. Poole JE, Kudenchuk PJ, Dolack GL, et al. A prospective randomized comparison in humans of 90-mu F and 120-mu F biphasic pulse defibrillation using a unipolar defibrillation system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995, 6:1097-1100.
124. Swerdlow CD, Kass RM, Davie S, et al. Short biphasic pulses from 90 microfarad capacitors lower defibrillation threshold. PACE 1996, 19:1053-1060.
125. Swerdlow CD, Kass RM, Chen PS, et al. Effect of capacitor size and pathway resistance on defibrillation threshold for implantable defibrillators. Circulation 1994, 90:1840-1846.
126. Block M, Hammel D, Bocker D, et al. Biphasic defibrillation using a single capacitor with large capacitance: Reduction of peak voltages and ICD device size. PACE 1996, 19:207-214.
127. Kroll MW A minimal model of the single capacitor biphasic defibrillation waveform. PACE 1994, 17:1782-1792.
128. Swerdlow CD, Brewer JE, Kass RM, Kroll MW Application of models of defibrillation to human defibrillation data: Implications for optimizing implantable defibrillator capacitance. Circulation 1997, 96:2813-2822.
129. Kroll MW, Lehmann MH, Tchou PJ Defining the defibrillation dosage. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: The Engineering-Clinical Interface 1996, Kluwer Academic, Boston. M. Kroll, Lehmann (Eds.).
130. Dillon SM Synchronized repolarization after defibrillation shocks: A possible component of the defibrillation process demonstrated by optical recordings in rabbit heart. Circulation 1992, 85:1865-1878.
131. Walcott GP, Walker RG, Cates AW, et al. Choosing the optimal monophasic and biphasic waveforms for ventricular defibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995, 6:737-750.
132. Mowrey KA, Cheng Y, Tchou PJ, Efimov R Kinetics of defibrillation shock-induced response: Design implications for the optimal defibrillation waveform. Europace 2002, 4:27-39.
133. White JB, Walcott GP, Wayland JL, et al. Predicting the relative efficacy of shock waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med 1999, 34:309-320.
134. Schauerte P, Schondube FA, Grossmann M, et al. Influence of phase duration of biphasic waveforms on defibrillation energy requirements with a 70 μF capacitance. Circulation 1998, 97:2073-2078.
135. Schauerte PN, Zeigert K, Waldmann M, et al. Effect of biphasic shock duration on defibrillation threshold with different electrode configurations and phase 2 capacitances. Circulation 1999, 99:1516-1522.
136. Mouchawar G, Kroll M, Val-Mejias JE, et al. ICD waveform optimization: A randomized, prospective, pair-sampled multicenter study. PACE 2000, 23:1992-1995.
137. Swartz JF, Fletcher RD, Karasik PE Optimization of biphasic waveforms for human nonthoracotomy defibrillation. Circulation 1993, 88:2646-2654.
138. Natale A, Sra J, Krum D, et al. Relative efficacy of different tilts with biphasic defibrillation in humans. PACE 1996, 19:197-206.
139. Sweeney MO, Natale A, Volosin KJ, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of 50%/50% versus 65%/65% tilt biphasic waveform on defibrillation in humans. PACE 2001, 24:60-65.
140. Denman RA, Umesan C, Martin PT, et al. Benefit of millisecond waveform durations for patients with high defibrillation thresholds. Heart Rhythm 2006, 3:536-541.
141. Schuder JC, Stoeckle H, West JA, Keskar PY Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in the dog with truncated and untruncated exponential stimuli. IEEE Trans Biomedical Eng 1971, 13:410-415.
142. Yamanouchi Y, Brewer JE, Mowrey KA, et al. Sawtooth first phase biphasic defibrillation waveform: A comparison with standard waveform in clinical devices. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:517-528.
143. Yamanouchi Y, Mowrey KA, Nadzam GR, et al. Large change in voltage at phase reversal improves biphasic defibrillation thresholds: Parallel-series mode switching. Circulation 1996, 94:1768-1773.
144. Keane DTJ, Sheahan RG, Cripps T, et al: Use of millisecond biphasic waveforms in lieu of subcutaneous arrays. PACE 2007, under review.
145. Strickberger SA, Hummel JD, Horwood LE, et al. Effect of shock polarity on ventricular defibrillation threshold using a transvenous lead system. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:1069-1072.
146. Thakur RK, Souza JJ, Chapman PD, et al. Electrode polarity is an important determinant of defibrillation efficacy using a nonthoracotomy system. PACE 1994, 17:919-923.
147. Yamanouchi Y, Mowrey KA, Nadzam GR, et al. Effects of polarity on defibrillation thresholds using a biphasic waveform in a hot can electrode system. PACE 1997, 20:2911-2916.
148. Efimov IR, Cheng YN, Biermann M, et al. Transmembrane voltage changes produced by real and virtual electrodes during monophasic defibrillation shock delivered by an implantable electrode. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:1031-1045.
149. Clayton RH, Murray A, Campbell RWF Evidence for electrical organization during ventricular fibrillation in the human heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophys 1995, 6:616-624.
150. Hsia PW, Frerk S, Allen CA, et al. A critical period of ventricular fibrillation more susceptible to defibrillation: Real-time waveform analysis using a single ECG lead. PACE 1996, 19:418-430.
151. Murakawa Y, Yamashita T, Ajiki K, et al. Electrophysiological background of individual variability in electrical defibrillation efficacy. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:H1094-H1098.
152. Hsia PW, Fendelander L, Harrington G, Damiano RJ Defibrillation success is associated with myocardial organization: Spatial coherence as a new method of quantifying the electrical organization of the heart. J Electrocardiol 1996, 29(Suppl):189-197.
153. Yakaitis RW, Ewy GA, Otto CW, et al. Influence of time and therapy on ventricular defibrillation in dogs. Crit Care Med 1980, 8:157-163.
154. Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Effect of duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy in humans. Circulation 1990, 81:1477-1481.
155. Lerman BB, Engelstein ED Increased defibrillation threshold due to ventricular fibrillation duration: Potential mechanisms. J Electrocardiol 1995, 28(Suppl):21-24.
156. Lerman BB, Engelstein ED Metabolic determinants of defibrillation: Role of adenosine. Circulation 1995, 91:838-844.
157. Windecker S, Kay GN, KenKnight BH, et al. The effects of ventricular fibrillation duration and a preceding unsuccessful shock on the probability of defibrillation success using biphasic waveforms in pigs. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997, 8:1386-1395.
158. Tofller GH, Gebara OCE, Mittleman MA, et al. Morning peak in ventricular tachyarrhythmias detected by time of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Circulation 1995, 92:1203-1208.
159. Reiffel JA, Coromilas J, Zimmerman JM, et al. Drug-device interactions: Clinical considerations. PACE 1985, 8:369-373.
160. Fain ES, Dorian P, Davy JM, et al. Effects of encainide and its metabolites on energy requirements for defibrillation. Circulation 1986, 73:1334-1341.
161. Hernandez R, Mann DE, Breckinridge S, et al. Effects of flecainide on defibrillation thresholds in the anesthetized dog. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 14:777-781.
162. Szabo TS, Jones DL, McQuinn RL, Klein GJ Flecainide acetate does not alter the energy requirements for direct ventricular defibrillation using sequential pulse defibrillation in pigs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988, 12:377-383.
163. Natale A, Jones DL, Kleinstiver PW, et al. Effects of flecainide on defibrillation threshold in pigs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993, 21:573-577.
164. Boriani G, Biffi M, Capucci A, et al. Favorable effects of flecainide in transvenous internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:333-341.
165. Frame LH, Sheldon JH Effect of recainam on the energy required for ventricular defibrillation in dogs as assessed with implanted electrodes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 12:746-752.
166. Hackett AM, Gardiner P, Garthwaite SM The effect of bidiso-mide (SC-40230), a new class Ia/Ib antiarrhythmic agent, on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs with healed myocardial infarctions. PACE 1993, 16:317-326.
167. Fain ES, Lee JT, Winkle RA Effects of acute intravenous and chronic oral amiodarone on defibrillation energy requirements. Am Heart J 1987, 114:8-17.
168. Nielsen TD, Hamdan MH, Kowal RC, et al. Effect of acute amiodarone loading on energy requirements for biphasic ventricular defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:446-448.
169. Fogoros RN Amiodarone-induced refractoriness to cardioversion. Ann Intern Med 1984, 100:699-700.
170. Jung W, Manz M, Pizzulli L, et al. Effects of chronic amiodarone therapy on defibrillation threshold. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:1023-1027.
171. Huang SK, Tan de Guzman WL, Chenarides JG, et al. Effects of long-term amiodarone therapy on the defibrillation threshold and the rate of shocks of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am Heart J 1991, 122:720-727.
172. Guarnieri T, Levine JH, Veltri EP Success of chronic defibrillation and the role of antiarrhythmic drugs with the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 1987, 60:1061-1064.
173. Pelosi F, Oral H, Kim MH, et al. Effect of chronic amiodarone therapy on defibrillation energy requirements in humans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000, 11:736-740.
174. Epstein AE, Ellenbogen KA, Kirk K, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with high defibrillation thresholds: A multicenter study. Circulation 1992, 86:1206-1216.
175. Holt DW, Tucker GT, Jackson PR, et al. Amiodarone pharma-cokinetics. Am Heart J 1983, 106:840-847.
176. Barbieri E, Conti F, Zampieri P, et al. Amiodarone and desethyl-amiodarone distribution in the atrium and adipose tissue of patients undergoing short and long-term treatment with amiodarone. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:210-213.
177. Zhou L, Chen BP, Kluger J, et al. Effects of amiodarone and its active metabolite desethylamiodarone on the ventricular defibrillation threshold. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1672-1678.
178. Dorian P, Witkowski FX, Penkoske PA, Feder-Elituv RS Barium decreases defibrillation energy requirements. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 23:107-112.
179. Jones DL, Kim YH, Natale A, et al. Bretylium decreases and verapamil increases defibrillation threshold in pigs. PACE 1994, 17:1380-1390.
180. Melichercik J, Goepfrich M, Breidenbach T, Von Hodenberg E Rise of defibrillation energy requirement under carvedilol therapy. PACE 2001, 24:1417-1419.
181. Dorian P, Fain ES, Davy JM, et al. Effect of quinidine and bretylium on defibrillation energy requirements. Am Heart J 1986, 112:19-25.
182. Echt DS, Black JN, Barbey JT, et al. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs: Sodium channel block and action potential prolongation. Circulation 1989, 79:1106-1117.
183. Deeb GM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP, et al. The effects of cardiovascular drugs on the defibrillation threshold and the pathological effects on the heart using an automatic implantable defibrillator. Ann Thorac Surg 1983, 4:361-366.
184. Echt DS, Gremillion ST, Lee JT, et al. Effects of procainamide and lidocaine on defibrillation energy requirements in patients receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator devices. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994, 5:752-760.
185. Woolfolk DI, Chaffee WR, Cohen W, et al. The effect of quinidine on electrical energy required for ventricular defibrillation. Am Heart J 1966, 72:659.
186. Babbs CF, Yim GKW, Whistler SJ, et al. Elevation of ventricular defibrillation energy requirements. Am Heart J 1986, 112:19.
187. Marinchak RA, Friehling TD, Line RA, et al. Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation threshold: Case report of an adverse effect of mexiletine and review of the literature. PACE 1988, 11:7-12.
188. Sato S, Tsuji MH, Naito H Mexiletine has no effect on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. PACE 1994, 17:2279-2284.
189. Murakawa Y, Inoue H, Kuo TT, et al. Prolongation of intraventricular conduction time associated with fatal [correction of fetal] impairment of defibrillation efficiency during treatment with class I antiarrhythmic agents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 25:194-199.
190. Pharand C, Goldman R, Fan C, et al. Effect of chronic oral moricizine and intravenous epinephrine on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds. PACE 1996, 19:82-89.
191. Avitall B, Hare J, Zander G, et al. Cardioversion, defibrillation, and overdrive pacing of ventricular arrhythmias: The effect of moricizine in dogs with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. PACE 1993, 16:2092-2097.
192. Ujhelyi MR, O'Rangers EA, Kluger J, et al. Defibrillation energy requirements during moricizine and moricizine-lidocaine therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992, 20:932-939.
193. Echt DS, Black JN, Barbey JT, et al. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs: Sodium channel block and action potential prolongation. Circulation 1989, 79:1106-1117.
194. Stevens SK, Haffajee CI, Naccarelli GV, et al. Effects of oral propafenone on defibrillation and pacing thresholds in patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Propafenone Defibrillation Threshold Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:418-422.
195. Dorian P, Fain ES, Davy JM, et al. Lidocaine causes a reversible, concentration-dependent increase in defibrillation energy requirements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:327-332.
196. Ujhelyi MR, Schur M, Frede T, et al. Differential effects of lidocaine on defibrillation threshold with monophasic versus biphasic shock waveforms. Circulation 1995, 92:1644-1650.
197. Kerber RE, Pandian NG, Jensen SR, et al. Effect of lidocaine and bretylium on energy requirements for transthoracic defibrillation: Experimental studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 7:397-405.
198. Tacker WA, Niebauer MJ, Babbs CF, et al. The effect of newer antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation threshold. Crit Care Med 1980, 8:177-180.
199. Davis DR, Beatch GN, Dickenson DR, Tang AS Dofetilide enhances shock-induced extension of refractoriness and lowers defibrillation threshold. Can J Cardiol 1999, 15:193-200.
200. Qi X, Dorian P Antiarrhythmic drugs and ventricular defibrillation energy requirements. Chin Med J (Engl) 1999, 112:1147-1152.
201. Beatch GN, Dickenson DR, Tang AS Effects of optical enantiomers CK-4000(S) and CK-4001(R) on defibrillation and enhancement of shock-induced extension of action potential duration. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995, 6:716-728.
202. Sweeney RJ, Gill RM, Steinberg MI, Reid PR Effects of fle-cainide, encainide, and clofilium on ventricular refractory period extension by transcardiac shocks. PACE 1996, 19:50-60.
203. Wesley RC, Farkhani F, Morgan D, Zimmerman D Ibutilide: Enhanced defibrillation via plateau sodium current activation. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:H1269-H1274.
204. Labhasetwar V, Underwood T, Heil RW, et al. Epicardial administration of ibutilide from polyurethane matrices: Effects on defibrillation threshold and electrophysiologic parameters. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 24:826-840.
205. Murakawa Y, Sezaki K, Inoue H, et al. Shock-induced refractory period extension and pharmacologic modulation of defibrillation threshold. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 23:822-825.
206. Sezaki K, Murakawa Y, Inoue H, et al. Effect of isoproterenol on facilitation of electrical defibrillation by E-4031. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995, 25:393-396.
207. Murakawa Y, Yamashita T, Kanese Y, Omata M Effect of a class III antiarrhythmic drug on the configuration of dose response curve for defibrillation. PACE 1999, 22:479-486.
208. Dorian P, Newman D Tedisamil increases coherence during ventricular fibrillation and decreases defibrillation energy requirements. Cardiovasc Res 1997, 33:485-494.
209. Wang M, Dorian P DL and D sotalol decrease defibrillation energy requirements. PACE 1989, 12:1522-1529.
210. Dorian P, Newman D Effect of sotalol on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in humans. Am J Cardiol 1993, 72:72A-79A.
211. Dorian P, Newman D, Sheahan R, et al. d-Sotalol decreases defibrillation energy requirements in humans: A novel indication for drug therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996, 7:952-961.
212. Qi XQ, Newman D, Dorian P Azimilide decreases defibrillation voltage requirements and increases spatial organization during ventricular fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1999, 3:61-67.
213. Ruffy R, Schechtman K, Monje E, et al. Beta-adrenergic modulation of direct defibrillation energy in anesthetized dog heart. Am J Physiol 1985, 248:H674-H677.
214. Wang M, Dorian P, Ogilvie RI Isoproterenol increases defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992, 19:201-208.
215. Wang M, Dorian P, Ogilvie RI Isoproterenol increases defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992, 19:201-208.
216. Rattes MF, Sharma AD, Klein GJ, et al. Adrenergic effects on internal cardiac defibrillation threshold. Am J Physiol 1987, 253:H500-H506.
217. Ruffy R, Monje E, Schechtman K Facilitation of cardiac defibrillation by aminophylline in the conscious, closed-chest dog (abstract). J Electrophysiol 1988, 2:450.
218. Weinbroum AA, Glick A, Copperman Y, et al. Halothane, isoflurane, and fentanyl increase the minimally effective defibrillation threshold of an ICD: First report in humans. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:1147-1153.
219. Wang M, Dorian P Defibrillation energy requirements differ between anesthetic agents. J Electrophysiol 1989, 3/2:86-94.
220. Gill RM, Sweeney RJ, Reid PR The defibrillation threshold: A comparison of anesthetics and measurement methods. PACE 1993, 16:708-714.
221. Shinlapawittayatorn K, Sangoon R, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N Effects of sildenafil citrate on defibrillation efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006, 17:292-295.
222. Valentinuzzi ME Defibrillation, either in clinical practice or in basic and applied research, uses mainly energy (expressed by and large in joules) as the reference parameter to dose the discharge or to describe thresholds. PACE 1995, 18:1465-1466.
223. Sharma AD, Fain E, O'Neill PG, Skadsen A, et al. Shock on T versus direct current voltage for induction of ventricular fibrillation: A randomized prospective comparison. PACE 2004, 27:89-94.
224. Lehr JL, Ramirez IF, Karlon WJ, Eisenberg SR Test of four defibrillation dosing strategies using a two-dimensional finite-element model. Med Biol Eng Comput 1992, 30:621-628.
225. Lerman BB, DiMarco JP, Haines DE Current-based versus energy-based ventricular defibrillation: A prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 12:1259-1264.
226. Wesley RC, Farkhani F, Porzio D, et al. Transepicardial defibrillation dose response: Current versus energy. PACE 1993, 16:193-197.
227. Day JD, Freedman RA, Zubair I, et al. Feasibility of inductionless ICD implants: Correlation of upper limit of vulnerability testing to defibrillation threshold testing at ICD implantation (abstract). PACE 2003, 26:1010.
228. Neuzner J, Bahawar H, Berkowitsch A, et al. Clinical predictors of defibrillation energy requirements. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:205-206.
229. Schwartzman D, Concato J, Ren JF, et al. Factors associated with successful implantation of nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead systems. Am Heart J 1996, 131:1127-1136.
230. Raitt MH, Johnson G, Dolack GL, et al. Clinical predictors of the defibrillation threshold with the unipolar implantable defibrillation system. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:1576-1583.
231. Brooks R, Garan H, Torchiana D, et al. Determinants of successful nonthoracotomy cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: Experience in 101 patients using two different lead systems. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:1835-1842.
232. Leitch JW, Yee R Predictors of defibrillation efficacy in patients undergoing epicardial defibrillator implantation. The Multicenter Pacemaker-Cardioverter-Defibrillator (PCD) Investigators Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:1632-1637.
233. Strickberger SA, Brownstein SL, Wilkoff BL, Zinner AJ Clinical predictors of defibrillation energy requirements in patients treated with a nonthoracotomy defibrillator system. The ResQ Investigators. Am Heart J 1996, 131:257-260.
234. Gold MR, Khalighi K, Kavesh NG, et al. Clinical predictors of transvenous biphasic defibrillation thresholds. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:1623-1627.
235. Khalighi K, Daly B, Leino EV, et al. Clinical predictors of transvenous defibrillation energy requirements. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:150-153.
236. Horton RP, Canby RC, Roman CA, et al. Determinants of nonthoracotomy biphasic defibrillation. PACE 1997, 20:60-64.
237. Gold MR, Olsovsky MR, Pelini MA, et al. Comparison of single-and dual-coil active pectoral defibrillation lead systems. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1391-1394.
238. Cesario D, Bhargava M, Valderrabano M, et al. Azygos vein lead implantation: A novel adjunctive technique for implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004, 15:780-783.
239. Callihan RL, Idriss SF, Dahl RW, et al. Comparison of defibrillation probability of success curves for an endocardial lead configuration with and without an inactive epicardial patch. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:1373-1379.
240. Fotuhi PC, Ideker RE, Idriss SF, et al. Influence of epicardial patches on defibrillation threshold with nonthoracotomy lead configurations. Circulation 1995, 92:3082-3088.
241. Nasir N, Cedillo-Salazar FR, Doyle TK, et al. Effect of preexisting epicardial patch electrodes on defibrillation thresholds of unipolar defibrillators. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:1408-1409.
242. Schwartzman D, Nallamothu N, Callans DJ, et al. Postoperative lead-related complications in patients with nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead systems. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:776-786.
243. Mainigi SK, Callans DJ How to manage the patient with a high defibrillation threshold. Heart Rhythm 2006, 3:492-495.
244. Epstein AE, Ellenbogen KA, Kirk KA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with high defibrillation thresholds: A multicenter study. Circulation 1992, 86:1206-1216.
245. Spotnitz HM, Ott GY, Bigger JT, et al. Methods of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator pacemaker insertion to avoid interactions. Ann Thor Surg 1992, 53:253-257.
246. Haffajee C, Casavant D, Desai P, et al. Combined third generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with dual-chamber pacemakers: Preliminary observations. PACE 1996, 19:136-142.
247. Brooks R, Garan H, McGovern BA, et al. Implantation of transvenous nonthoracotomy cardioverter-defibrillator systems in patients with permanent endocardial pacemakers. Am Heart J 1995, 129:45-53.
248. Mont L, Valentino M, Sambola A, et al. Arrhythmia recurrence in patients with a healed myocardial infarction who received an implantable defibrillator: Analysis according to the clinical presentation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:351-357.
249. Grosse-Meininghaus D, Siebels J, Wolpert C, et al. Efficacy of antitachycardia pacing confirmed by stored electrograms: A retrospective analysis of 613 stored electrograms in implantable defibrillators. Z Kardiol 2002, 91:396-403. German Ventritex MD-Investigators.
250. Wathen MS, Sweeney MO, DeGroot PJ, et al. Shock reduction using antitachycardia pacing for spontaneous rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001, 104:796-801. for the PainFREE Investigators.
251. Wathen MS, DeGroot PJ, Sweeney MO, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter trial of empirical antitachycardia pacing versus shocks for spontaneous rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators-pacing fast ventricular tachycardia reduces shock therapies (PainFREE Rx II) trial results. Circulation 2004, 110:2591-2596. for the PainFREE Rx II Investigators.
252. Sweeney MO, Wathen MS, Volosin K, et al. Appropriate and inappropriate ventricular therapies, quality of life, and mortality among primary and secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: Results from the Pacing Fast VT Reduces Shock ThErapies (PainFree Rx II) trial. Circulation 2005, 111:2898-2905.
253. Schauerte P, Stellbrink C, Schondube FA, et al. Polarity reversal improves defibrillation efficacy in patients undergoing transvenous cardioverter defibrillator implantation with biphasic shocks. PACE 1997, 20:301-306.
254. Shorofsky SR, Gold MR Effects of waveform and polarity on defibrillation thresholds in humans using a transvenous lead system. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:313-316.
255. Natale A, Sra J, Dhala A, et al. Effects of initial polarity on defibrillation threshold with biphasic pulses. PACE 1995, 18:1889-1893.
256. Strickberger SA, Man KC, Daoud E, et al. Effect of first-phase polarity of biphasic shocks on defibrillation threshold with a single transvenous lead system. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:1605-1608.
257. Keelan ET, Sra JS, Axtell K, Maglio C, et al. The effect of polarity of the initial phase of a biphasic shock waveform on the defibrillation threshold of pectorally implanted defibrillators. PACE 1997, 20:337-342.
258. Anvari A, Mast F, Schmidinger H, et al. Effects of lidocaine, ajmaline, and diltiazem on ventricular defibrillation energy requirements in isolated rabbit heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997, 29:429-435.
259. Murakawa Y, Sezaki K, Inoue H, et al. Shock-induced refractory period extension and pharmacologic modulation of defibrillation threshold. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 23:822-825.
260. Behrens S, Li C, Franz MR Effects of long-term amiodarone treatment on ventricular-fibrillation vulnerability and defibrillation efficacy in response to monophasic and biphasic shocks. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997, 30:412-418.
261. Frame LH The effect of chronic oral and acute intravenous amiodarone administration on ventricular defibrillation threshold using implanted electrodes in dogs. PACE 1989, 12:339-346.
262. Lake CL, Kron IL, Mentzer RM, Crampton RS Lidocaine enhances intraoperative ventricular defibrillation. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:337-340.
263. Dorian P, Wang M, David I, et al. Oral clofilium produces sustained lowering of defibrillation energy requirements in a canine model. Circulation 1991, 83:614-621.
264. Beatch GN, Dickenson DR, Wood RH, Tang AS Class III antiarrhythmic effects of LY-190147 on defibrillation threshold. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996, 27:218-225.
265. Murakawa Y, Yamashita T, Kanese Y, Omata M Can a class III antiarrhythmic drug improve electrical defibrillation efficacy during ventricular fibrillation?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:688-692.