The dual lens model: A comprehensive framework for understanding self-other agreement of personality judgments at zero acquaintance

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 104, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 335-353

  Hirschmüller, Sarah ^a   Egloff, Boris ^a   Nestler, Steffen ^b   Back, Mitja D ^b  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Judgment modes; Lens model; Personality judgments; Self other agreement; Zero acquaintance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880990159     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030383     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Albrechtsen, J. S., Meissner, C. A.,&Susa, K. J. (2009). Can intuition improve deception detection performance?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1052-1055. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.017
2. Ambady, N. (2010). The perils of pondering: Intuition and thin slice judgments. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 271-278. doi:10.1080/1047840X .2010.524882
3. Asendorpf, J. B. (1987). Videotape reconstruction of emotions and cognitions related to shyness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 542-549. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.542
4. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R.,&Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.380
5. Back, M. D., Krause, S., Hirschmüller, S., Stopfer, J. M., Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C. (2009). Unraveling the three faces of self-esteem: A new information-processing sociometer perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 933-937. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.002
6. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2005). Measuring taskswitching ability in the Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 52, 167-179. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.167
7. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2008 a). Becoming friends by chance. Psychological Science, 19, 439-440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280 .2008.02106.x
8. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2008 b). How extraverted is honey.bunny77@hotmail.de? Inferring personality traits from e-mail addresses. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1116-1122. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.001
9. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533-548. doi: 10.1037/a0016229
10. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 132- 145. doi:10.1037/a0016338
11. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C.,&Egloff, B. (2011). A closer look at first sight: Social relations lens model analyses of personality and interpersonal attraction at zero acquaintance. European Journal of Personality, 25, 225-238. doi:10.1002/per.790
12. Back, M. D.,&Vazire, S. (2012). Knowing our personality. In S. Vazire&T. D. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 131-156). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. In J. S. Uleman&J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automacity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer&T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Berry, D. S.,&Finch Wero, J. L. (1993). Accuracy in face perception: A view from ecological psychology. Journal of Personality, 61, 497-520. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00780.x
16. Betsch, C. (2004). Präferenz für Intuition und Deliberation. Inventar zur Erfassung von affekt- und kognitionsbasiertem Entscheiden. [Preference for intuition and deliberation (PID): An inventory for assessing affectand cognition-based decision making]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 25, 179-197. doi:10.1024/0170-1789.25.4 .179
17. Borkenau, P., Brecke, S., Möttig, C.,&Paelecke, M. (2009). Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 703-706. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.007
18. Borkenau, P.,&Liebler, A. (1992). Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 645-657. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645
19. Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E.,&Noll, D. C. (1997). A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. NeuroImage, 5, 49-62. doi:10.1006/nimg .1996.0247
20. Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
21. Buhrmester, M. D., Blanton, H.,&Swann, W. B., Jr. (2011). Implicit selfesteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 365-385. doi:10.1037/ a0021341
22. Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R.,&Hall, J. A. (2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054-1072. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004
23. Connelly, B. S.,&Ones, D. S. (2010). An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers' accuracy and predictive validity. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1092-1122. doi:10.1037/a0021212
24. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
25. Denissen, J. J. A.,&Penke, L. (2008). Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the five-factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1285-1302. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.002
26. DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203-243. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.203
27. Eaton, L. G.,&Funder, D. C. (2003). The creation and consequences of the social world: An interactional analysis of extraversion. European Journal of Personality, 17, 375-395. doi:10.1002/per.477
28. Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C. (2002). Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1441-1455. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1441
29. Egloff, B., Schwerdtfeger, A.,&Schmukle, S. C. (2005). Temporal stability of the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 82-88. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_14
30. Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V.,&Heier, H. (1996). Individual differences in intuitive- experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-405. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390
31. Evans, J. St. B. T. (2007). On the resolution of conflict in dual process theories of reasoning. Thinking&Reasoning, 13, 321-339. doi:10.1080/ 13546780601008825
32. Evans, J. St. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
33. Fast, L. A.,&Funder, D. C. (2008). Personality as manifest in word use: Correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 334-346. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.94.2.334
34. Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P.,&Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13, 1-17. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/ 03)13:11::AID-BDM3333.0.CO;2-S
35. Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-670. doi:10.1037/0033- 295X.102.4.652
36. Funder, D. C. (1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
37. Funder, D. C. (2001). The realistic accuracy model and Brunswik's approach to social judgment. In K. R. Hammond&T. R. Stewart (Eds.), The essential Brunswik: Beginnings, explications, applications (pp. 365-369). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
38. Funder, D. C. (2012). Accurate personality judgment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 177-182. doi:10.1177/0963721412445309
39. Funder, D. C.,&Dobroth, K. M. (1987). Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 409-418. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.409
40. Funder, D. C., Furr, R. M.,&Colvin, C. R. (2000). The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort: A tool for the description of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 68, 451-489. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00103
41. Funder, D. C.,&Sneed, C. D. (1993). Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 479-490. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.64.3.479
42. Furr, R. M.,&Funder, D. C. (2004). Situational similarity and behavioral consistency: Subjective, objective, variable-centered, and personcentered approaches. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 421-447. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.001
43. Gawronski, B.,&Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
44. Glaholt, M. G.,&Reingold, E. M. (2011). Eye movement monitoring as a process tracing methodology in decision making research. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 4, 125-146. doi:10.1037/ a0020692
45. Gosling, S. D., Ko, S. J., Mannarelli, T.,&Morris, M. E. (2002). A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 379 -398. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.379
46. Greenwald, A. G.,&Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022
47. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E.,&Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
48. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A.,&Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
49. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L.,&Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41. doi:10.1037/a0015575
50. Gregg, A. P., Seibt, B.,&Banaji, M. R. (2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1-20. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90 .1.1
51. Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A.,&Yopchick, J. E. (2009). Psychosocial correlates of interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 149-180. doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0070-5
52. Hall, J. A.,&Bernieri, F. J. (Eds.). (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Hall, J. A., Bernieri, F. J.,&Carney, D. R. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal,&K. R. Scherer (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 237-281). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
54. Harris, M. J.,&Garris, C. P. (2008). You never get a second chance to make a first impression: Behavioral consequences of first impressions. In N. Ambady&J. J. Skowronski (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 147- 168). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
55. Haselton, M. G.,&Funder, D. C. (2006). The evolution of accuracy and bias in social judgment. In M. Schaller, D. T. Kenrick,&J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 15-37). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
56. Hassin, R. R., Uleman, J. S.,&Bargh, J. A. (Eds.). (2005). The new unconscious. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
57. Hastie, R.,&Dawes, R. M. (2001). Rational choice in an uncertain world: The psychology of judgement and decision making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H.,&Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385. doi:10.1177/0146167205275613
59. Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T.,&Schmitt, M. (2009). The road to the unconscious self not taken: Discrepancies between self- and observerinferences about implicit dispositions from nonverbal behavioural cues. European Journal of Personality, 23, 343-366. doi:10.1002/per.722
60. Horsley, T. A., de Castro, B. O.,&Van der Schoot, M. (2010). In the eye of the beholder: Eye-tracking assessment of social information processing in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 587-599. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9361-x
61. Horstmann, N., Ahlgrimm, A.,&Glöckner, A. (2009). How distinct are intuition and deliberation? An eye-tracking analysis of instructioninduced decision modes. Judgment and Decision Making, 4, 335-354.
62. Horstmann, N., Hausmann, D.,&Ryf, S. (2010). Methods for inducing intuitive and deliberate processing modes. In A. Glöckner&C. Witteman (Eds.), Foundations for tracing intuition: Challenges and methods (pp. 219-237). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
63. Inquisit (Version 3.0.3.2) [Computer software]. (2009). Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.
64. John, O. P., Naumann, L. P.,&Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins,&L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
65. John, O. P.,&Robins, R. W. (1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521-551. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00781.x
66. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E.,&Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969
67. Karelaia, N.,&Hogarth, R. M. (2008). Determinants of linear judgment: A meta-analysis of lens model studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 404-426. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.404
68. Keller, J., Bohner, G.,&Erb, H.-P. (2000). Intuitive und heuristische Urteilsbildung - verschiedene Prozesse? Präsentation einer deutschen Fassung des "Rational-Experiential Inventory" sowie neuer Selbstberichtskalen zur Heuristiknutzung [Intuitive and heuristic judgment-Different processes? Presentation of a German version of the Rational-Experiential Inventory and of new self-report scales of heuristic use]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 31, 87-101. doi:10.1024//0044-3514.31.2.87
69. Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
70. Kilianski, S. E. (2008). Who do you think I think I am? Accuracy in perceptions of others' self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 386-398. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.004
71. Krause, S., Back, M. D., Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Reliability of implicit self-esteem measures revisited. European Journal of Personality, 25, 239-251. doi:10.1002/per.792
72. Krause, S., Back, M. D., Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C. (2012). A new reliable and valid tool for measuring implicit self-esteem: The responsewindow affective priming task. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 87-94. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000095
73. Kruglanski, A. W.,&Orehek, E. (2007). Partitioning the domain of social inference: Dual mode and systems models and their alternatives. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 291-316. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58 .110405.085629
74. Küfner, A. C. P., Back, M. D., Nestler, S.,&Egloff, B. (2010). Tell me a story and I will tell you who you are! Lens model analyses of personality and creative writing. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 427-435. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.003
75. McConnell, A. R., Strain, L. M., Rydell, R. J.,&Mackie, D. M. (2008). Forming implicit and explicit attitudes toward individuals: Social group association cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 792-807. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.792
76. Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D.,&Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 862- 877. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.862
77. Moors, A.,&De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326. doi:10.1037/ 0033-2909.132.2.297
78. Muthén, L. K.,&Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén&Muthén.
79. Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J.,&Gosling, S. D. (2009). Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1661-1671. doi:10.1177/0146167209346309
80. Nestler, S., Egloff, B., Küfner, A. C. P.,&Back, M. D. (in press). An integrative lens model approach to bias and accuracy in human inferences: Hindsight effects and knowledge updating in personality judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
81. Patterson, M. L.,&Stockbridge, E. (1998). Effects of cognitive demand and judgment strategy on person perception accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 253-263. doi:10.1023/A:1022996522793
82. Phillips, L. H., Channon, S., Tunstall, M., Hedenstrom, A.,&Lyons, K. (2008). The role of working memory in decoding emotions. Emotion, 8, 184-191. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.184
83. Preacher, K. J.,&Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/ BRM.40.3.879
84. Rammstedt, B.,&John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203-212. doi:10.1016/ j.jrp.2006.02.001
85. Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199-226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57 .102904.190208
86. Rule, N. O., Ambady, N.,&Hallett, K. C. (2009). Female sexual orientation is perceived accurately, rapidly, and automatically from the face and its features. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1245- 1251. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.010
87. Schaller, M. (2008). Evolutionary bases of first impressions. In N. Ambady&J. J. Skowronski (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 15-34). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
88. Scherer, K. R. (1978). Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 467- 487. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420080405
89. Schmukle, S. C., Back, M. D.,&Egloff, B. (2008). Validity of the five-factor model for the implicit self-concept of personality. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 263-272. doi:10.1027/1015- 5759.24.4.263
90. Shrout, P. E.,&Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
91. Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D.,&Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656-666. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656
92. Spalding, L. R.,&Hardin, C. D. (1999). Unconscious unease and selfhandicapping: Behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem. Psychological Science, 10, 535-539. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00202
93. Todorov, A.,&Uleman, J. S. (2003). The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors' faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 549-562. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00059-3
94. Tracy, J. L.,&Robins, R. W. (2008). The automaticity of emotion recognition. Emotion, 8, 81-95. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.81
95. von Soest, T., Kvalem, I. L., Skolleborg, K. C.,&Roald, H. E. (2009). Cosmetic surgery and the relationship between appearance satisfaction and extraversion: Testing a transactional model of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1017-1025. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07 .001
96. Wegner, D. M.,&Bargh, J. A. (1998). Control and automaticity in social life. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske,&G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 446-496). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
97. Willis, J.,&Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17, 592-598. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
98. Zebrowitz, L. A.,&Montepare, J. M. (2006). The ecological approach to person perception: Evolutionary roots and contemporary offshoots. In M. Schaller, J. A. Simpson,&D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 81-113). New York, NY: Psychology Press.