Secondary osteoporosis - An endocrinological approach focusing on underlying mechanisms

Endocrine Regulations

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 137-148

  Polymeris, A ^a   Michalakis, K ^b   Sarantopoulou, V ^a  

^a ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Bone metabolism; Corticosteroids; Hypercalciuria; Inflammatory diseases; Malignant diseases; Secondary osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANASTROZOLE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CORTICOSTEROID; EXEMESTANE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GONADORELIN AGONIST; LETROZOLE; LITHIUM; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TESTOSTERONE;

ACROMEGALY; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; BONE DISEASE; CELIAC DISEASE; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENTERITIS; FRACTURE; GAUCHER DISEASE; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOGONADISM; IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; LUNG DISEASE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MASTOCYTOSIS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; OSTEOLYSIS; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; SMOKING; THALASSEMIA MAJOR;

EID: 84880964387     PISSN: 12100668     EISSN: 13360329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4149/endo_2013_03_137     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Agrawal M, Arora S, Li J, Rahmani R, Sun L, Steinlauf AF, Mechanick JI, Zaidi M: Bone, inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 9, 251-257, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-011-0077-9
2. Akeno N, Matsunuma A, Maeda T, Kawane T, Horiuchi N: Regulation of vitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and 24 hydroxylase expression by dexamethasone in mouse kidney. J Endocrinol 164, 339-348, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1640339
3. Ali T, Lam D, Bronze MS, Humphrey MB: Osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Med 122, 599-604, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.022
4. Andreassen TT, Oxlund H: The effects of growth hormone on cortical and cancellous bone. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2, 49-58, 2001.
5. Armstrong VJ, Muzylak M, Sunters A, Zaman G, Saxon LK, Price JS, Lanyon LE: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is a component of osteoblastic bone cell early responses to load-bearing and requires estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 282, 20715-20727, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703224200
6. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, Bertagna X, Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, Fava GA, Findling JW, Gaillard RC, Grossman AB, Kola B, Lacroix A, Mancini T, Mantero F, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Sonino N, Vance ML, Giustina A, Boscaro M: Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 5593-5602, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030871
7. Aung K, Htay T: Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10), CD005185, 2011.
8. Balasubramanian V, Naing S: Hypogonadism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence and effects. Curr Opin Pulm Med 18, 112-117, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834feb37
9. Baron R, Rawadi G: Targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway to regulate bone formation in the adult skeleton. Endocrinology 148, 2635-2643, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0270
10. Brot C, Jurgensen NR, Surensen OH: The infuence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 920-926, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600870
11. Bultink IEM, Vis M, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Lems WF: Inflammatory Rheumatic Disorders and Bone. Curr Rheumatol Rep 14, 224-230, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11926-012-0252-8
12. Callaci JJ, Himes R, Lauing K, Wezeman FH, Brownson K: Binge alcohol-induced bone damage is accompanied by differential expression of bone remodeling-related genes in rat vertebral bone. Calcif Tissue Int 84, 474-484, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-009-9240-z
13. Chang J, Powles TJ, Ashley SE, Gregory RK, Tidy VA, Treleaven JG, Singh R: The effect of tamoxifen and hormone replacement therapy on serum cholesterol, bone mineral density and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women participating in a randomised, controlled tamoxifen prevention study. Ann Oncol 7, 671-675, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a010715
14. Cushing H: The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 50, 137-195, 1932.
15. Dai J, Lin D, Zhang J, Habib P, Smith P, Murtha J, Fu Z, Yao Z, Qi Y, Keller ET: Chronic alcohol ingestion induces osteoclastogenesis and bone loss through IL-6 in mice. J Clin Invest 106, 887-895, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI10483
16. Daniel M, Martin AD, Drinkwater DT: Cigarette smoking, steroid hormones, and bone mineral density in young women. Calcif Tissue Int 50, 300-305, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301626
17. Daniell HW: Osteoporosis after orchiectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol 157, 439-444, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65165-6
18. Delany AM, Durant D, Canalis E: Glucocorticoid suppression of IGF I transcription in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 15, 1781-1789, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.15.10.1781
19. Ducher G, Turner AI, Kukuljan S, Pantano KJ, Carlson JL, Williams NI, De Souza MJ: Obstacles in the optimization of bone health outcomes in the female athlete triad. Sports Med 41, 587-607, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11588770000000000-00000
20. Dupree K, Dobs A: Osteopenia and Male Hypogonadism. Rev Urol 6, S30-S34, 2004.
21. Elborn JS: How can we prevent multisystem complications of cystic fibrosis? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28, 303-311, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-981651
22. Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA: The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia. Arch Med Sci 8, 270-276, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28554
23. Fang MA, Frost PJ, Iida-Klein A, Hahn T: Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Bone 12, 283-286, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(91)90077-V
24. Franck H, Meurer T, Hofbauer LC: Evaluation of bone mineral density, hormones, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and osteoprotegerin serum levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 31, 2236-2341, 2004.
25. Geusens PP, Lems WF: Osteoimmunology and osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther 13, 242-258, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar3375
26. Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E: Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev 29, 535-559, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2007-0036
27. Cizza G: Major depressive disorder is a risk factor for low bone mass, central obesity, and other medical conditions. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13, 73-87, 2011.
28. Greenspan SL, Greenspan FS: The effect of thyroid hormone on skeletal integrity. Ann Intern Med 130, 750-758, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-9-199905040-00016
29. Gutierrez F, Masia M: The role of HIV and antiretroviral therapy in bone disease. AIDS Rev 13, 109-118, 2011.
30. Hamann C, Kirschner S, Gunther KP, Hofbauer LC: Bone, sweet bone-osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8, 297-305, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.233
31. Hampson G, Evans C, Petitt RJ, Evans WD, Woodhead SJ, Peters JR, Ralston SH: Bone mineral density, collagen type 1 alpha 1 genotypes and bone turnover in premenopausal women with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 41, 1314-1320, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051071
32. Hofbauer LC, Gori F, Riggs BL, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Khosla S: Stimulation of osteoprotegerin ligand and inhibition of osteoprotegerin production by glucocorticoids in human osteoblastic lineage cells: potential paracrine mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endocrinology 140, 4382-4389, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.140.10.4382
33. Horst-Sikorska W, Ignaszak-Szczepaniak M: The role of anorexia nervosa in secondary osteoporosis development with the risk for low energy fractures. Pol J Endocrinol 62, 45-47, 2011.
34. Karga H, Papapetrou PD, Korakovouni A, Papandroulaki F, Polymeris A, Pampouras G: Bone mineral density in hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61, 466-472, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02110.x
35. Kearney DM, Lockey R: Osteoporosis and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 96, 769-774, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61338-5
36. Kerachian MA, Seguin C, Harvey EJ: Glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a new understanding of the mechanisms of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 114, 121-128, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.007
37. Khosla S, Melton J 3rd: Fracture risk in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 17 Suppl 2, N103-107, 2002.
38. Kulak CA, Borba VZ, Kulak J Jr, Custodio MR: Osteoporosis after transplantation. Curr Osteoporos Rep 10, 48-55, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-011-0083-y
39. Lacativa PG, Farias ML: Osteoporosis and inflammation. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 54, 123-132, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302010000200007
40. Lapauw B, Taes Y, Simoens S, Van Caenegem E, Weyers S, Goemaere S, Toye K, Kaufman JM, T'Sjoen GG: Body composition, volumetric and areal bone parameters in male-to-female transsexual persons. Bone 43, 1016-1021, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.09.001
41. Laroche M, Ludot I, Brousset P, Mazieres B: Osteoporosis with lymphoid nodules and hematopoietic marrow hyperplasia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17, 457-460, 1999.
42. Lee RH, Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric C: A review of the effect of anticonvulsant medications on bone mineral density and fracture risk. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 8, 34-46, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2010.02.003
43. Leutgeb U: Lithium and its effects on the endocrine system, bones and peripheral nerves: a current review. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 63, 149-161, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-996613
44. Lewiecki EM, Bilezikian JP: Denosumab for the treatment of osteoporosis and cancer-related conditions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 91, 123-133, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.268
45. Ma Y, Nyman JS, Tao H, Moss HH, Yang X, Elefteriou F: β2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone. Endocrinology 152, 1412-1422, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0881
46. Mancini T, Doga M, Mazziotti G, Giustina A: Cushing's syndrome and bone. Pituitary 7, 249-252, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11102-005-1051-2
47. Maneesh M, Dutta S, Chakrabarti A, Vasudevan DM: Alcohol abuse-duration dependent decrease in plasma testosterone and antioxidants in males. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 50, 291-296, 2006.
48. Martinez-Maestre MA, Gonzalez-Cejudo C, Machuca G, Torrejon R, Castelo-Branco C: Periodontitis and osteoporosis: a systematic review. Climacteric 13, 523-529, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2010.500749
49. Mathew R, Dhillon V, Shepherd P: Systemic mastocytosis presenting as osteoporosis-a case report. Clin Rheumatol 28, 865-866, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-009-1165-4
50. Maurel DB, Boisseau N, Benhamou CL, Jaffre C: Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms. Osteoporos Int 2, 1-16, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1787-7
51. Mazziotti G, Bianchi A, Bonadonna S, Cimino V, Patelli I, Fusco A, Pontecorvi A, De Marinis L, Giustina A: Prevalence of vertebral fractures in men with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 4649-4655, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0791
52. Miller PD: Fragility fractures in chronic kidney disease: an opinion-based approach. Cleve Clin J Med 76, 715-723, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.76a.08108
53. Misra M, Miller KM, Tsai P, Gallagher K, Lin A, Lee N, Herzog DB, Klibanski A: Elevated Peptide YY Levels in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 1027-1033, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1878
54. Mitra R: Adverse effects of corticosteroids on bone metabolism: a review. PMR 3, 466-471, 2011.
55. Montagnani A, Gonnelli S, Alessandri M, Nuti R: Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in patients with diabetes: an update. Aging Clin Exp Res 23, 84-90, 2011.
56. Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Fruhauf GE, Chararas K, Mikhail-Reinisch S, Renner W, Berghold A, Kenner L, Lackner C: Association of the vitamin D receptor genotype BB with low bone density in hyperthyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 15, 1950-1955, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.10.1950
57. Ostrowska Z, Ziora K, Kos-Kudla B, Swietochowska E, Oswiecimska J, Dyduch A, Wolkowska-Pokrywa K, Szapska B: Melatonin, the RANKL/RANK/OPG system, and bone metabolism in girls with anorexia nervosa. Pol J Endocrinol 61, 117-123, 2010.
58. Pacifici R: Idiopathic hypercalciuria and osteoporosis-distinct clinical manifestations of increased cytokine-induced bone resorption? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82, 29-31, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.1.29
59. Padova G, Borzi G, Incorvaia L, Siciliano G, Migliorino V, Vetri M, Tita P: Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 8, 37-43, 2011.
60. Parfitt A: Physiology and pharmacology of bone. Heidelberg: Springer 1-65, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77991-6_1
61. Pederson L, Kremer M, Judd J, Pascoe D, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL, Oursler MJ: Androgens regulated bone resorption activity of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 505-510, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.2.505
62. Pfeilschifter J, Diel IJ: Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: pathogenesis and management. J Clin Oncol 18, 1570-1593, 2000.
63. Pitts CJ, Kearns AE: Update on medications with adverse skeletal effects. Mayo Clin Proc 86, 338-343, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0636
64. Polymeris A, Doumouchtsis K, Grapsa E: Bone mineral density and bone metabolism in hemodialysis patients. Correlation with PTH, 25OHD3 and leptin. Nefrologia 32, 73-78, 2012.
65. Pyram R, Mahajan G, Gliwa A: Primary hyperparathy-roidism: Skeletal and non-skeletal effects, diagnosis and management. Maturitas 70, 246-255, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.021
66. Rajgopal R, Bear M, Butcher MK, Shaughnessy SG: The effects of heparin and low molecular weight heparins on bone. Thromb Res 122, 293-298, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.025
67. Reid IR: Glucocorticoid osteoporosis-mechanisms and management. Eur J Endocrinol 137, 209-217, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1370209
68. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L: Loop diuretics alter the diurnal rhythm of endogenous parathyroid hormone secretion. A randomized-controlled study on the effects of loopand thiazidediuretics on the diurnal rhythms of calcitropic hormones and biochemical bone markers in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Invest 31, 764-772, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00883.x
69. Riggs BL: The mechanisms of estrogen regulation of bone resorption. J Clin Invest 106, 1203-1204, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI11468
70. Ruiz-Gaspa S, Martinez-Ferrer A, Guanabens N, Dubreuil M, Peris P, Enjuanes A, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Alvarez L, Monegal A, Combalia A, Pares A: Effects of bilirubin and sera from jaundiced patients on osteoblasts: contribution to the development of osteoporosis in liver diseases. Hepatology 54, 2104-2113, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24605
71. Saad F, Adachi JD, Brown JP, Canning LA, Gelmon KA, Josse RG, Pritchard KI: Cancer treatment-induced bone loss in breast and prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 26, 5465-5476, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.4184
72. Sadat-Ali M, Al-Elq A, Sultan O, Al-Turki H: Secondary osteoporosis due to sickle cell anemia: do sex steroids play a role? Indian J Med Sci 62, 193-198, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5359.40984
73. Schett G, Saag KG, Bijlsma JWJ: From bone biology to clinical outcome: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis 69, 415-1419, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.135061
74. Shead EF, Haworth CS, Gunn E, Bilton D, Scott MA, Compston JE: Osteoclastogenesis during infective exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174, 306-311, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200512-1943OC
75. Skordis N, Toumba M: Bone disease in thalassaemia major: recent advances in pathogenesis and clinical aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 8 Suppl 2, 300-306, 2011.
76. Stazi AV, Trecca A, Trinti B: Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders. World J Gastroenterol 14, 498-505, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.498
77. Suzuki Y, Ichikawa Y, Saito E, Homma M: Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Metabolism 32, 151-156, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(83)90221-4
78. Svenungsson E, Fei GZ, Jensen-Urstad K, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Frostegard J: TNF-α: a link between hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation in SLE patients with cardiovascular disease. Lupus 12, 454-461, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0961203303lu412oa
79. Syed F, Khosla S: Mechanisms of sex steroid effects on bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328, 1221-1230, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.097
80. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, Prior HJ, Leung S, Leslie WD: Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosisrelated fractures. CMAJ 179, 319-326, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071330
81. Templeton K: Secondary osteoporosis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13, 475-486, 2005.
82. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO, Graham SD Jr: Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 79, 545-550, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970201)79:3545::AID-CNCR173.0.CO;2-3
83. Tsapakis EM, Gamie Z, Tran GT, Adshead S, Lampard A, Mantalaris A, Tsiridis E: The adverse skeletal effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Eur Psychiatry 27, 156-169, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.10.006
84. Van Caenegem E, Wierckx K, Taes Y, Dedecker D, Van de Peer F, Toye K, Kaufman JM, T'Sjoen G: Bone mass, bone geometry, and body composition in female-to-male transsexual persons after long-term cross-sex hormonal therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97, 2503-2511, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1187
85. Vantyghem MC, Danel T, Marcelli-Tourvieille S, Moriau J, Leclerc L, Cardot-Bauters C, Docao C, Carnaille B, Wemeau JL, D'Herbomez M: Calcitonin levels do not decrease with weaning in chronic alcoholism. Thyroid 17, 213-217, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.0216
86. Verdel BM, Souverein PC, Egberts TC, van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, de Vries F: Use of antidepressant drugs and risk of osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic fractures. Bone 47, 604-609, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.006
87. Verhaeghe J, Suiker AM, Visser WJ, Van Herck E, Van Bree R, Bouillon R: The effects of systemic insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone on bone growth and turnover in spontaneously diabetic BB rats. J Endocrinol 134, 485-492, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340485
88. Vezzoli G, Soldati L, Gambaro G: Update on primary hypercalciuria from a genetic perspective. J Urol 179, 1676-1682, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.011
89. Viswanathan A, Sylvester FA: Chronic pediatric inflammatory diseases: effects on bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9, 107-122, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-007-9070-0
90. Wan Y, Chong LW, Evans RM: PPAR-gamma regulates osteoclastogenesis in mice. Nat Med 13, 1496-1503, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1672
91. Wenstrup RJ, Roca-Espiau M, Weinreb NJ, Bembi B: Skeletal aspects of Gaucher disease: a review. Br J Radiol 75 Suppl 1, A2-12, 2002.