Rosacea-S1 guideline;Rosazea-S1-Leitlinie

JDDG - Journal of the German Society of Dermatology

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 768-780

  Reinholz, Markus ^a   Tietze, Julia K ^a   Kilian, Katharina ^a   Schaller, Martin ^b   Schöfer, Helmut ^c   Lehmann, Percy ^d   Zierhut, Manfred ^b   Klövekorn, Winfried ^e   Ruzicka, Thomas ^a   Schauber, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^c GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d Helios Clinic Wuppertal   (Germany)

^e Dermatological practice   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; ROSACEA; ACNE; ACNE CONGLOBATA; ACNE FULMINANS; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARGON LASER; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMEDO; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM; ERYSIPELAS; ERYTHEMA; GRANULOMATOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; LASER; LYMPHEDEMA; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; NEODYMIUM YAG LASER; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; PAPULE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PULSED DYE LASER; PUSTULE; REVIEW; SEBACEOUS GLAND; SKINFOLD; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TOPICAL TREATMENT;

DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; DERMATOLOGY; GERMANY; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; ROSACEA; ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY;

AMPICILLIN; AZELAIC ACID; AZITHROMYCIN; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ISOTRETINOIN; METRONIDAZOLE; PERMETHRIN; PLACEBO; TETRACYCLINE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

EID: 84880922559     PISSN: 16100379     EISSN: 16100387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12101     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Spoendlin J, Voegel JJ, Jick SS, Meier CR,. A study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the UK. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 598-605.
2. Augustin M, Herberger K, Hintzen S, et al. Prevalence of skin lesions and need for treatment in a cohort of 90 880 workers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165: 865-73.
3. Berg M, Liden S,. An epidemiological study of rosacea. Acta Derm Venereol 1989; 69: 419-23.
4. Abram K, Silm H, Oona M,. Prevalence of rosacea in an Estonian working population using a standard classification. Acta Derm Venereol 2010; 90: 269-73.
5. Kyriakis KP, Palamaras I, Terzoudi S, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 918-9.
6. Chamaillard M, Mortemousque B, Boralevi F, et al. Cutaneous and ocular signs of childhood rosacea. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 167-71.
7. Khaled A, Hammami H, Zeglaoui F, et al. Rosacea: 244 Tunisian cases. Tunis Med 2010; 88: 597-601.
8. Alexis AF,. Rosacea in patients with skin of color: uncommon but not rare. Cutis 2010; 86: 60-2.
9. Akpek EK, Merchant A, Pinar V, Foster CS,. Ocular rosacea: patient characteristics and follow-up. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 1863-7.
10. Nazir SA, Murphy S, Siatkowski RM, et al. Ocular rosacea in childhood. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 138-44.
11. Jansen T,. Clinical presentations and classification of rosacea. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138, Suppl 3: S192-200.
12. Yamasaki K, Gallo RL,. The molecular pathology of rosacea. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55: 77-81.
13. Cribier B,. Pathophysiology of rosacea: redness, telangiectasia, and rosacea. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138 Suppl 3: S184-91.
14. Schwab VD, Sulk M, Seeliger S, et al. Neurovascular and neuroimmune aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2011; 15: 53-62.
15. Yamasaki K, Di Nardo A, Bardan A, et al. Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea. Nat Med 2007; 13: 975-80.
16. Koczulla R, von Degenfeld G, Kupatt C, et al. An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1665-72.
17. Rodriguez-Martinez S, Cancino-Diaz JC, Vargas-Zuniga LM, Cancino-Diaz ME,. LL-37 regulates the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-IAP-2 in human keratinocytes. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: 457-62.
18. Yamasaki K, Kanada K, Macleod DT, et al. TLR2 expression is increased in rosacea and stimulates enhanced serine protease production by keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131: 688-97.
19. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, et al. Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J 2006; 20: 2068-80.
20. Koller B, Muller-Wiefel AS, Rupec R, et al. Chitin modulates innate immune responses of keratinocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6: e16594.
21. Buechner SA,. Rosacea: an update. Dermatology 2005; 210: 100-8.
22. Crawford GH, Pelle MT, James WD,. Rosacea: I. Etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 327-41; quiz 42-4.
23. Sattler EC, Maier T, Hoffmann VS, et al. Noninvasive in vivo detection and quantification of Demodex mites by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 1042-7.
24. Grosshans E, Dungler T, Kien TT, Kremer M,. [Demodex folliculorum and rosacea: experimental and immunological studies]. Z Hautkr 1980; 55: 1211-8.
25. Kocak M, Yagli S, Vahapoglu G, Eksioglu M,. Permethrin 5 % cream versus metronidazole 0.75 % gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Dermatology 2002; 205: 265-70.
26. Sibenge S, Gawkrodger DJ,. Rosacea: a study of clinical patterns, blood flow, and the role of Demodex folliculorum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 590-3.
27. Guzman-Sanchez DA, Ishiuji Y, Patel T, et al. Enhanced skin blood flow and sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli in papulopustular rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 800-5.
28. Aroni K, Tsagroni E, Kavantzas N, et al. A study of the pathogenesis of rosacea: how angiogenesis and mast cells may participate in a complex multifactorial process. Arch Derm Res 2008; 300: 125-31.
29. Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, et al. Standard classification of rosacea: Report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 584-7.
30. Gupta AK, Chaudhry MM,. Rosacea and its management: an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19: 273-85.
31. Gieler U, Kupfer J, Niemeier V, Brosig B,. Psyche and skin: what's new? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 128-30.
32. Aloi F, Tomasini C, Soro E, Pippione M,. The clinicopathologic spectrum of rhinophyma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 468-72.
33. Ghanem VC, Mehra N, Wong S, Mannis MJ,. The prevalence of ocular signs in acne rosacea: comparing patients from ophthalmology and dermatology clinics. Cornea 2003; 22: 230-3.
34. Borrie P,. Rosacea with special reference to its ocular manifestations. Br J Dermatol 1953; 65: 458-63.
35. Browning DJ, Proia AD,. Ocular rosacea. Surv Ophthalmol 1986; 31: 145-58.
36. Melnik B, Jansen T,. Akne und Rosazea. In: Dermatologie und Venerologie., Plewig G, Landthaler M, Burgdorf W, et al. (Hrsg) 6th Edition, Berlin-Heidelberg. Springer, 2012: 1197-229.
37. Plewig G, Jansen T, Kligman AM,. Pyoderma faciale. A review and report of 20 additional cases: is it rosacea ? Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1611-7.
38. Jansen T, Plewig G, Kligman AM,. Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea fulminans. Dermatology 1994; 188: 251-4.
39. Jansen T MB, Plewig G,. Gramnegative Follikulitis als Begleitkomplikation bei Rosazea. Akt Dermatol 1994; 20: 381-4.
40. Leyden JJ, Thew M, Kligman AM,. Steroid rosacea. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110: 619-22.
41. Lehmann P., [Rosacea. Clinical features, pathogenesis and therapy]. Hautarzt 2005; 56: 871-85; quiz 86-7.
42. Holzle E, Jansen T, Plewig G,. [Morbihan disease-chronic persistent erythema and edema of the face]. Hautarzt 1995; 46: 796-8.
43. Kroshinsky D, Glick SA,. Pediatric rosacea. Derm Ther 2006; 19: 196-201.
44. Firooz A, Firoozabadi MR, Dowlati Y,. Rosacea fulminans (pyoderma faciale): successful treatment of a 3-year-old girl with oral isotretinoin. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40: 203-5.
45. Aroni K, Tsagroni E, Lazaris AC, et al. Rosacea: a clinicopathological approach. Dermatology 2004; 209: 177-82.
46. Marks R, Harcourt-Webster JN,. Histopathology of rosacea. Arch Dermatol 1969; 100: 683-91.
47. Helm KF, Menz J, Gibson LE, Dicken CH,. A clinical and histopathologic study of granulomatous rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 1038-43.
48. Jansen T, Regele D, Schirren CG, et al. [Persistent erythema and edema of the face associated with rosacea and lymph vessel dysplasia]. Hautarzt 1998; 49: 932-5.
49. Kerscher M, Reuther T,. Der Fluch der Kelten-kosmetische Aspekte bei der Rosazea. In: Rosazea. Klinik und aktuelle Therapie., Schöfer H, (Hrsg) Stuttgart, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003: 67-7.
50. Borelli C, Korting HC,. [Non-pharmacologic management of rosacea]. Hautarzt 2011; 62: 828-33.
51. Draelos ZD, Colon LE, Preston N, et al. The appearance of facial foundation cosmetics applied after metronidazole gel 1 %. Cutis 2011; 87: 251-9.
52. van Zuuren EJ, Kramer SF, Carter BR, et al. Effective and evidence-based management strategies for rosacea: summary of a Cochrane systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165: 760-81.
53. Dahl MV, Jarratt M, Kaplan D, et al. Once-daily topical metronidazole cream formulations in the treatment of the papules and pustules of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: 723-30.
54. Yoo J, Reid DC, Kimball AB,. Metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea: do formulation, dosing, and concentration matter ? J Drugs Dermatol 2006; 5: 317-9.
55. Maddin S,. A comparison of topical azelaic acid 20 % cream and topical metronidazole 0.75 % cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 961-5.
56. Elewski BE, Fleischer AB, Jr., Pariser DM,. A comparison of 15 % azelaic acid gel and 0.75 % metronidazole gel in the topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of a randomized trial. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 1444-50.
57. Wolf JE, Jr., Kerrouche N, Arsonnaud S,. Efficacy and safety of once-daily metronidazole 1 % gel compared with twice-daily azelaic acid 15 % gel in the treatment of rosacea. Cutis 2006; 77: 3-11.
58. Del Rosso JQ, Bhatia N,. Azelaic acid gel 15 % in the management of papulopustular rosacea: a status report on available efficacy data and clinical application. Cutis 2011; 88: 67-72.
59. Signore RJ,. A pilot study of 5 percent permethrin cream versus 0.75 percent metronidazole gel in acne rosacea. Cutis 1995; 56: 177-9.
60. Del Rosso JQ,. Medical treatment of rosacea with emphasis on topical therapies. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004; 5: 5-13.
61. Wilkin JK, DeWitt S,. Treatment of rosacea: topical clindamycin versus oral tetracycline. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32: 65-7.
62. Altinyazar HC, Koca R, Tekin NS, Esturk E,. Adapalene vs. metronidazole gel for the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44: 252-5.
63. Korting HC, Schollmann C,. Current topical and systemic approaches to treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 876-82.
64. Vienne MP, Ochando N, Borrel MT, et al. Retinaldehyde alleviates rosacea. Dermatology 1999; 199 Suppl 1: 53-6.
65. Bamford JT, Elliott BA, Haller IV,. Tacrolimus effect on rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 107-8.
66. Pelle MT, Crawford GH, James WD,. Rosacea: II. Therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 499-512; quiz 13-4.
67. Chu CY,. The use of 1 % pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 396-9.
68. Cunha PR, Rossi AB,. Pimecrolimus cream 1 % is effective in a case of granulomatous rosacea. Acta Derm Venereol 2006; 86: 71-2.
69. Koca R, Altinyazar HC, Ankarali H, et al. A comparison of metronidazole 1 % cream and pimecrolimus 1 % cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea: a randomized open-label clinical trial. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35: 251-6.
70. Kim MB, Kim GW, Park HJ, et al. Pimecrolimus 1 % cream for the treatment of rosacea. J Dermatol 2011; 38: 1135-9.
71. Ozturkcan S, Ermertcan AT, Sahin MT, Afsar FS,. Efficiency of benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel in comparison with metronidazole gel in the treatment of acne rosacea. J Dermatol 2004; 31: 610-7.
72. Dahl MV, Katz HI, Krueger GG, et al. Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 679-83.
73. Fowler J, Jarratt M, Moore A, et al. Brimonidine Phase IISG. Once-daily topical brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5 % is a novel treatment for moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea: results of two multicentre, randomized and vehicle-controlled studies. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 633-41.
74. Tirnaksiz F, Kayis A, Celebi N, et al. Preparation and evaluation of topical microemulsion system containing metronidazole for remission in rosacea. Chem Pharm Bull 2012; 60: 583-92.
75. Sneddon IB,. A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. Br J Dermatol 1966; 78: 649-52.
76. Baldwin HE,. Systemic therapy for rosacea. Skin Therapy Lett 2007; 12: 1-5, 9.
77. Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R,. Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 258-65.
78. Kanada KN, Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL,. Doxycycline indirectly inhibits proteolytic activation of tryptic kallikrein-related peptidases and activation of cathelicidin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132: 1435-42.
79. Maibach H,. Second-generation tetracyclines, a dermatologic overview: clinical uses and pharmacology. Cutis 1991; 48: 411-7.
80. Berman B, Perez OA, Zell D,. Update on rosacea and anti-inflammatory-dose doxycycline. Drugs Today 2007; 43: 27-34.
81. McKeage K, Deeks ED,. Doxycycline 40 mg capsules (30 mg immediate-release/10 mg delayed-release beads): anti-inflammatory dose in rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010; 11: 217-22.
82. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Jackson M, et al. Two randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 791-802.
83. Del Rosso JQ, Schlessinger J, Werschler P,. Comparison of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline versus doxycycline 100 mg in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 573-6.
84. Pfeffer I, Borelli C, Zierhut M, Schaller M,. Treatment of ocular rosacea with 40 mg doxycycline in a slow release form. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9: 904-7.
85. Smith K, Leyden JJ,. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Therap 2005; 27: 1329-42.
86. Lebrun-Vignes B, Kreft-Jais C, Castot A, et al. French Network of Regional Centers of P. Comparative analysis of adverse drug reactions to tetracyclines: results of a French national survey and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 1333-41.
87. Korting HC, Schollmann C,. Tetracycline actions relevant to rosacea treatment. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 22: 287-94.
88. Torresani C, Pavesi A, Manara GC,. Clarithromycin versus doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 942-6.
89. Bakar O, Demircay Z, Gurbuz O,. Therapeutic potential of azithromycin in rosacea. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 151-4.
90. Pye RJ, Burton JL,. Treatment of rosacea by metronidazole. Lancet 1976; 1: 1211-2.
91. Saihan EM, Burton JL,. A double-blind trial of metronidazole versus oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. Br J Dermatol 1980; 102: 443-5.
92. Marks R, Ellis J,. Comparative effectiveness of tetracycline and ampicillin in rosacea. A controlled trial. Lancet 1971; 2: 1049-52.
93. Nikolowski J, Plewig G,. [Rosacea. Oral therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid]. Hautarzt 1980; 31: 660-1.
94. Schmidt JB, Raff M,. [13-Cis-retinoic acid: a new form of treatment of rosacea (author's transl)]. Wien Klin Wochensch 1982; 94: 115-8.
95. Marsden JR, Shuster S, Neugebauer M,. Response of rosacea to isotretinoin. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984; 9: 484-8.
96. Hoting E, Paul E, Plewig G,. Treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25: 660-3.
97. Erdogan FG, Yurtsever P, Aksoy D, Eskioglu F,. Efficacy of low-dose isotretinoin in patients with treatment-resistant rosacea. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 884-5.
98. Gollnick H, Blume-Peytavi U, Szabo EL, et al. Systemic isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea-doxycycline-and placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2010; 8: 505-15.
99. Bostanci O, Borelli C, Schaller M,. Treatment of extrafacial rosacea with low-dose isotretinoin. Act Dermatol Venereol 2010; 90: 409-10.
100. Fowler JF, Jr,. Combined effect of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, usp monohydrate controlled-release capsules) and metronidazole topical gel 1 % in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6: 641-5.
101. Sanchez J, Somolinos AL, Almodovar PI, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the combined effect of doxycycline hyclate 20-mg tablets and metronidazole 0.75 % topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 791-7.
102. Del Rosso JQ, Bruce S, Jarratt M, et al. Efficacy of topical azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15 % plus oral doxycycline 40 mg versus metronidazole gel 1 % plus oral doxycycline 40 mg in mild-to-moderate papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9: 607-13.
103. Bhatia ND, Del Rosso JQ,. Optimal management of papulopustular rosacea: rationale for combination therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11: 838-44.
104. Nybaek H, Jemec GB,. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of rosacea. Dermatology 2005; 211: 135-8.
105. Bryld LE, Jemec GB,. Photodynamic therapy in a series of rosacea patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 1199-202.
106. Maisch T, Szeimies RM, Jori G, Abels C,. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 907-17.
107. Dahan S,. Laser and intense pulsed light management of couperose and rosacea. Annal Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138 Suppl 3: S219-22.
108. Neuhaus IM, Zane LT, Tope WD,. Comparative efficacy of nonpurpuragenic pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 920-8.
109. Papageorgiou P, Clayton W, Norwood S, et al. Treatment of rosacea with intense pulsed light: significant improvement and long-lasting results. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 628-32.
110. Goldberg DJ,. Lasers and light sources for rosacea. Cutis 2005; 75: 22-6.
111. Bahmer F, Drosner M, Hohenleutner U, et al. Recommendation for laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007; 5: 1036-42.
112. Schroeter CA, Haaf-von Below S, Neumann HA,. Effective treatment of rosacea using intense pulsed light systems. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 1285-9.
113. 2 laser. Aesthet Plast Surg 2004; 28: 456-60.
114. Sadick H, Riedel F, Bran G,. [Rhinophyma in rosacea. What does surgery achieve?]. Hautarzt 2011; 62: 834-41.
115. Petres J., [Therapy of rhinophyma]. Hautarzt 1985; 36: 433-5.
116. Schechter BA, Katz RS, Friedman LS,. Efficacy of topical cyclosporine for the treatment of ocular rosacea. Adv Ther 2009; 26: 651-9.
117. Rubin M, Rao SN,. Efficacy of topical cyclosporin 0.05 % in the treatment of posterior blepharitis. J Ocular Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22: 47-53.
118. Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, et al. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05 % in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 2006; 25: 171-5.
119. Foulks GN, Borchman D, Yappert M, et al. Topical azithromycin therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction: clinical response and lipid alterations. Cornea 2010; 29: 781-8.
120. Haque RM, Torkildsen GL, Brubaker K, et al. Multicenter open-label study evaluating the efficacy of azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1 % on the signs and symptoms of subjects with blepharitis. Cornea 2010; 29: 871-7.
121. Jansen T, Plewig G,. [The oral treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1995; 120: 1745-7.
122. Bhat YJ, Manzoor S, Qayoom S,. Steroid-induced rosacea: a clinical study of 200 patients. Ind J of Dermatol 2011; 56: 30-2.
123. Krause MH, Torricelli R, Kundig T, et al. [Dapsone in granulomatous rosacea]. Hautarzt 1997; 48: 246-8.
124. Renieri G, Brochhausen C, Pfeiffer N, Pitz S,. [Chronic eyelid oedema and rosacea (Morbus Morbihan): diagnostic and therapeutic challenges]. Klin Monatbl Augenheilkd 2011; 228: 19-24.