Efficient fabrication of nanoporous Si and Si/Ge enabled by a heat scavenger in magnesiothermic reactions

Scientific Reports

Volumn 3, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Luo, Wei ^a   Wang, Xingfeng ^a   Meyers, Colin ^b   Wannenmacher, Nick ^b   Sirisaksoontorn, Weekit ^a   Lerner, Michael M ^a   Ji, Xiulei ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Oregon State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GERMANIUM; GERMANIUM DIOXIDE; NANOMATERIAL; SILICON; SILICON DIOXIDE;

CHEMISTRY; HEAT; POROSITY; SYNTHESIS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; ARTICLE;

CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, SYNTHETIC; GERMANIUM; HOT TEMPERATURE; NANOSTRUCTURES; POROSITY; SILICON; SILICON DIOXIDE;

EID: 84880338887     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep02222     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 291, 851-853 (2001). (Pubitemid 32120751)
2. Liu, A. et al. A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor. Nature 427, 615-618 (2004). (Pubitemid 38248476)
3. Henderson, E. J. et al. Colloidally stable silicon nanocrystals with near-infrared photoluminescence for biological fluorescence imaging. Small 7, 2507-2516 (2011).
4. Baratto, C. et al. Front-side micromachined porous silicon nitrogen dioxide gas sensor. Thin Solid Films 391, 261-264 (2001). (Pubitemid 32573564)
5. Li, Y. Y. et al. Polymer replicas of photonic porous silicon for sensing and drug delivery applications. Science 299, 2045-2047 (2003). (Pubitemid 36383727)
6. Cui, L. F., Ruffo, R., Chan, C. K., Peng, H. & Cui, Y. Crystalline-amorphous core2shell silicon nanowires for high capacity and high current battery electrodes. Nano Lett. 9, 491-495 (2009).
7. Chan, C. K. et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 31-35 (2008).
8. Chen, D. et al. Reversible lithium-ion storage in silver-treated nanoscale hollow porous silicon particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 2409-2413 (2012).
9. Nagamori, M.,Malinsky, I. & Claveau, A. Thermodynamics of the Si-C-O system for the production of silicon carbide and metallic silicon. Metall. Trans. B 17, 503-514 (1986).
10. Morales, A. M. & Lieber, C. M. A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires. Science 279, 208-211 (1998). (Pubitemid 28103874)
11. Cunin, F. et al. Biomolecular screening with encoded porous-silicon photonic crystals. Nat. Mater. 1, 39-41 (2002).
12. Nohira, T., Yasuda, K. & Ito, Y. Pinpoint and bulk electrochemical reduction of insulating silicon dioxide to silicon. Nat. Mater. 2, 397-401 (2003).
13. Jin, X., Gao, P., Wang, D., Hu, X. & Chen, G. Z. Electrochemical preparation of silicon and its alloys from solid oxides in molten calcium chloride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 733-736 (2004). (Pubitemid 38197056)
14. Cho, S. K., Fan, F.-R. F. & Bard, A. J. Electrodeposition of crystalline and photoactive silicon directly from silicon dioxide nanoparticles in molten CaCl2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12740-12744 (2012).
15. Bux, S. K. et al. Rapid solid-state synthesis of nanostructured silicon. Chem. Mater. 22, 2534-2540 (2010).
16. Bao, Z. et al. Chemical reduction of three-dimensional silica micro-assemblies into microporous silicon replicas. Nature 446, 172-175 (2007). (Pubitemid 46398663)
17. Richman, E. K., Kang, C. B., Brezesinski, T. & Tolbert, S. H. Ordered mesoporous silicon through magnesium reduction of polymer templated silica thin films. Nano Lett. 8, 3075-3079 (2008).
18. Gallego-Gomez, F. et al. Light emission from nanocrystalline Si inverse opals and controlled passivation by atomic layer deposited Al2O3. Adv. Mater. 23, 5219-5223 (2011).
19. Khripin, C. Y., Pristinski, D., Dunphy, D. R., Brinker, C. J. & Kaehr, B. Proteindirected assembly of arbitrary three-dimensional nanoporous silica architectures. Acs Nano 5, 1401-1409 (2011).
20. Zhang, Y. & Huang, J. Hierarchical nanofibrous silicon as replica of natural cellulose substance. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7161-7165 (2011).
21. Yoo, J. K., Kim, J., Jung, Y. S. & Kang, K. Scalable fabrication of silicon nanotubes and their application to energy storage. Adv. Mater. 24, 5452-5456 (2012).
22. Tao, H. C., Fan, L. Z. & Qu, X. Facile synthesis of ordered porous Si@C nanorods as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 71, 194-200 (2012).
23. Yu, Y. et al. Reversible storage of lithium in silver-coated three-dimensional macroporous silicon. Adv. Mater. 22, 2247-2250 (2010).
24. Dean, J. A. Langer's Handbook of Chemistry. 15th edn (McGraw-Hill, 1999).
25. Liu, X., Giordano, C. & Antonietti, M. A molten-salt route for synthesis of Si and Ge nanoparticles: chemical reduction of oxides by electrons solvated in salt melt. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 5454-5459 (2012).
26. Zalba, B., Mar?n? J. M., Cabeza, L. F. & Mehling, H. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 23, 251-283 (2003). (Pubitemid 35460092)
27. Xu, D. et al. Optical Absorption and Photoluminescence Studies of Free-Standing Porous Silicon Films with High Porosities. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 5468-5471 (1999). (Pubitemid 129702769)
28. Hai, N. H., Grigoriants, I. & Gedanken, A. Converting stober silica and mediterranean sand to high surface area silicon by a reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 10521-10526 (2009).
29. Shen, L., Guo, X., Fang, X., Wang, Z. & Chen, L. Magnesiothermically reduced diatomaceous earth as a porous silicon anode material for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 213, 229-232 (2012).
30. Wang, M.-S., Fan, L.-Z., Huang, M., Li, J. & Qu, X. Conversion of diatomite to porous Si/C composites as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 219, 29-35 (2012).
31. Won, C. W., Nersisyan, H. H. , Won, H. I. Solar-grade silicon powder prepared by combining combustion synthesis with hydrometallurgy. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 745-750 (2011).
32. Lee, M. L., Fitzgerald, E. A., Bulsara, M. T., Currie, M. T. & Lochtefeld, A. Strained Si, SiGe, and Ge channels for high-mobility metal-oxide-semiconductor fieldeffect transistors. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 011101-011128 (2005).
33. Joshi, G. et al. Enhanced Thermoelectric Figure-of-Merit in Nanostructured p-type Silicon Germanium Bulk Alloys. Nano Lett. 8, 4670-4674 (2008).
34. Mingo, N., Hauser, D., Kobayashi, N. P., Plissonnier, M. & Shakouri, A. "Nanoparticle-in-Alloy" Approach to Efficient Thermoelectrics: Silicides in SiGe. Nano Lett. 9, 711-715 (2009).
35. Song, T. et al. Si/Ge Double-Layered Nanotube Array as a Lithium Ion Battery Anode. Acs Nano 6, 303-309 (2012).
36. Hwang, C. M. & Park, J. W. Electrochemical characterizations of multi-layer and composite silicon-germanium anodes for Li-ion batteries using magnetron sputtering. J.Power Sources 196, 6772-6780 (2011).
37. Wang, J. Z., Du, N., Zhang, H., Yu, J. X. & Yang, D. R. Cu-Si1-xGex core shell nanowire arrays as three-dimensional electrodes for high-rate capability lithiumion batteries. J.Power Sources 208, 434-439 (2012).
38. Strandwitz, N. C. & Stucky, G. D. Hollow Microporous Cerium Oxide Spheres Templated By Colloidal Silica. Chem. Mater. 21, 4577-4582 (2009).
39. Galamba, N., de Castro, C. N. & Ely, J. Thermal conductivity of molten alkali halides from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8676-8682 (2004).