Role of theory of mind and executive function in explaining social intelligence: A structural equation modeling approach

Aging and Mental Health

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 527-534

  Yeh, Zai Ting ^a  

^a FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Executive function; Social intelligence; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; TAIWAN; THEORY OF MIND; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; TAIWAN; THEORY OF MIND;

EID: 84880167926     PISSN: 13607863     EISSN: 13646915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2012.758235     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Bailey, P.E., & Henry, J.D. (2008). Growing less empathic with age: disinhibition of the self-perspective. Journals of Gerontology Series B - Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 63, 219-226.
3. Bailey, P.E., Henry, J.D., & Hippel, W.V. (2008). Empathy and social functioning in late adulthood. Aging & Mental Health, 12, 499-503.
4. Barnes, M.L., & Sternberg, R.J. (1989). Social intelligence and decoding of nonverbal cues. Intelligence, 13, 263-287.
5. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13-25.
6. Baron-Cohen, S., O'Riordan, M., Stone, V.E., Jones, R., & Plaisted, K. (1999a). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism development disorder, 29, 407-418.
7. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Moriarty, J., & Schmitz, B. (1994). Recognition of mental state terms: Clinical findings in children with autism and a functional neuroimaging study of normal adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 640-649.
8. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H.A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M.J., & Simmons, A. (1999b). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891-1898.
9. Beadle, J.N., Paradiso, S., Kovach, C., Polgreen, L., Denburg, N.L., & Tranel, D. (2012). Effects of age-related differences in empathy on social economic decision-making. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 822-833.
10. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fix indexes in structural models. Psychology Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
11. Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
12. Bibby, H., & McDonald, S. (2005). Theory of mind after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 43, 99-114.
13. Brayne, C., Gill, C., Huppert, F.A., Barkley, C., Gehlhaar, E., & Girling, D.M. (1995). Incidence of clinically diagnosed subtypes of dementia in an elderly population. Cambridge Project for Later Life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 255-262.
14. Brinkman, S.D., Largen, J.W., Gerganoff, S., & Pomara, N. (1983). Russell's Revised Wechsler Memory Scale in the evaluation of dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 989-993.
15. Bryan, J., & Luszcz, M.A. (2000). Measurement of executive function: Consideration for detecting adult age differences. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 40-55.
16. Capage, L., & Watson, A.C. (2001). Individual differences in theory of mind, aggressive behavior, and social skills in young children. Early Education and Development, 12, 613-628.
17. Dennett, D.C. (1978). Beliefs about beliefs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 568-570.
18. Duval, C., Piolino, P., Bejanin, A., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Duval, C. (2011). Age effects on different components of theory of mind. Consciousness & Cognition, 20, 627-642.
19. Fine, C., Lumsden, J., & Blair, R. (2001). Dissociation between "theory of mind" and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage. Brain, 124, 287-298.
20. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinical. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
21. Ford, M.E., & Tisak, M.S. (1983). A further search for social intelligence. Journal of Eductaional Psychology, 75, 197-206.
22. Frye, D., Zelazo, P.D., & Palfai, T. (1995). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 10, 483-527.
23. Gallagher, H.L., & Frith, C.D. (2003). Functional imaging of 'theory of mind'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 77-83.
24. Gallagher, H., Happe, F., Brunswick, N., Fletcher, P., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000). Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of the mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38, 11-21.
25. Happe, F. (1994). An Advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters's thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 24, 129-154.
26. Happe, F., Brownell, H., & Winner, E. (1999). Acquired "theory of mind" impairments following stroke. Cognition, 70, 211-240.
27. Happe, F.G., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: theory of mind in old age. Developmental Psychology, 34, 358-362.
28. Hogg, J.R., & Heller, K. (1990). A measure of relational competence for community-dwelling elderly. Psychology and Aging, 5, 580-588.
29. Hua, M.-S., Chang, S.-H., & Chen, S.-T. (1997). Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults. Neuropsychology, 11, 156-162.
30. Hughes, C., Jaffee, S.R., Happe, F., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T.E. (2005). Origins of individual differences in theory of mind: From nature to nurture? Child Development, 76, 356-370.
31. Hughes, C., White, A., Sharpen, J., & Dunn, J. (2000). Antisocial, angry, and unsympathetic: "Hard-to-manage" preschoolers' peer problems and possible cognitive influences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 169-179.
32. Johnson, J.A., Cheek, J.M., & Smither, R. (1983). The structure of empathy. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 45, 1299-1312.
33. Koven, N.S., & Thomas, W. (2010). Mapping facets of alexithymia to executive dysfunction in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 24-28.
34. MacPherson, S.E., Phillips, L.H., & Della, S.S. (2002). Age, executive function and social decision making: A dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging. Psychology & Aging, 17, 598-609.
35. McKinnon, M.C., & Moscovitch, M. (2007). Domaingeneral contributions to social reasoning: Theory of mind and deontic reasoning re-explored. Cognition, 102, 179-218.
36. Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90-100.
37. Mitchell, R.J. (1992). Testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses using path analysis and structural equation modelling. Functional Ecology, 6, 123-129.
38. Moses, L.J. (2001). Executive accounts of theory of mind development. Child development, 72, 688-690.
39. Nelson, H.E. (1976). A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex, 12, 313-324.
40. Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B.F., & Rogers, S.J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 32, 1081-1105.
41. Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). "John thinks that Mary thinks that. . .". Attribution of second-order false beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 437-471.
42. Phillips, L.H., Bull, R., Allen, R., Insch, P., Burr, K., & Ogg, W. (2011). Lifespan aging and belief reasoning: Influences of executive function and social cue decoding. Cognition, 120, 236-247.
43. Pinsker, D.M., McFarland, K., & Pachana, N.A. (2010). Exploitation in older adults: Social vulnerability and personal competence factors. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29, 740-761.
44. Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515-526.
45. Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1978). When is attribution of beliefs justified? Commentary on D. Premack & G. Woodruff, Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 592-593.
46. Qualter, P., Barlow, A., & Stylianou, M.S. (2011). Investigating the relationship between trait and ability emotional intelligence and theory of mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 437-454.
47. Rakoczy, H., Harder-Kasten, A., & Sturm, L. (2012). The decline of theory of mind in old age is (partly) mediated by developmental changes in domain-general abilities. British Journal of Psychology, 103, 58-72.
48. Rezai, K. (1993). The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex. Archives of Neurology, 50, 636-642.
49. Riggs, N.R., Jahromi, L.B., Razza, R.P., Dillworth-Bart, J.E., & Mueller, U. (2006). Executive function and the promotion of social-emotional competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 300-309.
50. Roncone, R. (2002). Is theory of mind in schizophrenia more strongly associated with clinical and social functioning than with neurocognitive deficits? Psychopathology, 35, 280-288.
51. Rowe, A.D., Bullock, P.R., Polkey, C.E., & Morris, R.G. (2001). 'Theory of mind' impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 124, 600-616.
52. Shamary-Tsoory, S., Tomer, R., Berger, B., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2003). Characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage: The role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 324-337.
53. Silvera, D.H., Martinussen, M., & Dahl, T. (2001). The tromso social intelligence scale, a self-report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 313-319.
54. Stone V, .E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 640-656.
55. Stuss, D.T. (1992). Biological and psychological development of executive functions. Brain and Cognition, 20, 8-23.
56. Sulman, J., & Wilkinson, S. (1989). An activity group for long-stay elderly patients in an acute care hospital: Program evaluation. Canadian Journal on Aging, 8, 34-50.
57. Tombaugh, T.N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 167-177.
58. Watson, A.C., Nixon, C.L., Wilson, A., & Capage, L. (1999). Social interaction skills and theory of mind in young children. Developmental Psychology, 35, 386-391.
59. Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 19, 87-95.
60. Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale. Oxford, England: Psychological Corp.
61. West, R.L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272-292.
62. Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
63. Yeh, Z.T., Hua, M.S., & Liu, S.I. (2009). Guess what I think? The reliability and validity of Chinese theory of mind tasks and performance in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 51, 375-395.
64. Yip, P.K., Shyu, Y.I., Liu, S.I., Lee, J.Y., Chou, C.F., & Chen, R.C. (1992). An epidemiological survey of dementia among elderly in an urban district of Taipei. Acta Neurologica Sinica, 1, 347-354.
65. Yuasa, M., Ikeno, T., & Ukawa, S. (2012). Relationship of general trust with individual health and life related factors among frail elderly residents at home in Hokkaido rural areas in Japan. Health, 4, 327-333.
66. Zins, J.E., Elias, M.J., Greenberg, M.T., & Weissberg, R.P. (2000). Preventing school problems promoting school success: Strategies and programs that work. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.