Adapting global influenza management strategies to address emerging viruses

American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Volumn 305, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Noah, Diana L ^a   Noah, James W ^a  

^a SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Flu; H7N9; Influenza; Surveillance; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

ADAMANTANE DERIVATIVE; DAS 181; INACTIVATED VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; OSELTAMIVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZANAMIVIR;

2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; AVIAN INFLUENZA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA VIRUS; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASONAL VARIATION; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

FLU; H7N9; INFLUENZA; SURVEILLANCE; VACCINATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; GENETIC DRIFT; HUMANS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; PANDEMICS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC;

EID: 84880141504     PISSN: 10400605     EISSN: 15221504     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00105.2013     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Acha PN, Szyfres B. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003.
2. Aoki FY, Macleod MD, Paggiaro P, Carewicz O, El Sawy A, Wat C, Griffiths M, Waalberg E, Ward P; IMPACT Study Group. Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 123-129, 2003.
3. Bewick T, Myles P, Greenwood S, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Brett SJ, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Bannister B, Read RC, Taylor BL, McMenamin J, Enstone JE, Nicholson KG, Lim WS; Influenza Clinical Information Network. Clinical and laboratory features distinguishing pandemic H1N1 influenza-related pneumonia from interpandemic community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 66: 247-252, 2011.
4. Bloomberg News. Bird flu surge in China spurs H7N9 pandemic vaccine preparations. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-15/bird-flu-surgein-china-spurs-h7n9-pandemic-vaccine-preparations.html. 2013. Accessed April 15, 2013.
5. Bright RA, Carter DM, Daniluk S, Toapanta FR, Ahmad A, Gavrilov V, Massare M, Pushko P, Mytle N, Rowe T, Smith G, Ross TM. Influenza virus-like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin. Vaccine 25: 3871-3878, 2007.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC issues interim recommendations for the use of influenza antiviral medications in the setting of oseltamivir resistance among circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses, 2008-09 influenza season. Health Alert Network. CDCHAN-00279-2008-12-19-ADV-N, 2008.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC FluView: week ending May 20, 2010. http://www.CDC.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2009-2010/ 09-10summary.htm. 2010. Accessed April 17, 2013.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents-United States, 2005-06 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55: 1-2, 2006.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim adjusted estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness-United States, February 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 119-123, 2013.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC estimates of 2009 H1N1 cases and related hospitalizations and death from April 2009 through March 13, 2010, by age group. http://www.CDC.gov/h1n1flu/pdf/ grapH+March%202010.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2013.
11. Chamni S, De-Eknamkul W. Recent progress and challenges in the discovery of new neuraminidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Therapeut Patents 23: 409-423, 2013.
12. Chan MC, Cheung CY, Chui WH, Tsao SW, Nicholls JM, Chan YO, Long HT, Poon LL, Guan Y, Peiris JS. Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 6: 135, 2005.
13. Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, Wu N, Gao H, Sheng J, Yao H, Wo J, Fang Q, Cui D, Li Y, Yao X, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zheng S, Diao H, Xia S, Zhang Y, Chan KH, Tsoi HW, Teng JL, Song W, Wang P, Lau SY, Zheng M, Chan JF, To KK, Chen H, Li L, Yuen KY. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. Lancet doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(13)60903-4. [Epub ahead of print]
14. Coburn BJ, Wagner BG, Blower S. Modeling influenza epidemics and pandemics: insights into the future of swine flu (H1N1). BMC Med 7: 30, 2009.
15. de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, Hien VM, Smith GJ, Chau TN, Hoang DM, Chau NV, Khanh TH, Dong VC, Qui PT, Cam BV, Ha do Q, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Chinh NT, Hien TT, Farrar J. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med 12: 1203-1207, 2006.
16. de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Vo MH, Smith GJ, Nguyen VC, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Do QH, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Tran TH, Farrar J. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med 353: 2667-2672, 2005.
17. Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE. Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study. BMJ 339: b5213, 2009.
18. Dreyfus C, Laursen NS, Kwaks T, Zuijdgeest D, Khayat R, Ekiert DC, Lee JH, Metlagel Z, Bujny MV, Jongeneelen M, van der Vlugt R, Lamrani M, Korse HJ, Geelen E, Sahin Ö, Sieuwerts M, Brakenhoff JP, Vogels R, Li OT, Poon LL, Peiris M, Koudstaal W, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Goudsmit J, Friesen RH. Highly conserved protective epitopes on influenza B viruses. Science 337: 1343-1348, 2012.
19. Du Ry van Beest Holle M, Meijer A, Koopmans M, de Jager CM. Human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A/H7N7, The Netherlands, 2003. Euro Surveill 10: 264-268, 2005.
20. Enserink M. Infectious disease. Old drugs losing effectiveness against flu; could statins fill gap? Science 309: 1976-1977, 2005.
21. Fierce Biotech. VaxInnate's Universal flu vaccine candidate shown safe and immunogenic in phase I clinical study. http://www.fiercebiotech.com/ press-releases/vaxinnates-universal-flu-vaccine-candidate-shown-safe-andimmunogenic-phase-i-clinica. 2013. Accessed April 17, 2013.
22. Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, Gubareva L, Bresee JS, Uyeki TM; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza-recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 60: 1-24, 2011.
23. Fiore AE, Shay DK, Haber P, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, Bresee JS, Cox NJ; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. MMWR Recomm Rep 56: 1-54, 2007.
24. Ford SM, Grabenstein JD. Pandemics, avian influenza A (H5N1), and a strategy for pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy 26: 312-322, 2006.
25. Fouchier RA, Garcia-Sastre A, Kawaoka Y, Barclay WS, Bouvier NM, Brown IH, Capua I, Chen H, Compans RW, Couch RB, Cox NJ, Doherty PC, Donis RO, Feldmann H, Guan Y, Katz JM, Kiselev OI, Klenk HD, Kobinger G, Liu J, Liu X, Lowen A, Mettenleiter TC, Osterhaus AD, Palese P, Peiris JS, Perez DR, Richt JA, Schultz-Cherry S, Steel J, Subbarao K, Swayne DE, Takimoto T, Tashiro M, Taubenberger JK, Thomas PG, Tripp RA, Tumpey TM, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Transmission studies resume for avian flu. Science 339: 520-521, 2013.
26. Franco-Paredes C, Hernandez-Ramos I, Del Rio C, Alexander KT, Tapia-Conyer R, Santos-Preciado JI. H1N1 influenza pandemics: comparing the events of 2009 in Mexico with those of 1976 and 1918-1919. Arch Med Res 40: 669-672, 2009.
27. Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Kuno-Maekawa M, Sangawa H, Uehara S, Kozaki K, Nomura N, Egawa H, Shiraki K. Mechanism of action of T-705 against influenza virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 981-986, 2005.
28. Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, Feng Z, Wang D, Hu W, Chen J, Jie Z, Qiu H, Xu K, Xu X, Lu H, Zhu W, Gao Z, Xiang N, Shen Y, He Z, Gu Y, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhou L, Li X, Zou S, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang L, Guo J, Dong J, Li Q, Dong L, Zhu Y, Bai T, Wang S, Hao P, Yang W, Zhang Y, Han J, Yu H, Li D, Gao GF, Wu G, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Shu Y. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med 368: 1888-1897, 2013.
29. GISAID. Global initiative on sharing avian influenza data (GISAID). http://platform.GISAID.org/epi3/frontend#5e658c2013. Accessed May 12, 2013.
30. Gubareva LV, Webster RG, Hayden FG. Comparison of the activities of zanamivir, oseltamivir, and RWJ-270201 against clinical isolates of influenza virus and neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 3403-3408, 2001.
31. Halasa NB. Update on the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 22: 83-87, 2010.
32. Hampson AW, Mackenzie JS. The influenza viruses. Med J Aust 185: S39-S43, 2006.
33. Han J, Niu F, Jin M, Want L, Liu J, Zhang P, Xie B, Wu X, Wen D, Ji L, Liu G, Yang Z, Zhang C, Zhou D, Leng Q, Lan K. Clinical presentation and sequence analyses of HA and NA antigens of the novel H7N9 viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2: e23, 2013. doi:10.1038/ emi.2013.28
34. Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M, Das SC, Ozawa M, Shinya K, Zhong G, Hanson A, Katsura H, Watanabe S, Li C, Kawakami E, Yamada S, Kiso M, Suzuki Y, Maher EA, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486: 420-428, 2012.
35. Ito T, Kawaoka Y. Host-range barrier of influenza A viruses. Vet Microbiol 74: 71-75, 2000.
36. Jonges M, Meijer A, Fouchier R, Koch G, Li J, Pan J, Chen H, Shu Y, Koopmans M. Guiding outbreak management by the use of influenza A(H7Nx) virus sequence analysis. Euro Surveill 18: pii 20460, 2013.
37. Jul-Larsen A, Madhun AS, Brokstad KA, Montomoli E, Yusibov V, Cox RJ. The human potential of a recombinant pandemic influenza vaccine produced in tobacco plants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 8: 653-661, 2012.
38. Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H, Meijer A, van Steenbergen J, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A, Bosman A. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet 363: 587-593, 2004.
39. Laursen NS, Wilson IA. Broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses. Antiviral Res 98: 476-483, 2013.
40. Lin KL, Sweeney S, Kang BD, Ramsburg E, Gunn MD. CCR2-antagonist prophylaxis reduces pulmonary immune pathology and markedly improves survival during influenza infection. J Immunol 186: 508-515, 2011.
41. Lindstrom SE, Cox NJ, Klimov A. Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events. Virology 328: 101-119, 2004.
42. Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Nizam A, Yang Y. Containing pandemic influenza with antiviral agents. Am J Epidemiol 159: 623-633, 2004.
43. Marche S, Claes G, Van Borm S, Vangeluwe D, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Different replication profiles in specific-pathogen-free chickens of two H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds. Avian Dis 56: 959-965, 2012.
44. McCullers JA. Effect of antiviral treatment on the outcome of secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza. J Infect Dis 190: 519-526, 2004.
45. Meltzer MI, Bridges CB. Economic analysis of influenza vaccination and treatment. Ann Intern Med 138: 608; author reply 608-609, 2003.
46. Meltzer MI, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 659-671, 1999.
47. Mereckiene J, Cotter S, D'Ancona F, Giambi C, Nicoll A, Levy-Bruhl D, Lopalco PL, Weber JT, Johansen K, Dematte L, Salmaso S, Stefanoff P, Greco D, Dorleans F, Polkowska A, O'Flanagan D; VENICE project gatekeepers group. Differences in national influenza vaccination policies across the European Union, Norway and Iceland 2008-2009. Euro Surveill 15: 44, 2010.
48. Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M. Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza. Nature 432: 904-906, 2004.
49. Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, Thompson WW, Wortley PM, Weintraub E, Bridges CB. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine 25: 5086-5096, 2007.
50. Moseley CE, Webster RG, Aldridge JR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 4: 307-311, 2010.
51. Moss RB, Hansen C, Sanders RL, Hawley S, Li T, Steigbigel RT. A phase II study of DAS181, a novel host directed antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection. J Infect Dis 206: 1844-1851, 2012.
52. Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W. A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein. Nat Med 5: 1157-1163, 1999.
53. Nicholson KG. Clinical features of influenza. Semin Respir Infect 7: 26-37, 2010.
54. Noah DL, Krug RM. Influenza virus virulence and its molecular determinants. Adv Virus Res 65: 121-145, 2005.
55. Olsen CW, Brammer L, Easterday BC, Arden N, Belay E, Baker I, Cox NJ. Serologic evidence of H1 swine influenza virus infection in swine farm residents and employees. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 814-819, 2002.
56. Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Lennerstrand J, Olsen B. Detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza A viruses isolated from wild birds. PloS One 6: e16028, 2011.
57. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 36-44, 2012.
58. Patel M, Dennis A, Flutter C, Khan Z. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. Br J Anaesth 104: 128-142, 2010.
59. Peters W, Brandl JR, Lindbloom JD, Martinez CJ, Scallan CD, Trager GR, Tingley DW, Kabongo ML, Tucker SN. Oral administration of an adenovirus vector encoding both an avian influenza A hemagglutinin and a TLR3 ligand induces antigen specific granzyme B and IFN-gamma T cell responses in humans. Vaccine 31: 1752-1758, 2013.
60. Phipps LP, Essen SC, Brown IH. Genetic subtyping of influenza A viruses using RT-PCR with a single set of primers based on conserved sequences within the HA2 coding region. J Virol Methods 122: 119-122, 2004.
61. Pinto LH, Lamb RA. The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses. J Biol Chem 281: 8997-9000, 2006.
62. Reuters. Egypt orders cull of pig herds, UN says a mistake. Alertnet April 29, 2009.
63. Russell CA, Fonville JM, Brown AE, Burke DF, Smith DL, James SL, Herfst S, van Boheemen S, Linster M, Schrauwen EJ, Katzelnick L, Mosterín A, Kuiken T, Maher E, Neumann G, Osterhaus AD, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RA, Smith DJ. The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host. Science 336: 1541-1547, 2012.
64. Russell RJ, Stevens DJ, Haire LF, Gamblin SJ, Skehel JJ. Avian and human receptor binding by hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses. Glycoconj J 23: 85-92, 2006.
65. Sato K, Suga M, Akaike T, Fujii S, Muranaka H, Doi T, Maeda H, Ando M. Therapeutic effect of erythromycin on influenza virus-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 853-857, 1998.
66. Scallan CD, Tingley DW, Lindbloom JD, Toomey JS, Tucker SN. An adenovirus-based vaccine with a double-stranded RNA adjuvant protects mice and ferrets against H5N1 avian influenza in oral delivery models. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20: 85-94, 2013.
67. Scholtissek C, Naylor E. Fish farming and influenza pandemics. Nature 331: 215, 1988.
68. Schotsaert M, Ysenbaert T, Neyt K, Ibanez LI, Bogaert P, Schepens B, Lambrecht BN, Fiers W, Saelens X. Natural and long-lasting cellular immune responses against influenza in the M2e-immune host. Mucosal Immunol 6: 276-287, 2013.
69. Shirey KA, Lai W, Scott AJ, Lipsky M, Mistry P, Pletneva LM, Karp CL, McAlees J, Gioannini TL, Weiss J, Chen WH, Ernst RK, Rossignol DP, Gusovsky F, Blanco JC, Vogel SN. The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection. Nature 497: 498-502, 2013.
70. Singleton JA. Influenza Vaccination Distribution and Coverage, United States, 2010-11 and 2011-12 Seasons. Meeting of the ACIP, October 26, 2011. http://www.CDC.gov/flu/pdf/fluvaxview/Singleton_Influenza_ ACIP26Oct2011.pdf.
71. Skehel JJ, Wiley DC. Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. Annu Rev Biochem 69: 531-569, 2000.
72. Subbarao EK, Kawaoka Y, Murphy BR. Rescue of an influenza A virus wild-type PB2 gene and a mutant derivative bearing a site-specific temperature-sensitive and attenuating mutation. J Virol 67: 7223-7228, 1993.
73. Sym D, Patel PN, El-Chaar GM. Seasonal, avian, and novel H1N1 influenza: prevention and treatment modalities. Ann Pharmacother 43: 2001-2011, 2009.
74. Szretter KJ, Gangappa S, Lu X, Smith C, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Sambhara S, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J Virol 81: 2736-2744, 2007.
75. Tang JW, Shetty N, Lam TT. Features of the new pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus: virology, epidemiology, clinical and public health aspects. Curr Opin Pulm Med 16: 235-241, 2010.
76. Tarendeau F, Crepin T, Guilligay D, Ruigrok RW, Cusack S, Hart DJ. Host determinant residue lysine 627 lies on the surface of a discrete, folded domain of influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000136, 2008.
77. Taubenberger JK. The origin and virulence of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus. Proc Am Philos Soc 150: 86-112, 2006.
78. Taylor DN, Treanor JJ, Strout C, Johnson C, Fitzgerald T, Kavita U, Ozer K, Tussey L, Shaw A. Induction of a potent immune response in the elderly using the TLR-5 agonist, flagellin, with a recombinant hemagglutinin influenza-flagellin fusion vaccine (VAX125, STF2. HA1 SI). Vaccine 29: 4897-4902, 2011.
79. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 292: 1333-1340, 2004.
80. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 289: 179-186, 2003.
81. Tian J, Qi W, Li X, He J, Jiao P, Zhang C, Liu GQ, Liao M. A single E627K mutation in the PB2 protein of H9N2 avian influenza virus increases virulence by inducing higher glucocorticoids (GCs) level. PloS One 7: e38233, 2012.
82. Treanor JJ, El Sahly H, King J, Graham I, Izikson R, Kohberger R, Patriarca P, Cox M. Protective efficacy of a trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin protein vaccine (FluBlok ®) against influenza in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine 29: 7733-7739, 2011.
83. United States Food and Drug Administration. Influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B: seasonal influenza vaccine. influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ ApprovedProducts/ucm094045.htm. 2013. Accessed April 17, 2013.
84. United States Food and Drug Administration. Summary minutes: Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, February 28-29, 2012. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/ committeesmeetingmaterials/bloodvaccinesandotherbiologics/vaccinesandrelated biologicalproductsadvisorycommittee/ucm296193.pdf. 2012. Accessed April 17, 2013.
85. United States Department of Agriculture. The Asian Bird Flu. http:// www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid_11425. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. Accessed April 17, 2013.
86. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Select Agent and Toxin List. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/programs/ag_selectagent/ ag_bioterr_toxinlist.shtml. 2012. Accessed June 4, 2013.
87. Viboud C, Miller M, Olson D, Osterholm M, Simonsen L. Preliminary estimates of mortality and years of life lost associated with the 2009 A/H1N1 Pandemic in the US and Comparison with past influenza seasons. PLoS Curr 2: RRN1153, 2010.
88. Webster RG, Wright SM, Castrucci MR, Bean WJ, Kawaoka Y. Influenza-a model of an emerging virus disease. Intervirology 35: 16-25, 1993.
89. Wei CJ, Yassine HM, McTamney PM, Gall JG, Whittle JR, Boyington JC, Nabel GJ. Elicitation of broadly neutralizing influenza antibodies in animals with previous influenza exposure. Sci Transl Med 4: 147ra114, 2012.
90. World Health Organization. WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/Files/Maps/ GISRS_20120925_1a.png. 2012. Accessed May 17, 2013.
91. World Health Organization. WHO global technical consultation: global standards and tools for influenza surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
92. Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic Influenza; Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR, Hayden FG, Hui DS, Kettner JD, Kumar A, Lim M, Shindo N, Penn C, Nicholson KG. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med 362: 1708-1719, 2010.
93. Wu SS, Yang P, Li HY, Ma CN, Zhang Y, Wang QY. The coverage rate and obstructive factors of influenza vaccine inoculation among residents aged above 18 years in Beijing from 2007 to 2010. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 45: 1077-1081, 2010.
94. Zheng BJ, Chan KW, Lin YP, Zhao GY, Chan C, Zhang HJ, Chen HL, Wong SS, Lau SK, Woo PC, Chan KH, Jin DY, Yuen KY. Delayed antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment still reduces mortality in mice infected by high inoculum of influenza A/H5N1 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 8091-8096, 2008.
95. Zhou NN, Senne DA, Landgraf JS, Swenson SL, Erickson G, Rossow K, Liu L, Yoon Kj, Krauss S, Webster RG. Genetic reassortment of avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses in American pigs. J Virol 73: 8851-8856, 1999.