Complexes of silver(I) ions and silver phosphate nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid and/or chitosan as promising antimicrobial agents for vascular grafts

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 13592-13614

  Chudobova, Dagmar ^a   Nejdl, Lukas ^a   Gumulec, Jaromir ^b   Krystofova, Olga ^c   Rodrigo, Miguel Angel Merlos ^a   Kynicky, Jindrich ^c   Ruttkay Nedecky, Branislav ^a,b   Kopel, Pavel ^a   Babula, Petr ^b   Adam, Vojtech ^a,b   Kizek, Rene ^a,b  

^a MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO   (Czech Republic)

^b BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^c Karel Englis College   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial activity; Chitosan; Hyaluronic acid; Polymers; Silver ions; Silver phosphate nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

BIOPOLYMER; CHITOSAN; HYALURONIC ACID; POLYMER; SILVER; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ION; NANOPARTICLE; PHOSPHATE; SILVER DERIVATIVE; SILVER PHOSPHATE;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BLOOD VESSEL GRAFT; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; COLLOID; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA REPLICATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; LOCOMOTION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER; RIBOSOME; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY; VASCULAR SURGERY; ANIMAL; BOVINE; CHEMISTRY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); POSIBACTERIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; CATTLE; CHITOSAN; HUMANS; HYALURONIC ACID; IONS; NANOPARTICLES; PHOSPHATES; SILVER COMPOUNDS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 84879923552     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713592     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Perl, T.M.; Cullen, J.J.; Wenzel, R.P.; Zimmerman, M.B.; Pfaller, M.A.; Sheppard, D.; Twombley, J.; French, P.P.; Herwaldt, L.A.; the Mupirocin and the Risk of Staphylococcus aureus Study Team. Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346, 1871-1877.
2. Ginalska, G.; Osinska, M.; Uryniak, A.; Urbanik-Sypniewska, T.; Belcarz, A.; Rzeski, W.; Wolski, A. Antibacterial activity of gentamicin-bonded gelatin-sealed polyethylene terephthalate vascular prostheses. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2005, 29, 419-424.
3. Bandyk, D.F. Vascular surgical site infection: Risk factors and preventive measures. Semin. Vasc. Surg. 2008, 21, 119-123.
4. Teebken, O.E.; Bisdas, T.; Assadian, O.; Ricco, J.B. Recommendations for reporting treatment of aortic graft infections. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2012, 43, 174-181.
5. Homer-Vanniasinkam, S. Surgical site and vascular infections: Treatment and prophylaxis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 11, S17-S22.
6. O'Brien, R.; Pocock, N.; Torella, F. Wound infection after reconstructive arterial surgery of the lower limbs: Risk factors and consequences. Surg. J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb. Irel. 2011, 9, 245-248.
7. Tatterton, M.R.; Homer-Vanniasinkam, S. Infections in vascular surgery. Injury-Int. J. Care Inj. 2011, 42, S35-S41.
8. Nasim, A.; Thompson, M.M.; Naylor, A.R.; Bell, P.R.F.; London, N.J.M. The impact of MRSA on vascular surgery. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2001, 22, 211-214.
9. Young, M.H.; Upchurch, G.R.; Malani, P.N. Vascular graft infections. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2012, 26, 41-56.
10. Anderson, D.J.; Sexton, D.J.; Kanafani, Z.A.; Auten, G.; Kaye, K.S. Severe surgical site infection in community hospitals: Epidemiology, key procedures, and the changing prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007, 28, 1047-1053.
11. Earnshaw, J.J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Vascular surgeons should fight back. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2002, 24, 283-286.
12. Driscoll, A.J.; Bhat, N.; Karron, R.A.; O'Brien, K.L.; Murdoch, D.R. Disk diffusion bioassays for the detection of antibiotic activity in body fluids: Applications for the pneumonia etiology research for child health project. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012, 54, S159-S164.
13. Lew, W.; Moore, W. Antibiotic-impregnated grafts for aortic reconstruction. Semin. Vasc. Surg. 2011, 24, 211-219.
14. Ricco, J.B.; Assadian, O. Antimicrobial silver grafts for prevention and treatment of vascular graft infection. Semin. Vasc. Surg. 2011, 24, 234-241.
15. Green, J.B.D.; Fulghum, T.; Nordhaus, M.A. Review of immobilized antimicrobial agents and methods for testing. Biointerphases 2011, 6, MR13-MR28.
16. Osinska-Jaroszuk, M.; Ginalska, G.; Belcarz, A.; Uryniak, A., Vascular prostheses with covalently bound gentamicin and amikacin reveal superior antibacterial properties than silver-impregnated ones-An in vitro study. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2009, 38, 697-706.
17. Rai, M.K.; Deshmukh, S.D.; Ingle, A.P.; Gade, A.K. Silver nanoparticles: The powerful nanoweapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2012, 112, 841-852.
18. Unger, C.; Luck, C. Inhibitory effects of silver ions on Legionella pneumophila grown on agar, intracellular in Acanthamoeba castellanii and in artificial biofilms. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2012, 112, 1212-1219.
19. Xu, H.Y.; Qu, F.; Xu, H.; Lai, W.H.; Wang, Y.A.; Aguilar, Z.P.; Wei, H. Role of reactive oxygen species in the antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biometals 2012, 25, 45-53.
20. Park, H.J.; Kim, J.Y.; Kim, J.; Lee, J.H.; Hahn, J.S.; Gu, M.B.; Yoon, J. Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bactericidal activity. Water Res. 2009, 43, 1027-1032.
21. Kwakye-Awuah, B.; Williams, C.; Kenward, M.A.; Radecka, I. Antimicrobial action and efficiency of silver-loaded zeolite X. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 104, 1516-1524.
22. Li, W.R.; Xie, X.B.; Shi, Q.S.; Duan, S.S.; Ouyang, Y.S.; Chen, Y.B. Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus. Biometals 2011, 24, 135-141.
23. Limbach, L.K.; Wick, P.; Manser, P.; Grass, R.N.; Bruinink, A.; Stark, W.J. Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: Influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4158-4163.
24. Choi, O.; Deng, K.K.; Kim, N.J.; Ross, L.; Surampalli, R.Y.; Hu, Z.Q. The inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles, silver ions, and silver chloride colloids on microbial growth. Water Res. 2008, 42, 3066-3074.
25. Chen, Y.G.; Chen, H.; Zheng, X.; Mu, H. The impacts of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on wastewater biological phosphorous removal and the mechanisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 239, 88-94.
26. Jo, H.J.; Choi, J.W.; Lee, S.H.; Hong, S.W. Acute toxicity of Ag and CuO nanoparticle suspensions against Daphnia magna: The importance of their dissolved fraction varying with preparation methods. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 227, 301-308.
27. Joshi, N.; Ngwenya, B.T.; French, C.E. Enhanced resistance to nanoparticle toxicity is conferred by overproduction of extracellular polymeric substances. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 241, 363-370.
28. Pallavicini, P.; Taglietti, A.; Dacarro, G.; Diaz-Fernandez, Y.A.; Galli, M.; Grisoli, P.; Patrini, M.; de Magistris, G.S.; Zanoni, R. Self-assembled monolayers of silver nanoparticles firmly grafted on glass surfaces: Low Ag+ release for an efficient antibacterial activity. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 350, 110-116.
29. Taglietti, A.; Fernandez, Y.A.D.; Amato, E.; Cucca, L.; Dacarro, G.; Grisoli, P.; Necchi, V.; Pallavicini, P.; Pasotti, L.; Patrini, M. Antibacterial activity of glutathione-coated silver nanoparticles against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Langmuir 2012, 28, 8140-8148.
30. Dowling, D.P.; Betts, A.J.; Pope, C.; McConnell, M.L.; Eloy, R.; Arnaud, M.N. Anti-bacterial silver coatings exhibiting enhanced activity through the addition of platinum. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2003, 163, 637-640.
31. Ruden, S.; Hilpert, K.; Berditsch, M.; Wadhwani, P.; Ulrich, A.S. Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 3538-3540.
32. Zitka, O.; Sobrova, P.; Adam, V.; Hubalek, J.; Provaznik, I.; Zizkova, V.; Kizek, R. Nanotechnology for more efficient blood vessel replacements. Chem. Listy 2013, 107, 24-29.
33. Evanko, S.P.; Wight, T.N. Intracellular localization of hyaluronan in proliferating cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1999, 47, 1331-1341.
34. Kogan, G.; Soltes, L.; Stern, R.; Gemeiner, P. Hyaluronic acid: A natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Biotechnol. Lett. 2007, 29, 17-25.
35. Guibal, E. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: A review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2004, 38, 43-74.
36. Pires, N.R.; Cunha, P.L.R.; Maciel, J.S.; Angelim, A.L.; Melo, V.M.M.; de Paula, R.C.M.; Feitosa, J.P.A. Sulfated chitosan as tear substitute with no antimicrobial activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 91, 92-99.
37. Madhumathi, K.; Kumar, P.T.S.; Abhilash, S.; Sreeja, V.; Tamura, H.; Manzoor, K.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Development of novel chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds for wound dressing applications. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 21, 807-813.
38. Jayakumar, R.; Menon, D.; Manzoor, K.; Nair, S.V.; Tamura, H. Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials-A short review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010, 82, 227-232.
39. Huang, G.Q.; Sun, Y.T.; Xiao, J.X.; Yang, J. Complex coacervation of soybean protein isolate and chitosan. Food Chem. 2012, 135, 534-539.
40. Lee, S.B.; Kim, Y.H.; Chong, M.S.; Lee, Y.M. Preparation and characteristics of hybrid scaffolds composed of beta-chitin and collagen. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 2309-2317.
41. Abdel-Mohsen, A.M.; Hrdina, R.; Burgert, L.; Krylova, G.; Abdel-Rahman, R.M.; Krejcova, A.; Steinhart, M.; Benes, L. Green synthesis of hyaluronan fibers with silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 89, 411-422.
42. Wan, Y.; Guo, Z.R.; Jiang, X.L.; Fang, K.; Lu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, N. Quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles: Aqueous synthesis and size control by the seed-mediated Lee-Meisel method. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 394, 263-268.
43. Jiang, J.; Chae, B.; Jeong, S.K.; Min, B.K.; Kim, S.H.; Piao, L.; Yoon, S. Assembling Ag nanoparticles into morphology controlled secondary structures on loosely packed self-assembled monolayers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 394, 639-642.
44. Boomi, P.; Prabu, H.G.; Mathiyarasu, J. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/Ag-Pt nanocomposite for improved antibacterial activity. Colloid Surf. B 2013, 103, 9-14.
45. Li, G.Y.; Wen, Q.W.; Zhang, T.; Ju, Y.Y. Synthesis and properties of silver nanoparticles in chitosan-based thermosensitive semi-interpenetrating hydrogels. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 127, 2690-2697.
46. Li, X.; Lenhart, J.J. Aggregation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in natural surface water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 5378-5386.
47. Khan, A.; Qamar, M.; Muneer, M. Synthesis of highly active visible-light-driven colloidal silver orthophosphate. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2012, 519-520, 54-58.
48. Bin Ahmad, M.; Lim, J.J.; Shameli, K.; Ibrahim, N.A.; Tay, M.Y., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in chitosan, gelatin and chitosan/gelatin bionanocomposites by a chemical reducing agent and their characterization. Molecules 2011, 16, 7237-7248.
49. Dospivova, D.; Hynek, D.; Kopel, P.; Bezdekova, A.; Sochor, J.; Krizkova, S.; Adam, V.; Trnkova, L.; Hubalek, J.; Babula, P., et al. Electrochemical behaviour of apoferritin encapsulating of silver(i) ions and its application for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2012, 7, 6378-6395.
50. Trnkova, L.; Krizkova, S.; Adam, V.; Hubalek, J.; Kizek, R. Immobilization of metallothionein to carbon paste electrode surface via anti-MT antibodies and its use for biosensing of silver. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 2201-2207.
51. Zitka, O.; Huska, D.; Adam, V.; Horna, A.; Beklova, M.; Svobodova, Z.; Kizek, R. CoulArray detector as a tool for estimation of acute toxicity of silver(I) ions. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2010, 5, 1082-1089.
52. Chekin, F.; Raoof, J.B.; Bagheri, S.; Abd Hamid, S.B. The porous chitosan-sodium dodecyl sulfate-carbon nanotube nanocomposite: Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 2977-2981.
53. Ma, L.P.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y.Q.; Chen, S.H. Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of HRP on DNA-silver nanohybrids and PDDA-protected gold nanoparticles. J. Mol. Catal. B 2009, 56, 215-220.
54. An, J.; Luo, Q.Z.; Yuan, X.Y.; Wang, D.S.; Li, X.Y. Preparation and characterization of silver-chitosan nanocomposite particles with antimicrobial activity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 120, 3180-3189.
55. Sharma, S.; Sanpui, P.; Chattopadhyay, A.; Ghosh, S.S. Fabrication of antibacterial silver nanoparticle-sodium alginate-chitosan composite films. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 5837-5843.
56. Rodriguez-Arguelles, M.C.; Sieiro, C.; Cao, R.; Nasi, L. Chitosan and silver nanoparticles as pudding with raisins with antimicrobial properties. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 364, 80-84.
57. Murray, P.R. What is new in clinical microbiology microbial identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry a paper from the 2011 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on molecular pathology. J. Mol. Diagn. 2012, 14, 419-423.
58. Welker, M. Proteomics for routine identification of microorganisms. Proteomics 2011, 11, 3143-3153.
59. Jordana-Lluch, E.; Catala, E.M.; Ruiz, V.A. Mass spectrometry in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Enferm. Infec. Microbiol. Clin. 2012, 30, 635-644.
60. Kok, J.; Chen, S.C.A.; Dwyer, D.E.; Iredell, J.R. Current status of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Pathology 2013, 45, 4-17.
61. Lu, J.J.; Tsai, F.J.; Ho, C.M.; Liu, Y.C.; Chen, C.J. Peptide biomarker discovery for identification of methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains by MALDI-TOF. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 5685-5692.
62. Ouedraogo, R.; Daumas, A.; Ghigo, E.; Capo, C.; Mege, J.L.; Textoris, J. Whole-cell MALDI-TOF MS: A new tool to assess the multifaceted activation of macrophages. J. Proteomics 2012, 75, 5523-5532.
63. Van Veen, S.Q.; Claas, E.C.J.; Kuijper, E.J., High-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48, 900-907.
64. Szabados, F.; Woloszyn, J.; Richter, C.; Kaase, M.; Gatermann, S. Identification of molecularly defined Staphylococcus aureus strains using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and the Biotyper 2.0 database. J. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 59, 787-790.
65. Charyulu, E.M.; Gnanamani, A.; Mandal, A.B., Identification and Discrimination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn wound sites using pcr and authentication with MALDI-TOF-MS. Indian J. Microbiol. 2012, 52, 337-345.
66. Bohme, K.; Morandi, S.; Cremonesi, P.; No, I.C.F.; Barros-Velazquez, J.; Castiglioni, B.; Brasca, M.; Canas, B.; Calo-Mata, P. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Italian dairy products by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 2355-2364.
67. Verma, V.C.; Kharwar, R.N.; Gange, A.C., Biosynthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus clavatus. Nanomedicine 2010, 5, 33-40.
68. Dar, M.A.; Ingle, A.; Rai, M. Enhanced antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cryphonectria sp. evaluated singly and in combination with antibiotics. Nanomedicine 2013, 9, 105-110.
69. Mohanty, S.; Mishra, S.; Jena, P.; Jacob, B.; Sarkar, B.; Sonawane, A. An investigation on the antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antibiofilm efficacy of starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2012, 8, 916-924.
70. Martinez-Gutierrez, F.; Thi, E.P.; Silverman, J.M.; de Oliveira, C.C.; Svensson, S.L.; Hoek, A.V.; Sanchez, E.M.; Reiner, N.E.; Gaynor, E.C.; Pryzdial, E.L.G.; et al. Antibacterial activity, inflammatory response, coagulation and cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2012, 8, 328-336.
71. Martinez-Gutierrez, F.; Olive, P.L.; Banuelos, A.; Orrantia, E.; Nino, N.; Sanchez, E.M.; Ruiz, F.; Bach, H.; Av-Gay, Y. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of silver and titanium nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2010, 6, 681-688.
72. Hrabarova, E.; Valachova, K.; Rychly, J.; Rapta, P.; Sasinkova, V.; Malikova, M.; Soltes, L. High-molar-mass hyaluronan degradation by Weissberger's system: Pro-and anti-oxidative effects of some thiol compounds. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2009, 94, 1867-1875.
73. Sintzel, M.B.; Bernatchez, S.F.; Tabatabay, C.; Gurny, R. Biomaterials in ophthalmic drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1996, 42, 358-374.
74. Stern, R. Devising a pathway for hyaluronan catabolism: Are we there yet? Glycobiology 2003, 13, 105R-115R.
75. Teh, B.M.; Shen, Y.; Friedland, P.L.; Atlas, M.D.; Marano, R.J. A review on the use of hyaluronic acid in tympanic membrane wound healing. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2012, 12, 23-36.
76. Fernandez-Saiz, P.; Soler, C.; Lagaron, J.M.; Ocio, M.J. Effects of chitosan films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. in laboratory media and in fish soup. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010, 137, 287-294.
77. Borneman, D.L.; Ingham, S.C.; Ane, C. Mathematical approaches to estimating lag-phase duration and growth rate for predicting growth of Salmonella serovars, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus in raw beef, bratwurst, and poultry. J. Food Prot. 2009, 72, 1190-1200.
78. Rufian-Henares, J.A.; Morales, F.J. Microtiter plate-based assay for screening antimicrobial activity of melanoidins against E-coli and S-aureus. Food Chem. 2008, 111, 1069-1074.
79. Mahdavi, B.; Yaacob, W.A.; Din, L.B.; Nazlina, I. Antimicrobial activity of consecutive extracts of Etlingera brevilabrum. Sains Malays. 2012, 41, 1233-1237.
80. Joray, M.B.; Gonzalez, M.L.; Palacios, S.M.; Carpinella, M.C. Antibacterial activity of the plant-derived compounds 23-Methyl-6-O-desmethylauricepyrone and (Z,Z)-5-(Trideca-4,7-dienyl)resorcinol and their synergy with antibiotics against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 11534-11542.
81. Tawiah, A.A.; Gbedema, S.Y.; Adu, F.; Boamah, V.E.; Annan, K. Antibiotic producing microorganisms from River Wiwi, Lake Bosomtwe and the Gulf of Guinea at Doakor Sea Beach, Ghana. BMC Microbiol. 2012, 12, 1-8.
82. Moussa, A.; Noureddine, D.; Mohamed, H.S.; Abdelmelek, M.; Saad, A. Antibacterial activity of various honey types of Algeria against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2012, 5, 773-776.
83. Lokendrajit, N.; Indira, S.; Swapana, N.; Singh, C.B. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Croton caudatus Geisel. Asian J. Chem. 2012, 24, 4418-4420.
84. Zaremba, M.; Borowski, J.; Polejczuk, E.; Jakubicz, P. Evaluation of Staphytest, A New System for Identification of Staphylococci; Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany, 1991; Volume 21, p. 87.
85. Sedlacek, I.; Kocur, M. Identification of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species with the Staphytest system. Folia Microbiol. 1991, 36, 401-405.
86. Radulescu, M.C.; Chira, A.; Radulescu, M.; Bucur, B.; Bucur, M.P.; Radu, G.L. Determination of silver(i) by differential pulse voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode modified with synthesized N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4'-Bipyridine. Sensors 2010, 10, 11340-11351.
87. Peverly, A.A.; Peters, D.G. Electrochemical determination of trihalomethanes in water by means of stripping analysis. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 6110-6115.
88. Yan, G.P.; Wang, Y.H.; He, X.X.; Wang, K.M.; Su, J.; Chen, Z.F.; Qing, Z.H. A highly sensitive electrochemical assay for silver ion detection based on un-labeled C-rich ssDNA probe and controlled assembly of MWCNTs. Talanta 2012, 94, 178-183.