Evidence-based point-of-care diagnostics: Current status and emerging technologies

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 6, Issue , 2013, Pages 191-211

  Chan, Cangel Pui Yee ^a   Mak, Wing Cheung ^b   Cheung, Kwan Yee ^c   Sin, King Keung ^d   Yu, Cheuk Man ^a   Rainer, Timothy H ^a   Renneberg, Reinhard ^d  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center   (Hong Kong)

^c LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

acute coronary syndrome; heart failure; human immunodeficiency virus; microfluidics; POC; tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; POC; TUBERCULOSIS;

CARDIOLOGY; DESIGN; DISEASES; MICROFLUIDICS; TURNAROUND TIME; VIRUSES;

PATIENT TREATMENT;

NANOMATERIAL;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; ELECTRONICS; EQUIPMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MICROFLUIDIC ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MICROFLUIDIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; MINIATURIZATION; NANOSTRUCTURES; POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84879672740     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092641     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. World Health Organ. 2005. World Health Report 2005: Making Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: World Health Organ.
2. World Health Organ. 2012. Fact Sheet 317: Cardiovascular Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organ. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ index.html
3. Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, et al. 2003. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 362: 65-71.
4. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, et al. 2012. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Executive summary. Heart disease and stroke statistics, 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125:188-97
5. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. 2000. Myocardial infarction redefined: a consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36:959-69
6. Storrow AB, Apple FS, Wu A, Jesses RL, Francis GS, et al. 2007. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: point of care testing, oversight and administration of cardiac biomarkers for acute coronary syndromes. Point Care 6:215-22
7. McDonnell B, Hearty S, Leonard P, O'Kennedy R. 2009. Cardiac biomarkers and the case for pointof-care testing. Clin. Biochem. 42:549-61
8. Morrow DA. 2004. Evidence-based decision limits for cardiac troponin: lowlevel elevation and prognosis. Am. Heart J. 148:739-42
9. Pham MX,Whooley MA,EvansGTJr,Liu C, EmadiH, et al. 2007. Prognostic value of low-level cardiac troponin I elevations in patients without definite acute coronary syndromes. Am. Heart J. 148:776-82
10. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. 2007. Joint ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF task force for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 116:2634-53
11. Apple FS, Chung AY, Kogut ME, Bubany S, Murakami MM. 2006. Decreased patient charges following implementation of point-of-care cardiac troponin monitoring in acute coronary syndrome patients in a community hospital cardiology unit. Clin. Chim. Acta 370:191-95
12. Singer AJ, Ardise J, Gulla J, Cangro J. 2005. Point-of-care testing reduces length of stay in emergency department chest pain patients. Ann. Emerg. Med. 45:587-91
13. Lee-Lewandrowski E, Corboy D, Lewandrowski K, Sinclair J, McDermot S, et al. 2003. Implementation of a point-of-care satellite laboratory in the emergency department of an academic medical center. Impact on test turnaround time and patient emergency department length of stay. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127:456-60
14. Renaud B, Maison P, Ngako A, Cunin P, Santin A, et al. 2008. Impact of point-of-care testing in the emergency department evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Acad. Emerg. Med. 15:216-24
15. Than M, Cullen L, Reid CM, Lim SH, Aldous S, et al. 2011. A 2-h diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms in the Asia-Pacific region (ASPECT): a prospective observational validation study. Lancet 377:1077-84
16. Fitzgerald P, Goodacre SW, Cross E, Dixon S. 2011. Cost-effectiveness of point-of-care biomarker assessment for suspected myocardial infarction: the randomized assessment of treatment using panel assay of cardiac markers (RATPAC) trial. Acad. Emerg. Med. 18:488-95
17. Xu Q, Chan CP, Cao XY, Peng P,Mahemuti M, et al. 2010. Cardiac multi-marker strategy for effective diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chim. Acta 411:1781-87
18. Mion MM, Novello E, Altinier S, Rocco S, Zaninotto M, et al. 2007. Analytical and clinical performance of a fully automated cardiac multi-markers strategy based on protein biochip microarray technology. Clin. Biochem. 40:1245-51
19. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. 2005. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. Circulation 112: e154-235
20. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, et al. 2007. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics, 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 115:e69-171
21. Bhalla V, Willis S, Maisel AS. 2004. B-type natriuretic peptide: the level and the drug-partners in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Congest. Heart Fail. 10:3-27
22. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. 2009. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. Circulation 119:1977-2016
23. Natl. Inst. Health Clin. Excell. 2010. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guideline 108: Chronic Heart Failure National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care. London: R. Coll. Physicians. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13099/50514/50514.pdf
24. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, et al. 2008. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart. J. 29:2388-442
25. Peacock WF, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, Mills RM, Wynne J, et al. 2007. Impact of early initiation of intravenous therapy for acute decompensated heart failure on outcomes in ADHERE. Cardiology 107:44-45
26. Denny N, Lasserson D, Price CP, Heneghan C, Thompson M, et al. 2011. Diagnostic technology: point-of-care B-type natriuretic peptide testing.The PrimaryCareDiagnostic Horizon Scanning Centre Oxford. Horizon Scan. Rep. 0019. http://madox.org/horizon-scanning-reports/20110019/point-ofcare-b-type- natriuretic-peptide-testing
27. Anand IS, Fisher LD, Chiang YT, Latini R, Masson S, et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time andmortality and morbidity in the ValsartanHeart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 107: 1278-83.
28. Blankenberg S,McQueen MJ, SmiejaM, Pogue J, Balion C, et al. 2006. Comparative impact of multiple biomarkers and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in the context of conventional risk factors for the prediction of recurrent cardiovascular events in theHeart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study. Circulation 114:201-8
29. Maisel AS, Peacock WF, McMullin N, Jessie R, Fonarow GC, et al. 2008. Timing of immunoreactive B-type natriuretic peptide levels and treatment delay in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry) analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52:534-40
30. WorldHealthOrgan. 2012. Global Report for Research on InfectiousDiseases of Poverty 2012.Geneva: World Health Organ.
31. WorldHealth Organ. 2011. The Progress Report 2011: Global HIV/AIDS Response.Geneva:World Health Organ.
32. Yager P, Domingo GJ, Gerdes J. 2008. Point-of-care diagnostics for global health. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 10:107-44
33. Stürenburg E, Junker R. 2009. Point-of-care testing in microbiology. Dtsch. Ärztebl. Int. 106:48-54
34. Cent. Dis. Control Prevent. 1998. Update: HIV Counseling and Testing Using Rapid Tests. Washington, DC: Cent. Dis. Control Prevent.
35. Cent.Dis.Control Prevent. 2001. RevisedGuidelines for HIVCounseling, Testing, and Referral. Washington, DC: Cent. Dis. Control Prevent.
36. World Health Organ. 2004. Rapid HIV Tests: Guidelines for Use in HIV Testing and Counseling in Resource-Constrained Settings. Geneva:World Health Organ.
37. Cent. Dis. Control Prevent. 2008. FDA-Approved Rapid HIV Antibody Screening Tests. Washington, DC: Cent. Dis. Control Prevent. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/rapid/rt-comparison.htm
38. Branson BM. 2003. Point-of-care rapid tests for HIV antibodies. J. Lab. Methods 27:288-95
39. Delaney KP, Branson BM, Uniyal A, Phillips S, Candal D, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the performance characteristics of 6 rapid HIV antibody tests. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52:257-63
40. Pai NP, Joshi R, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri SP, et al. 2007. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, feasibility and client preference for rapid oral fluid-based diagnosis of HIV infection in rural India. PLoS ONE 2:e367
41. Pai NP, Barick R, Tulsky JP, Shivkumar PV, Cohan D, et al. 2008. Impact of round-the-clock, rapid oral fluid HIV testing of women in labor in rural India. PLoS Med. 5:e92
42. Hutchinson AB, Branson BM, Kim A, Farnham PG. 2006. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of alternative HIV counseling and testing methods to increase knowledge of HIV status. AIDS 20: 1597-604
43. Pai NP, Joshi R, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri SP, et al. 2007. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, feasibility and client preference for rapid oral fluid-based diagnosis of HIV infection in rural India. PLoS ONE 2:e367
44. Pai NP, Balram B, Shivkumar S, Martinez-Cajas JL, Claessens C, et al. 2012. Head-to-head comparison of accuracy of a rapid point-of-careHIV test with oral versus whole-blood specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12:373-80
45. Jt. U.N. Progr. HIV AIDS. 2007. AIDS Epidemic Update 2007. Geneva: Jt. U.N. Progr. HIV AIDS
46. Boyd FM, Simpson WM, Hart GJ, Johnstone FD, Goldberg DJ. 1999. What do pregnant women think about the HIV test? A qualitative study. AIDS Care 11:21-29
47. Pai NP, Klein MB. 2009. Rapid testing at labor and delivery to preventmother-to-childHIVtransmission in developing settings: issues and challenges. Women's Health 5:55-62
48. Dhingra N. 2006. Making Safe Blood Available in Africa. Geneva: World Health Organ.
49. Laperche S, Boukatou G, Kouegnigan L, Nébié Y, Boulahi MO, et al. 2009. Transfusion safety on the African continent: an international quality control of virus testing in blood banks. Transfusion 49: 1600-8
50. Tagny CT, Mbanya D, Tapko JB, Lefrere JJ. 2008. Blood safety in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-factorial problem. Transfusion 48:1256-61
51. Lancet.2007. Editorial: improving blood safety worldwide. Lancet 370:361
52. World Health Organ. 2012. Tuberculosis Fact Sheet 104. Geneva: World Health Organ.
53. Shah NS, Wright A, Bai GH, Barrera L, Boulahbal F, et al. 2007. Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:380-87
54. Gandhi NR, Nunn P, Dheda K, Schaaf HS, Zignol M, et al. 2010. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a threat to global control of tuberculosis. Lancet 375:1830-43
55. Migliori GB,De Iaco G, Besozzi G, Centis R, Cirillo DM. 2007. First tuberculosis cases in Italy resistant to all tested drugs. Euro. Surveill. 12:E070517.1
56. World Health Organ. 2010. Global Report on Surveillance and Response: Multidrug and Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (M/XDR-TB). Geneva:World Health Organ.
57. World Health Organ. 2010. Policy Statement: Fluorescent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Microscopy for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Geneva:World Health Organ.
58. World Health Organ. 2009. New Laboratory Diagnostic Tools for Tuberculosis Control. Geneva: World Health Organ.
59. Morgan M, Kalantri S, Flores L, Pai M. 2005. A commercial line probe assay for the rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 5:62
60. Ling DI, Zwerling AA, Pai M. 2008. GenoTypeMTBDR assays for the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 32:1165-74
61. Hillemann D, Rusch-Gerdes S, Richter E. 2009. Feasibility of the GenoType MTBDRsl assay for fluoroquinolone, amikacin-capreomycin, and ethambutol resistance testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1767-72
62. Parsons LM, Somoskövi A, Urbanczik R, Salfinger M. 2004. Laboratory diagnostic aspects of drug resistant tuberculosis. Front. Biosci. 9:2086-105
63. Heifets LB, Cangelosi GA. 1999. Drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a neglected problem at the turn of the century. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 3:564-81
64. WorldHealthOrgan. 2011. Policy Statement: Automated Real-TimeNucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF System. Geneva: World Health Organ.
65. Pai M, Minion J, Sohn H, Zwerling A, Perkins MD. 2009. Novel and improved technologies for tuberculosis diagnosis: progress and challenges. Clin. Chest Med. 30:701-16
66. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, et al. 2010. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:1005-15
67. WorldHealthOrgan. 2008. Diagnostics Evaluation Series 2: Laboratory-Based Evaluation of 19 Commercially Available Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis. Geneva:World Health Organ.
68. World Health Organ. 2011. Policy Statement: Commercial Serodiagnostic Tests for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Geneva:World Health Organ.
69. Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, et al. 2007. Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 4:e202
70. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Wood R. 2011. Diagnostic accuracy of a low-cost, urine antigen, point-of-care screening assay for HIV associated pulmonary tuberculosis before antiretroviral therapy: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12:201-9
71. Batz H-G,CookeGS, Reid SD. 2011. Towards Lab-Free TuberculosisDiagnosis. Geneva/New York: Treat. Action Group, Stop TB Partnersh., Imperial Coll. Lond., Méd. Front. 36 pp.
72. Seydack M. 2005. Nanoparticle labels in immunosensing using optical detection methods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20:2454-69
73. Song Y, Wei W, Qu X. 2011. Colorimetric biosensing using smart materials. Adv. Mater. 23:4215-36
74. Rosi NL, Mirkin CA. 2005. Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem. Rev. 105:1547-62
75. Gao LZ, Zhuang J, Nie L, Zhang JB, Zhang Y, et al. 2007. Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2:577-83
76. Wei H,Wang E. 2008. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics and their applications in H2O2 and glucose detection. Anal. Chem. 80:2250-54
77. Ding N, Yan N, Ren CL, Chen XG. 2010. Colorimetric determination of melamine in daily products by Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles-H2O2-ABTS detection system. Anal. Chem. 82:5897-99
78. Asati A, Santra S, Kaittanis C, Nath S, Perez JM. 2009. Oxidase-like activity of polymer-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48:2308-12
79. Lowe AM, Ozer BH, Bai Y, Bertics PJ, Abbott NL. 2010. Design of surfaces for liquid crystal-based bioanalytical assays. Am. Chem. Soc. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2:722-31
80. Lowe AM, Abbott NL. 2012. Liquid crystalline materials for biological applications. Chem. Mater. 24:746-58
81. Yang Z, Gupta JK, Kishimoto K, Shoji Y, Kato T, et al. 2010. Design of biomolecular interfaces using liquid crystals containing oligomeric ethylene glycol. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20:2098-106
82. Luk YY, Tingey ML,Dickson KA, Raines RT, Abbott NL. 2004. Imaging the binding ability of proteins immobilized on surfaces with different orientations by using liquid crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126: 9024-32
83. Gupta VK, Skaife JJ, Dubrovsky TB, Abbott NL. 1998. Optical amplification of ligand-receptor binding using liquid crystals. Science 279:2077-80
84. Hartono D, Xue CY, Yang KL, Yung LYL. 2009. Decorating liquid crystal surfaces with proteins for real-time detection of specific protein-protein binding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19:3574-79
85. Bi X, Yang. 2010. Liquid crystals decorated with linear oligopeptide FLAG for applications in immunobiosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26:107-11
86. Chen CH, Yang KL. 2012. Liquid crystal-based immunoassays for detecting hepatitis B antibody. Anal. Biochem. 421:321-23
87. Sivakumar S, Wark L, Gupta K, Abbott NL, Caruso F. 2009. Liquid crystal emulsions as the basis of biological sensors for the optical detection of bacteria and viruses. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19:2260-65
88. Trau D, Yang W, Seydack M, Caruso F, Yu NT, et al. 2002. Nanoencapsulated microcrystalline particles for superamplified biochemical assays. Anal. Chem. 74:5480-86
89. Mak WC, Cheung KY, Trau D,Warsinke A, Scheller F, et al. 2005. Electrochemical bioassay utilizing encapsulated electrochemical active microcrystal biolabels. Anal. Chem. 77:2835-41
90. Mak WC, Li Y, Lau WK, Trau D. 2004. Nanoengineered encapsulation of mediator microcrystals and their use as a non-metallic label system for silver enhancement technique. Electroanalysis 16: 156-60
91. Caruso F, Trau D,Möhwald H, Renneberg R. 2000. Enzyme encapsulation in layer-by-layer engineered polymer multilayer capsules. Langmuir 16:1485-88
92. Trau D, Renneberg R. 2003. Encapsulation of glucose oxidase microparticles within a nanoscale layerby-layer flim: immobilization and biosensor applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18:1491-99
93. Chan CPY, Bruemmel Y, Seydack M, Sin KK, Wong LW, et al. 2004. Nanocrystal biolabels with releasable fluorophores for immunoassays. Anal. Chem. 76:3638-45
94. Sin KK, Chan CPY, Pang TH, Seydack M, Renneberg R. 2006. A highly sensitive fluorescent immunoassay based on avidin-labeled nanocrystals. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384:638-44
95. Chan CPY, Tzang LCH, Sin KK, Ji SL, Cheung KY, et al. 2007. Biofunctional organic nanocrystals for quantitative detection of pathogen deoxyribonucleic acid. Anal. Chim. Acta 584:7-11
96. Chan CPY, Haeussler M, Tang BZ,Dong YQ, Sin KK, et al. 2004. Silole nanocrystals as novel biolabels. J. Immunol. Methods 295:111-18
97. Mak WC, Sin KK, Chan CPY, Wong LW, Renneberg R. 2011. Biofunctionalized indigo-nanoparticles as biolabels for the generation of precipitated visible signal in immunodipsticks. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26:3148-53
98. Tüdos AJ, Besselink GAJ, Schasfoort RBM. 2001. Trends in miniaturized total analysis systems for point-of-care testing in clinical chemistry. Lab Chip 1:83-95
99. Attiya S, Qiu XC, Chiem N, Lee W, Harrison DJ. 1998. Proc. Micro Total Anal. Syst., pp. 231-34
100. Schumacher S, Nestler J, Otto T, Wegener M, Ehrentreich-Förster E, et al. 2012. Highly-integrated lab-on-chip system for point-of-care multiparameter analysis. Lab Chip 12:464-73
101. Ren L, Wang JC, Liu W, Tu Q, Liu R, et al. 2012. An enzymatic immunoassay microfluidics integrated with membrane valves for microsphere retention and reagent mixing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 35: 147-54
102. Park J, Sunkara V, Kim TH, Hwang H, Cho YK. 2012. Lab-on-a-disc for fully integrated multiplex immunoassays. Anal. Chem. 84:2133-40
103. Song SY,Han Yd,Hong SY, Kim K, Yang SS, et al. 2012. Chip-based cartilage oligomeric matrix protein detection in serum and synovial fluid for osteoarthritis diagnosis. Anal. Biochem. 420:139-46
104. Lee BS, Lee JN, Park JM, Lee JG, Kim S, et al. 2009. A fully automated immunoassay from whole blood on a disc. Lab Chip. 9:1548-55
105. Chin CD, Laksanasopin T, Cheung YK, Steinmiller D, Linder V, et al. 2011. Microfluidics-based diagnostics of infectious diseases in the developing world. Nat. Med. 17:1015-19
106. Martinez AW, Philips ST, Butte MJ,Whitesides GM. 2007. Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46:1318-20
107. Zhao W, van der Berg. 2008. Lab on paper. Lab Chip. 8:1988-91
108. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM. 2008. Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:19606-11
109. Klasner S, Price A, Hoeman K, Wilson R, Bell K, et al. 2010. Paper-based microfluidic devices for analysis of clinically relevant analytes present in urine and saliva. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397:1821-29
110. Bruzewicz DA, Reches M, Whitesides GM. 2008. Low-cost printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) barriers to define microchannels in paper. Anal. Chem. 80:3387-92
111. Abe K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. 2008. Inkjet-printed microfluidic multianalyte chemical sensing paper. Anal. Chem. 80:6928-34
112. Abe K, Kotera K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. 2010. Inkjet-printed paperfluidic immuno-chemical sensing device. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398:885-95
113. Li X, Tian J, Nguyen T, Shen W. 2008. Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. Anal. Chem. 80:9131-34
114. Li X, Tian J, Shen W. 2010. Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors.Cellulose 17:649-59
115. Carrilho E,Martinez AW, Whitesides GM. 2009. Understandingwax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 81:7091-95
116. Leung V, Shehata AAM, Filipe CDM, Pelton R. 2010. Streaming potential sensing in paper-based microfluidic channels. Colloids Surf. A 364:16-18
117. Li X, Tian J, Garnier G, Shen W. 2010. Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing. Colloids Surf. B 76:564-70
118. Delaney JL,Hogan CF, Tian J, Shen W. 2011. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection in paperbased microfluidic sensors. Anal. Chem. 83:1300-6
119. Olkkonen J, Lehtinen K, Erho T. 2010. Flexographically printed fluidic structures in paper. Anal. Chem. 82:10246-50
120. Dungchai W, Chailapakul O, Henry CS. 2011. A low-cost, simple, and rapid fabrication method for paper-based microfluidics using wax screen-printing. Analyst 136:77-82
121. Chitnis G, Ding Z, Chang CL, Savran CA, Ziaie B. 2011. Laser-treated hydrophobic paper: an inexpensive microfluidic platform. Lab Chip 11:1161-65
122. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM, Carrilho E. 2010. Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal. Chem. 82:3-10
123. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM. 2008. Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:19606-11
124. Vella SJ, Beattie P, Cademartiri R, Laromaine A, Martinez AW, et al. 2012. Measuring markers of liver function using a micropatterned paper device designed for blood from a fingerstick. Anal. Chem. 84: 2883-91
125. Nie Z,Deiss F, Liu X, Akbulut O, Whitesides GM. 2010. Integration of paper-based microfluidic devices with commercial electrochemical readers. Lab Chip 10:3163-69
126. Dungchai W, Chailapakul O, Henry SC. 2009. Electrochemical detection for paper-based microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 81:5821-26
127. Yan J, Ge L, Song X, Yan M, Ge S, et al. 2012. Paper-based electrochemiluminescent 3D immunodevice for lab-on-paper, specific, and sensitive point-of-care testing. Chem. Eur. J. 18: 4938-45
128. Schilling KM, Lepore AL, Kurian JA, Martinez AW. 2012. Fully enclosed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal. Chem. 84:1579-85
129. Bruzewicz DA, Reches M, Whitesides GM. 2008. Low-cost printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) barriers to define microchannels in paper. Anal. Chem. 80:3387-92
130. Li X, Tian J, Nguyen T, Shen W. 2008. Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. Anal. Chem. 80:9131-34
131. Kjellgren H, Gällstedt M, Engström G, Järnström L. 2006. Barrier and surface properties of chitosancoated greaseproof paper. Carbohydr. Polym. 65:453-60
132. Wang S, Ge Lei, Song X, Yu J, Ge S, et al. 2012. Paper-based chemiluminescence ELISA: lab-on-paper chitosan modified paper device and wax-screen-printing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 31:212-18
133. Rezk AR, Qi A, Friend JR, Li WH, Yeo LY. 2012. Uniform mixing in paper-based microfluidic systems using surface acoustic waves. Lab Chip 12:773-79
134. NohH, Phillips ST. 2010. Fluidic timers for time-dependent, point-of-care assays on paper. Anal. Chem. 82:8071-78
135. Wei F, Patel P, Liao W, Chaudhry K, Zhang L, et al. 2009. Electrochemical sensor for multiplex biomarkers detection. Clin. Cancer Res. 15:1-7
136. Ge L, Yan J, Song X, Yan M, Ge S, Yu J. 2012. Three-dimensional paper-based electrochemiluminescence immunodevice for multiplexed measurement of biomarkers and point-of-care testing. Biomaterials 33:1024-31