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The proposed platform was designed for the qualitative detection of protein and glucose in the clinical ranges of these analytes in urine. The lowest concentrations that we detected were 0.38 μM for protein and 1 mM for glucose. Detecting lower concentrations of these analytes will require more expensive equipment and reagents than we used. We think that this would make the urinalysis assay less appealing for use in less-industrialized countries
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The proposed platform was designed for the qualitative detection of protein and glucose in the clinical ranges of these analytes in urine. The lowest concentrations that we detected were 0.38 μM for protein and 1 mM for glucose. Detecting lower concentrations of these analytes will require more expensive equipment and reagents than we used. We think that this would make the urinalysis assay less appealing for use in less-industrialized countries.
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In the glucose assay, glucose is oxidized by glucose oxidase in the presence of water and oxygen to give gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is then reduced to water by horseradish peroxidase with concomitant oxidation of iodide to iodine
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In the glucose assay, glucose is oxidized by glucose oxidase in the presence of water and oxygen to give gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is then reduced to water by horseradish peroxidase with concomitant oxidation of iodide to iodine.
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It takes 10 min for the color to develop because 10 min are required for the paper to dry and for the reactions to produce an observable amount of product. The glucose assay is based on the enzymatic oxidation of iodide to iodine, and it takes several minutes for a detectable amount of iodine to accumulate. Iodine continues to accumulate until the paper dries, at which point the enzymatic reaction stops. The protein assay gives a color change as BSA contacts the reagents, but the intensity of this color increases until the paper is dry.
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It takes 10 min for the color to develop because 10 min are required for the paper to dry and for the reactions to produce an observable amount of product. The glucose assay is based on the enzymatic oxidation of iodide to iodine, and it takes several minutes for a detectable amount of iodine to accumulate. Iodine continues to accumulate until the paper dries, at which point the enzymatic reaction stops. The protein assay gives a color change as BSA contacts the reagents, but the intensity of this color increases until the paper is dry.
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An artificial urine solution was prepared according to the recipe provided by Brooks and Keevil T. Brooks, C. W. Keevil, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1997, 24, 203-206, The artificial urine solution was 1.1 mM lactic acid, 2.0 mM citric acid, 25 mM sodium bicarbonate, 170 mM urea, 2.5 mM calcium chloride, 90 mM sodium chloride, 2.0 mM magnesium sulfate, 10 mM sodium sulfate, 7.0 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7.0 mM dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and 25 mM ammonium chloride all mixed in Millipore water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0 through the addition of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid
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An artificial urine solution was prepared according to the recipe provided by Brooks and Keevil (T. Brooks, C. W. Keevil, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1997, 24, 203-206). The artificial urine solution was 1.1 mM lactic acid, 2.0 mM citric acid, 25 mM sodium bicarbonate, 170 mM urea, 2.5 mM calcium chloride, 90 mM sodium chloride, 2.0 mM magnesium sulfate, 10 mM sodium sulfate, 7.0 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 7.0 mM dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and 25 mM ammonium chloride all mixed in Millipore water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0 through the addition of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid.
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