Are wolves saving yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: Comment

Ecology

Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1420-1425

  Beschta, Robert L ^a   Ripple, William J ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; DEER; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD CHAIN; NOTE; PHYSIOLOGY; WOLF;

ANIMALS; DEER; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD CHAIN; WOLVES;

CANIDAE;

EID: 84879588850     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/11-0063.1     Document Type: Note

References (46)

1. Baril, L. M., A. J. Hansen, R. Renkin, and R. Lawrence. 2009. Willow-bird relationships on Yellowstone's northern range. Yellowstone Science 17:19-26.
2. Barmore, W. J. 2003. Ecology of ungulates and their winter range in northern Yellowstone National Park; Research and Synthesis 1962-1970. Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, Wyoming, USA.
3. Berger, J. 2010. Fear mediated food webs. Pages 241-253 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, editors. 2010. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
4. Beschta, R. L. 2005. Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range. Ecology 86:391-403. (Pubitemid 40356074)
5. Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2007a. Increased willow heights along northern Yellowstone's Blacktail Deer Creek following wolf reintroduction. Western North American Naturalist 67:613-617. (Pubitemid 351160110)
6. Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2007b. Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:1-13.
7. Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2009. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation 142:2401-2414.
8. Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2010. Recovering riparian plant communities with wolves in Northern Yellowstone, USA. Restoration Ecology 18:380-389.
9. Beyer, H. L. 2006. Wolves, elk and willow on Yellowstone's National Park's northern range. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canad
10. Beyer, H. L., E. H. Merrill, N. Varley, and M. S. Boyce. 2007. Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade. Ecological Applications 17:1563-1571. (Pubitemid 351323479)
11. Brown, J. S., and B. P. Kotler. 2004. Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecology Letters 7:999-1014. (Pubitemid 39348413)
12. Brown, J. S., J. Laundré, and M. Gurung. 1999. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80:385-399. (Pubitemid 129588647)
13. Chadde, S., and C. E. Kay. 1996. Tall-willow communities on Yellowstone's northern range: a test of the ''natural regulation'' paradigm. Pages 165-184 in F. J. Singer, editor. Effects of grazing by wild ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Technical Report NPS/NRYELL/NRTR/96-01. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, USA.
14. Creel, S., J. Winnie, Jr., B. Maxwell, K. Hamlin, and M. Creel. 2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86:3387-3397. (Pubitemid 43086914)
15. Cresswell, W. 2008. Nonlethal effects of predation in birds. Ibis 150:3-17.
16. Fortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne, and J. S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86:1320-1330. (Pubitemid 40641206)
17. Halofsky, J., and W. Ripple. 2008. Linkages between wolf presence and aspen recruitment in the Gallatin elk winter range of southwestern Montana, USA. Forestry 81:195-207.
18. Hebblewhite, M., E. Merrill, and T. McDonald. 2005. Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey system. Oikos 111:101-111. (Pubitemid 41424055)
19. Herná ndez, L., and J. W. Laundré . 2005. Foraging in the landscape of fear and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison). Wildlife Ecology 11:215-220. (Pubitemid 41399748)
20. Kauffman, M. J., J. F. Brodie, and E. S. Jules. 2010. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspenA landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 91:2742-2755.
21. Kauffman, M. J., N. Varley, D. W. Smith, D. R. Stahler, D. R. MacNulty, and M. S. Boyce. 2007. Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. Ecology Letters 10:690-700. (Pubitemid 47007572)
22. Keigley, R. B., and M. R. Frisina. 1998. Browse evaluation by analysis of growth form. Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
23. Laundré, J. W., L. Herná ndez, and W. J. Ripple. 2010. The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. Open Ecology Journal 3:1-7.
24. Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640. (Pubitemid 20429810)
25. Lovaas, A. L. 1970. People and the Gallatin elk herd. Montana Fish and Game Department, Helena, Montana, USA.
26. Miller, B., B. Dugelby, D. Foreman, C. Martinez del Rio, R. Noss, M. Phillips, R. Reading, M. E. Soulé, J. Terborgh, and L. Willcox. 2001. The importance of large carnivores to healthy ecosystems. Endangered Species Update 18:202-210.
27. NRC [National Research Council]. 2002. Ecological dynamics on Yellowstone's northern range. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
28. Peek, J. M., A. L. Lovaas, and R. A. Rouse. 1967. Population changes within the Gallatin elk herd, 1932-65. Journal of Wildlife Management 31:304-316.
29. Peterson, R. O., J. A. Vucetich, R. E. Page, and A. Chouinard. 2003. Temporal and spatial dynamics of predator-prey dynamics. Alces 39:215-232.
30. Ray, J. C., K. H. Redford, R. S. Steneck, and J. Berger. 2005. Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
31. Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2004a. Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk restructure ecosystems? BioScience 54:755-766. (Pubitemid 39073974)
32. Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2004b. Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 200:161-181. (Pubitemid 39239322)
33. Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2006. Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 230:96-106.
34. Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2007. Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves. Biological Conservation 138:514-519. (Pubitemid 47187298)
35. Ripple, W. J., and E. J. Larsen. 2000. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 95:361-370. (Pubitemid 30448485)
36. Ripple, W. J., L. E. Painter, R. L. Beschta, and C. C. Gates. 2010. Wolves, elk, bison, and secondary trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park. Open Ecology Journal 3:31-37.
37. Romme, W. H., M. G. Turner, L. L. Wallace, and J. S. Walker. 1995. Aspen, elk and fire on the northern range of Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 76:2097-2106. (Pubitemid 26448985)
38. Rush, W. M. 1932. Northern Yellowstone elk study. Montana Fish and Game Commission, Helena, Montana, USA. Smith, D. W., R. O. Peterson, and D. B. Houston. 2003.
39. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53:330-340.
40. Smith, D. W., and D. B. Tyers. 2008. The beavers of Yellowstone. Yellowstone Science 16:4-14.
41. Soulé, M. E., J. E. Estes, J. Berger, and C. M. del Rio. 2003. Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 17:1238-1250. (Pubitemid 37250064)
42. Terborgh, J., and J. A. Estes, editors. 2010. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
43. White, P. J., and R. A. Garrott. 2005. Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves -expectation, realizations, and predictions. Biological Conservation 125:141-152. (Pubitemid 40816861)
44. Wolf, E. C., D. J. Cooper, and N. T. Hobbs. 2007. Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 17:1572-1587. (Pubitemid 351323480)
45. Wolff, J. O., and T. Van Horn. 2003. Vigilance and foraging patterns of American elk during the rut in habitats with and without predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:266-271. (Pubitemid 36562501)
46. Yellowstone National Park. 1961. Management of Yellowstone's northern elk herd, 15 December 1961. National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, USA.