Vitamin D metabolism, functions and needs: From science to health claims

European Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 429-441

  Battault, S ^a,c,d   Whiting, S J ^b   Peltier, S L ^c,d   Sadrin, S ^c,e   Gerber, G ^c,f   Maixent, J M ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULON   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^c SYNADIET   (France)

^d ZAC Belle Aire Nord   (France)

^e Laboratoire Codifra Denel   (France)

^f Laboratoire Holistica   (France)

Author keywords

25(OH)D; DRI; Health claim; Supplementation; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CANCER PREVENTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINT; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FOOD INDUSTRY; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NEOPLASM; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OSTEOMALACIA; REVIEW; RICKETS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D DEPENDENT RICKETS TYPE 1; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; VITAMIN INTAKE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; NUTRITION POLICY; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84879550616     PISSN: 14366207     EISSN: 14366215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0430-5     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Norman AW, Bouillon R (2010) Vitamin D nutritional policy needs a vision for the future. Exp Biol Med 235(9):1034-1045. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010014
2. Holick MF, Chen TC (2008) Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 87(4):1080S-1086S
3. Heaney RP (2008) Vitamin D in health and disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(5):1535-1541. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01160308
4. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH (1981) Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 211(4482):590-593
5. Linos E, Keiser E, Kanzler M, Sainani K, Lee W, Vittinghoff E, Chren M-M, Tang J (2011) Sun protective behaviors and vitamin D levels in the US population: NHANES 2003-2006. Cancer Causes Control 1-8. doi: 10.1007/s10552-011-9862-0
6. Hall LM, Kimlin MG, Aronov PA, Hammock BD, Slusser JR, Woodhouse LR, Stephensen CB (2010) Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations. J Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.115253
7. Houghton LA, Vieth R (2006) The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 84(4):694-697
8. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, Smith CP, Bucca G, Penson S, Chope G, Hyppönen E, Berry J, Vieth R, Lanham-New S (2012) Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111. 031070
9. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385
10. Whiting SJ, Calvo MS, Stephensen CB (2008) Current understanding of vitamin D, metabolism, nutritional status, and role in disease prevention. In: Coulston AM, Boushey C (eds) Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 807-832
11. Schuster I (2011) Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteomics 1814(1):186-199. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.022
12. Whitfield GK, Hsieh J-C, Jurutka PW, Selznick SH, Haussler CA, Macdonald PN, Haussler MR (1995) Genomic actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Nutr 125(6 Suppl):1690S-1694S
13. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. New Engl J Med 357(3):266-281. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553
14. Sturm RA (1998) Human pigmentation genes and their response to solar UV radiation. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen 422(1):69-76. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00176-6
15. Gombart AF (2009) The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Futur Microbiol 4(9):1151-1165. doi: 10.2217/fmb.09.87
16. Ramagopalan SV, Heger A, Berlanga AJ, Maugeri NJ, Lincoln MR, Burrell A, Handunnetthi L, Handel AE, Disanto G, Orton S-M, Watson CT, Morahan JM, Giovannoni G, Ponting CP, Ebers GC, Knight JC (2010) A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: associations with disease and evolution. Genome Res 20(10):1352-1360. doi: 10.1101/gr.107920.110
17. Norman AW (2008) From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2):491S-499S
18. Mizwicki MT, Norman AW (2009) The vitamin D sterol-vitamin D receptor ensemble model offers unique insights into both genomic and rapid-response signaling. Sci Signal 2(75):re4. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.275re4
19. Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Norman DPG (2004) Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3(1):27-41
20. Huhtakangas JA, Olivera CJ, Bishop JE, Zanello LP, Norman AW (2004) The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol 18(11):2660-2671. doi: 10.1210/me.2004-0116
21. Ricardo LB (2011) VDR activation of intracellular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 347(1-2):11-16. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05. 021
22. Norman AW (1995) Transcaltachia (the rapid hormonal stimulation of intestinal calcium transport): a component of adaptation to calcium needs and calcium availability. Am Zool 35(6):483-489. doi: 10.1093/icb/35.6.483
23. Fleet JC, Schoch RD (2011) Molecular mechanisms for regulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption by vitamin D. In: David F, Pike JW, John SA (eds) Vitamin D, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 349-362. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381978-9.10019-8
24. Doyle ME, Jan de Beur SM (2008) The skeleton: endocrine regulator of phosphate homeostasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 6(4):134-141
25. Bergwitz C, Juppner H (2010) Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annu Rev Med 61:91-104. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.051308. 111339
26. Wada T, Nakashima T, Hiroshi N, Penninger JM (2006) RANKL-RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol Med 12(1):17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.11.007
27. Anderson PH, Atkins GJ (2008) The skeleton as an intracrine organ for vitamin D metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 29(6):397-406. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.05. 003
28. Ingraham BA, Bragdon B, Nohe A (2008) Molecular basis of the potential of vitamin D to prevent cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 24(1):139-149. doi: 10.1185/030079908X253519
29. Garland CF, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Gorham ED, Garland FC (2007) What is the dose-response relationship between vitamin D and cancer risk? Nutr Rev 65:S91-S95. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00349.x
30. Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS (2007) Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 7(9):684-700. doi: 10.1038/nrc2196
31. Schwandner OS, Bruch HPB, Broll RB (2002) p21, p27, cyclin D1, and p53 in rectal cancer: immunohistology with prognostic significance? Int J Colorectal Dis 17(1):11-19. doi: 10.1007/s003840100333
32. Hager G, Formanek M, Gedlicka C, Thurnher D, Knerer B, Kornfehl J (2001) 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 induces elevated expression of the cell cycle-regulating genes P21 and P27 in squamous carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol 121(1):103-109
33. Pálmer HG, González-Sancho JM, Espada J, Berciano MT, Puig I, Baulida J, Quintanilla M, Cano A, de Herreros AG, Lafarga M, Muñoz A (2001) Vitamin D3 promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of β-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 154(2):369-388. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200102028
34. Shawi M, Autexier C (2008) Telomerase, senescence and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 129(1-2):3-10. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.11.007
35. Zakian VA (2012) Telomeres: the beginnings and ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 318(12):1456-1460. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.015
36. Campisi J, S-h Kim, Lim C-S, Rubio M (2001) Cellular senescence, cancer and aging: the telomere connection. Exp Gerontol 36(10):1619-1637. doi: 10.1016/s0531-5565(01)00160-7
37. Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, Mawer EB, Canfield AE (2000) 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Circ Res 87(3):214-220. doi: 10.1161/01.res.87.3.214
38. Larue L, Bellacosa A (2005) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in development and cancer: role of phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase/AKT pathways. Oncogene 24(50):7443-7454
39. Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C (2010) Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharm 10(4):482-496. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001
40. Wang T-T, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, Nagai Y, Wang Q, Liao J, Tavera-Mendoza L, Lin R, Hanrahan JH, Mader S, White JH (2004) Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173(5):2909-2912
41. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311(5768):1770-1773. doi: 10.1126/science.1123933
42. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH (2008) Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685-698. doi: 10.1038/nri2378
43. Bischoff HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, Duermueller U, Theiler R, Stähelin HB, Dick W (2001) In situ detection of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem J 33(1):19-24. doi: 10.1023/a: 1017535728844
44. Lisa C (2008) Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Mol Aspects Med 29(6):407-414. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.07.002
45. Vazquez G, De Boland AR, Boland RL (1998) 1α, 25-Dihydroxy-vitamin- D3-induced store-operated Ca2+ influx in skeletal muscle cells: modulation by phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 273(51):33954-33960
46. Vazquez G, de Boland AR, Boland R (1997) Stimulation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels as a potential mechanism involved in non-genomic 1, 25(OH)2-vitamin D3-induced Ca2+ entry in skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239(2):562-565. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7501
47. Boland R, De Boland AR, Buitrago C, Morelli S, Santillán G, Vazquez G, Capiati D, Baldi C (2002) Non-genomic stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades by 1, 25(OH)2D3 by VDR-dependent and -independent mechanisms in muscle cells. Steroids 67(6):477-482. doi: 10.1016/s0039-128x(01) 00182-9
48. De Boland AR, Boland RL (1994) Non-genomic signal transduction pathway of vitamin D in muscle. Cell Signal 6(7):717-724
49. Rostand SG, Drueke TB (1999) Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 56(2):383-392
50. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen Z-F, Liu SQ, Cao L-P (2002) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 110(2):229-238
51. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J (2004) Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90:387-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.004
52. Zhao G, Simpson RU (2010) Membrane localization, Caveolin-3 association and rapid actions of vitamin D receptor in cardiac myocytes. Steroids 75(8-9):555-559. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.12.001
53. Zhao G, Simpson RU (2010) Interaction between vitamin D receptor with caveolin-3 and regulation by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in adult rat cardiomyocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121(1-2):159-163. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.055
54. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B (2007) The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(6):2017-2029. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0298
55. Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, Dávila N, Calle C (2002) Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptor gene by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cell Biochem Funct 20(3):227-232. doi: 10.1002/cbf.951
56. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B (2011) The role of vitamin D in type 2 diabetes and hypertension. In: David F, Pike JW, John SA (eds) vitamin D, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1907-1930. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381978-9. 10098-8
57. Grundy SM (2008) A changing paradigm for prevention of cardiovascular disease: emergence of the metabolic syndrome as a multiplex risk factor. Eur Heart J Supp 10(suppl B):B16-B23. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/sum044
58. Ebert R, Schütze N, Adamski J, Jakob F (2006) Vitamin D signaling is modulated on multiple levels in health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 248(1-2):149-159. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.039
59. Lips P (2006) Vitamin D physiology. ProgBiophys Mol Biol 92(1):4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016
60. Hughes MR, Malloy PJ, Kieback DG, Kesterson RA, Pike JW, Feldman D, O'Malley BW (1988) Point mutations in the human vitamin D receptor gene associated with hypocalcemic rickets. Science 242(4886):1702-1705
61. Sultan A-K, Vitale P (2003) Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia: two case reports and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 42(9):682-685. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01816.x
62. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DE, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline GA, Rosen C (2010) Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada. CMAJ 182(12):E610-E618. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080663
63. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM (2012) Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2601
64. Hollis BW (2005) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 135(2):317-322
65. Rosen CJ (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency. New Engl J Med 364(3):248-254. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1009570
66. Priemel M, von Domarus C, Klatte TO, Kessler S, Schlie J, Meier S, Proksch N, Pastor F, Netter C, Streichert T, Puschel K, Amling M (2010) Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J Bone Miner Res 25(2):305-312. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090728
67. Heaney RP (2003) Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 78(5):912-919
68. Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R (2007) Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 85(1):6-18
69. Institute of Medicine (2010) Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academy of Sciences. http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/ Report%20Files/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/ Vitamin%20D%20and%20Calcium%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdf
70. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2006) Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/ndatopics/docs/ndatolerableuil.pdf
71. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD (2010) Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada (summary). CMAJ 182(12):1315-1319. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.091062
72. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (2006) Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 84(1):18-28
73. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad HM, Weaver, The Endocrine Society (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. http://www.endo-society.org/guidelines/final/upload/FINAL-Standalone- Vitamin-D-Guideline.pdf
74. Vieth R (2007) Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science. J Bone Miner Res 22(S2):V64-V68. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.07s221
75. Jones G (2008) Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2):582S-586S
76. Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, Chen TC, Holick MF (1998) Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int 8(3):222-230. doi: 10.1007/s001980050058
77. Holick MF (2006) Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 116(8):2062-2072. doi: 10.1172/JCI29449
78. Al-Aqeel A, Ozand P, Sobki S, Sewairi W, Marx S (1993) The combined use of intravenous and oral calcium for the treatment of vitamin D dependent rickets type II (VDDRII). Clin Endocrinol 39(2):229-237. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993. tb01779.x
79. Takeda E, Yokota I, Kawakami I, Hashimoto T, Kuroda Y, Arase S (1989) Two siblings with vitamin-D-dependent rickets type II: no recurrence of rickets for 14 years after cessation of therapy. Eur J Pediatr 149(1):54-57. doi: 10.1007/bf02024336
80. Chen H, Hewison M, Hu B, Adams JS (2003) Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) binding to hormone response elements: a cause of vitamin D resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(10):6109-6114. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1031395100
81. Canadian Cancer Society (2011). http://www.cancer.ca/Saskatchewan/ Prevention/Vitamin%20D.aspx?sc-lang=en
82. Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (2001) Apports nutritionnels conseillés en vitamine D pour la population française. http://www.anses.fr/ Documents/ANC-Ft-TableauVitD.pdf
83. Department of Health (2009) Vitamin D an essential nutrient for all. but who is at risk of vitamin D deficiency? http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/prod-consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/documents/ digitalasset/dh-111302.pdf
84. Food and Drug Administration (2009) Guidance for industry: a food labeling guide; appendix C: health claims. http://www.fda.gov/Food/ GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/ FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064919.htm
85. Food Inspection Agency (2011) Guide to food labelling and advertising; Chapter 8 health claims. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/francais/fssa/labeti/guide/ ch8f.shtml
86. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2009) Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 150, 151, 158), absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus and maintenance of normal blood calcium concentrations (ID 152, 157), cell division (ID 153), and thyroid function (ID 156) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 7(9):1227. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1227
87. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2009) Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and vitamin D and maintenance of bone (ID 350) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 7(9):1272. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009. 1272
88. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2009) Scientific Opinion on health claims already evaluated (ID 215, 568, 674, 712, 1398, 1633, 1974, 4191, 4192, 4193, 4236, 4335, 4698, 4704) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 9 (6):2203. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2203
89. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2010) Scientific opinion in relation to the authorisation procedure for health claims on calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 8(5):1609
90. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies Panel Members (2010) Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 8(2):1468. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468