Multiple daytime nucleation events in semi-clean savannah and industrial environments in South Africa: Analysis based on observations

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 5523-5532

  Hirsikko, A ^a,e   Vakkari, V ^b   Tiitta, P ^c   Hatakka, J ^a   Kerminen, V M ^b   Sundstrom A M ^b   Beukes, J P ^d   Manninen, H E ^b   Kulmala, M ^b   Laakso, L ^a,d  

^a FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^d NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^e FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUD COVER; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; RURAL AREA; SAVANNA; SULFUR EMISSION; SULFURIC ACID; WIND DIRECTION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84879016868     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-5523-2013     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. ACIA: Arctic climate impact assessment, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 2005.
2. Air Resources Laboratory: Gridded Meteorological Data Archives, available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/archives.php, 2011.
3. Beljaar, A., Jacob, C., and Morcrette, J.J.: New physics parameters in the MARS archive, ECMWF Newsletter, 90, 17-21, 2001.
4. Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Sipilä, M., Vanhanen, J., Petäjä, T., Mikkilä, J., Grüner, A., Spindler, G., Lee Mauldin III, R., Curtius, J., Kulmala, M., and Heintzenberg, J.: Laboratory study on new particle formation from the reaction OH + SO2: influence of experimental conditions, H2O vapour, NH3 and the amine tert-butylamine on the overall process, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7101-7116, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7101- 2010, 2010.
5. Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Hervo, M., Picard, D., Pichon, J.-M., Fŕeville, P., and Laj, P.: Investigation of nucleation events vertical extent: a long term study at two different altitude sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 8249-8290, doi:10.5194/acpd- 11-8249-2011, 2011.
6. Bzdek, B. R., Zordan, C. A., Pennington, M. R., Luther III, G. W., and Johnston, M. V.: Quantitative assessment of the sulfuric acid contribution to new particle growth, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4365-4373, 2012.
7. Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323-336, 2005. (Pubitemid 41587373)
8. Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: Description of the HYSPLIT 4 Modelling System, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224, 2004.
9. Greenberg, J. P., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Otter, L., Veenendaal, E. W., Wewitt, C. N., James, A. E., and Owen, S. M.: Eddy flux and leaf-level measurements of biogenic VOC emissions from Mopane woodland of Botswana, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8466, doi:10.1029/2002JD002317, 2003.
10. Harley, P., Otter, L., Guenther, A., and Greenberg, J.: Micrometeorological and leaf-level measurements of isoprene emissions from a southern African savannah, J. Geophysical Res., 108, 8468, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002592, 2003.
11. Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Horrak, U., Aalto, P. P., Kerminen, V.- M., and Kulmala, M.: Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 357-369, 2005. (Pubitemid 41587375)
12. Hirsikko, A., Bergman, T., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Riipinen, I., Horrak, U., and Kulmala, M.: Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 201-210, doi:10.5194/acp-7-201-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46131321)
13. Hirsikko, A., Nieminen, T., Gagné, S., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H.E., Ehn, M., Horrak, U., Kerminen, V.-M., Laakso, L., Mc- Murry, P.H., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Petäjä, T., Tammet, H., Vakkari, V., Vana, M., and Kulmala, M.:, Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 767-798, doi:10.5194/acp-11-767-2011, 2011.
14. Hirsikko, A., Vakkari, V., Tiitta, P., Manninen, H.E., Gagné, S., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Mabaso, D., Beukes, J.P. and Laakso, L.: Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igeneous Complex, South Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3951-3967, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-3951-2012, 2012.
15. IPCC: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.
16. Janssen, R. H. H., Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Ganzeveld, L. N., Kabat, P., Jimenez, J. L., Farmer, D. K., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and Mammarella, I.: Combined effects of surface conditions, boundary layer dynamics and chemistry on diurnal SOA evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6827-6843, doi:10.5194/acp-12- 6827-2012, 2012.
17. Jokinen, V. and Mäkelä, J. M.: Closed loop arrangement with critical orifice for DMA sheath/excess flow system, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 643-648, 1997. (Pubitemid 27168515)
18. Kazil, J., Stier, P., Zhang, K., Quaas, J., Kinne, S., O'Donnell, D., Rasts, S., Esch, M., Ferrechat, S., Lohmann, U., and Feichter, J.: Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10733-10752, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 10733-2010, 2010.
19. Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Manninen, H.E., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Riipinen, I., Vehkamäki, H., Kurten, T., Ortega, I.K., Dal Maso, M., Brus, D., Hyvärinen, A., Lihavainen, H., Leppä, J., Lehtinen, K.E.J., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Horrak, U., Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Birmili,W.,Wiedensohler, A., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T.F., Wildt, J., Winkler, P.M., Wagner, P.E., Petzold, A., Minikin, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., Poschl, U., Laaksonen, A., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10829-10848, doi:10.5194/acp- 10-10829-2010, 2010.
20. Kerminen, V.-M., Paramonov, M., Anttila, T., Riipinen, I., Fountoukis, C., Korhonen, H., Asmi, E., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Swietlicki, E., Svenningsson, B., Asmi, A., Pandis, S. N., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T.: Cloud condensation nuclei production associated with atmospheric nucleation: a synthesis based on existing literature and new results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12037- 12059, doi:10.5194/acp-12-12037-2012, 2012.
21. Korhonen, K., Giannakaki, E., Mielonen, T., Pfüller, A., Laakso, L., Vakkari, V., Baars, H., Engelmann, R., Beukes, J. P., Van Zyl, P. G., Ramandh, A., Ntsangwane, L., Josipovic, M., Tiitta, P., Fourie, G., Ngwana, I., Chiloane, K., and Komppula, M.: Atmospheric boundary layer top height in South Africa: measurements with lidar and radiosonde compared to three atmospheric models, submitted, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2013.
22. Kuang, C., Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., McCormick, A. V., and McMurry, P. H.: An improved criterion for new particle formation in diverse atmospheric environments, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8469-8480, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 8469-2010, 2010.
23. Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P.H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143-176, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003, 2004. (Pubitemid 38115144)
24. Kulmala, M. and Kerminen, V.-M.: On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, Atmos. Res., 90, 132-150, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres. 2008.01.005, 2008.
25. Laakso, L., Gronholm, T., Kulmala, L., Haapanala, S., Hirsikko, A., Lovejoy, E. R., Kazil, J., Kurtén, T., Boy, M., Nilsson, E. D., Sogachev, A., Riipinen, I., Stratmann, F., and Kulmala, M.: Hotair balloon measurements of vertical variation of boundary layer new particle formation, Boreal Env. Res. 12, 279-294, 2007. (Pubitemid 47147271)
26. Laakso, L., Laakso, H., Aalto, P.P., Keronen, P., Nieminen, T., Pohja, T., Siivola, E., Kulmala, M., Kgabi, N., Molefe, M., Mabaso, D. Phalatse, D., Piennaar, K., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4823-4839, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4823- 2008, 2008.
27. Manninen, H.E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S. Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo,K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Horrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C. Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Toro, N., Moerman, M., Henzig, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G.N.,Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulus, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M.C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A. Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M, and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites - analysis of new particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907-7927, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907- 2010, 2010.
28. Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., Arneth, A., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1515-1524, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1515- 2012, 2012.
29. Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601-8616, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009, 2009.
30. Mertes, S., Schroder, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: The particle detection efficiency curve of the TSI-3010 CPC as a function of temperature difference between saturator and condenser, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 23, 257-261, doi:10.1080/02786829508965310, 1995.
31. Metzger, A., Verheggen, B., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prév̂ot, A.S.H., Weingartner, E., Riipinen, I., Kulmala, M., Spracklen, D.V., Carslaw, D.V., Baltensperger, U.: Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 107, 6646-6651, 2010.
32. Mirme A., Tamm, E., Mordas, G., Vana, M., Uin, J., Mirme, S., Bernotas, T., Laakso, L., Hirsikko, A., and Kulmala, M.: A widerange multi-channel Air Ion Spectrometer, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 247-264, 2007. (Pubitemid 47147269)
33. Nieminen, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: Sub-10 nm particle growth by vapor condensation - effects of vapor molecule size and particle thermal speed, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9773- 9779, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9773-2010, 2010.
34. Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H.E., Petäjä, T., Plass-Dülmer, C., Flentje, H., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Horrak, U., Metzger, A., Hamed, A. Laaksonen, A., Facchini, M.C., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223-11242, doi:10.5194/acp - 10-11223-2010, 2010.
35. Petäjä, T., Mauldin III, R.L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Boy, M., Adamov, A., Kotiaho, T., and Kulmala, M.: Sulphuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7435-7448, doi:10.5194/acp-9- 7435-2009, 2009.
36. Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain nucleation and primary emission rates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1339-1356, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1339-2009, 2009.
37. Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Sipilä, M., Barmet, P., Curtius, J., Dommen, J., Ehn, M., Ehrhart, S., Kulmala, M., Kürten, A., Mikkilä, J., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T.,Weingartner, E. and Baltensperger, U.: Contribution of sulfuric acid and oxidized organic compounds to particle formation and growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9427- 9439, 2012, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/9427/2012/.
38. Riddle, E. E., Voss, P. B., Stohl, A., Holcomb, D., Maczka, D., Washburn, K., and Talbot, R. W.: Trajectory model validation using newly developed altitude-controlled balloons during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformations 2004 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S57, doi:10.1029/2006JD007456, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260851)
39. Riipinen, I., Pierce, J.R., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Häkkinen, S., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Petäjä, T., Slowik, J., Chang, R., Shantz, N. C., Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W.R., Kerminen, V.-M., Worsnop, D.R., Pandis, S.N., Donahue, N.M., and Kulmala, M.: Organic condensation: a vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3865-3878, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011, 2011.
40. Siebert, H., B. Wehner, B., Hellmuth, O., Stratmann, F., Boy, M., and Kulmala, M.: New-particle formation in connection with a nocturnal low-level jet: Observations and modeling results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16822, doi:10.1029/2007/GL029891, 2007.
41. Stohl, A.: Computation, accuracy and application of trajectories - a review and bibliography, Atmos. Environ., 32, 947-966, doi:10.1016/S1352- 2310(97)00457-3, 1998. (Pubitemid 28236480)
42. Stratmann, F., Siebert, H., Spindler, G.,Wehner, B., Althausen, D., Heinzenberg, J., Hellmuth, O., Rinke, R., Schmiedler, U., Seidel, C., Tuch, T., Uhrner, U., Wiedensohler, A., Wandinger, U., Wendisch, M., Schell, D., and Stohl, A.: New-particle formation events in a continental boundary layer: first results from the SATURN experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1445-1459, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1445-2003, 2003.
43. Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Hirsikko, A., Bergman, T., Laakso, L, Aalto, P.P., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H., Zegelin, S., Hughes, D., van Gorsel, E., Kitchen, M., Vana, M., Horrak, U., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Sevanto, S., Twining, J., and Tadros, C.: Formation and characteristics of ions and charged aerosol particles in a native Australian Eucalypt forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 129-139, doi:10.5194/acp-8-129-2008, 2008.
44. Svenningsson B., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Holst, T., Massling, A., Swietlicki, E., Hirsikko, A., Junninen, H., Riipinen, I., Vana, M., Dal Maso, M., Hussein, T., and Kulmala, M.: Aerosol particle formation events and analysis of high growth rates observed above a subarctic wetland-forest mosaic, Tellus, 60B, 353-364, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00351.x, 2008.
45. Tiitta, P., Vakkari, V., Josipovic, M., Croteau, P., Beukes, J.P., Van Zyl, P.G.,, Venter, A.D., Jaars, K., Pienaar, J.J., Ng, S., Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Worsnop, D.R,. and Laakso, L.: Chemical composition and main sources of NR-PM1 aerosols in southern African Grassland, in preparation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2013.
46. Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Knabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 767-798, doi:10.5194/acp-11-767-2011, 2011.
47. Venter, A.D., Vakkari, V., Beukes, J.P., van Zyl, P.G., Laakso, H., Mabaso, D., Tiitta, P., Josipovic, M., Kulmala, M., Pienaar, J.J., and Laakso, L.: An air quality assessment in the industrialized western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Sci., 108, #1059, 10 pp., doi:10.4102/sajs. v108i9/10.1059, 2012.
48. Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G., Lindner, A., and Berner, A: A new electromobility spectrometer for the measurement of aerosol size distributions in the size range from 1 to 1000 nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289-296, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(05)80007-2, 1991.
49. Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Yue, D. L., Wehner, B., and Wiedensohler, A.: Evolution of particle number size distribution in an urban atmosphere during episodes of heavy pollution and new particle formation, Sci. China Earth Sci., 54, 1772-1778, doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4227-9, 2011.
50. Zhang, R.: Getting to the critical nucleus of aerosol formation, Science, 328, 1366-1367, doi:10.1126/science.1189732, 2010.