Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories - A review and bibliography

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 947-966

  Stohl, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Accuracy of trajectories; Box models; Lagrangian; Particle models; Trajectories; Trajectory statistics; Transport

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; BIBLIOGRAPHIES; COMPUTATIONAL METHODS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; STATISTICS; WIND;

LAGRANGIAN CHEMICAL BOX MODELS; LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE DISPERSION MODELS;

METEOROLOGY;

ATMOSPHERE; PARTICLE DISPERSION; TRAJECTORY PREDICTION; WIND FIELD;

ATMOSPHERE; TRAJECTORY; WIND FIELD;

ACCURACY; AIR POLLUTION; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; ERROR; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WIND;

EID: 0032029469     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00457-3     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Angell J. K., Pack D. H. Analysis of some preliminary low-level constant level balloon (tetroon) flights. Monthly Weather Review. 7:1960;235-248.
2. Angell J. K., Pack D. H., Machta L., Dickson C. R., Hoecker W. H. Three-dimensional air trajectories determined from tetroon flights in the planetary boundary layer of the Los Angeles basin. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 11:1972;451-471.
3. Archer G., Girardi F., Graziani G., Klug W., Mosca S., Nodop K. The European long range tracer experiment (ETEX). Preliminary evaluation of model intercomparison exercise. Gryning S. E., Schiermeier F. A. Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XI. 21:1996;181-190 Plenum Press, New York.
4. Artz R., Pielke R. A., Galloway J. Comparison of the ARL/ATAD constant level and the NCAR isentropic trajectory analyses for selected case studies. Atmospheric Environment. 19:1985;47-63.
5. Ashbaugh L. L. A statistical trajectory technique for determining air pollution source regions. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association. 33:1983;1096-1098.
6. Ashbaugh L. L., Malm W. C., Sadeh W. Z. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park. Atmospheric Environment. 19:1985;1263-1270.
7. Baerentsen J. H., Berkowicz R. Monte Carlo simulation of plume dispersion in the convective boundary layer. Atmospheric Environment. 18:1984;701-712.
8. Baumann, K., Langer, M. and Stohl, A. (1996) Hot-air balloon tracks used to analyze air flow in alpine valleys. Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Alpine Meteorology, Bled, Slovenia, pp. 60-66.
9. Baumann K., Stohl A. Validation of a long-range trajectory model using gas balloon tracks from the Gordon Bennett Cup 95. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 36:1997;711-720.
10. Byers H. R. General Meteorology. 4:1974;McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
11. Cabezudo B., Recio M., Sánchez-Laulhé J. M., Trigo M., Toro F. J., Polvorinos F. Atmospheric transportation of marihuana pollen from North Africa to the southwest of Europe. Atmospheric Environment. 20:1997;3323-3328.
12. Cheng M.-D., Hopke P. K., Barrie L., Rippe A., Olson M., Landsberger S. Qualitative determination of source regions of aerosol in Canadian high arctic. Environment Science and Technology. 27:1993;2063-2071.
13. Cheng M.-D., Hopke P. K., Zeng Y. A receptor-oriented methodology for determining source regions of particulate sulfate at Dorset, Ontario. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98:1993;16,839-16,849.
14. Chiapello I., Bergametti G., Chatenet B., Bousquet P., Dulac F., Santos Soares E. Origins of African dust transported over the northeastern tropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;13,701-13,709.
15. Chock D. P., Kuo Y. H. Comparison of wind-field models using the CAPTEX data. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;76-91.
16. Chock D. P., Winkler S. L. A particle grid air quality modeling approach. 1. The dispersion aspect. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:1994;1019-1031.
17. Chock D. P., Winkler S. L. A particle grid air quality modeling approach. 2. Coupling with chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:1994;1033-1041.
18. Clarke J. F., Clark T. L., Ching J. K. S., Haagenson P. L., Husar R. B., Patterson D. E. Assessment of model simulation of long-distance transport. Atmospheric Environment. 12:1983;2449-2462.
19. Colin J. L., Renard D., Lescoat V., Jaffrezo J. L., Gros M. J., Strauss B. Relationship between rain and snow acidity and air mass trajectory in Eastern France. Atmospheric Environment. 23:1989;1487-1498.
20. Comrie A. C. Tracking ozone. air-mass trajectories and pollutant source regions influencing ozone in Pennsylvania forests Annals of the Assocociation of American Geographers. 84:1994;635-651.
21. D'Abreton P. C., Tyson P. D. Three-dimensional kinematic trajectory modelling of water vapour transport over Southern Africa. Water SA. 22:1996;297-306.
22. Danielsen E. F. Trajectories. isobaric, isentropic and actual Journal of Meteorology. 18:1961;479-486.
23. Davis C. A. Potential vorticity. Schneider S.H. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. 1996;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
24. De Leeuw F. A. A. M., Van Rheineck Leyssius H. J., Builtjes P. J. H. Calculation of long term averaged ground level ozone concentrations. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;185-193.
25. Derwent R. G. Evaluation of a number of chemical mechanisms for their application in models describing the formation of photochemical ozone in Europe. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;2615-2624.
26. Dorling S. R., Davies T. D. Extending cluster analysis - synoptic meteorology links to characterise chemical climates at six northwest European monitoring stations. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;145-167.
27. Dorling S. R., Davies T. D., Pierce C. E. Cluster analysis. a technique for estimating the synoptic meteorological controls on air and precipitation chemistry - method and applications Atmospheric Environment. 26A:1992;2575-2581.
28. Dorling S. R., Davies T. D., Pierce C. E. Cluster analysis. a technique for estimating the synoptic meteorological controls on air and precipitation chemistry - results from Eskdalemuir, south Scotland Atmospheric Environment. 26A:1992;2583-2602.
29. Doty K. G., Perkey D. J. Sensitivity of trajectory calculations to the temporal frequency of wind data. Monthly Weather Review. 121:1993;387-401.
30. Draxler R. R. Sensitivity of a trajectory model to the spatial and temporal resolution of the meteorological data during CAPTEX. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 26:1987;1577-1588.
31. Draxler R. R. The accuracy of trajectories during ANATEX calculated using dynamic model analyses versus rawinsonde observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 30:1991;1446-1467.
32. Draxler R. R. Boundary layer isentropic and kinematic trajectories during the August 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;29,255-29,268.
33. Draxler R. R. Trajectory optimization for balloon flight planning. Weather and Forecasting. 11:1996;111-114.
34. Draxler R. R., Dietz R., Lagomarsino R. J., Start G. Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX) sampling and analysis. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;2815-2836.
35. Draxler R. R., McQueen J. T., Stunder B. J. B. An evaluation of air pollutant exposures due to the 1991 Kuwait oil fires using a Lagrangian model. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;2197-2210.
36. Dutton J. A. The Ceaseless Wind. An Introduction to the Theory of Atmospheric Motion. 1986;Dover, New York.
37. Eastman J. L., Pielke R. A., Lyons W. A. Comparison of lake-breeze model simulations with tracer data. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 34:1995;1398-1418.
38. Eder B. K., Davis J. M., Bloomfield P. An automated classification scheme designed to better elucidate the dependence of ozone on meteorology. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 33:1994;1182-1199.
39. Eliassen A., Hov Ø., Isaksen I. S. A., Saltbones J., Stordal F. A Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmospheric boundary layer chemistry. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 21:1982;1645-1661.
40. Fay B., Glaab H., Jacobsen I., Schrodin R. Evaluation of Eulerian and Lagrangian atmospheric transport models at the Deutscher Wetterdienst using ANATEX surface tracer data. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;2485-2497.
41. Ferber, G. J., Heffter, J. L., Draxler, R. R., Lagomarsino, R. J., Thomas, F. L., Dietz, R. N. and Benkovitz, C. M. (1986) Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX 83). Final Rep. NOAA Techn. Memo. ERL ARL-142, Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, 60 p.
42. Fernau M. E., Samson P. J. Use of cluster analysis to define periods of similar meteorology and precipitation chemistry in Eastern North America. Part I. Transport patterns Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;735-750.
43. Fernau M. E., Samson P. J. Use of cluster analysis to define periods of similar meteorology and precipitation chemistry in Eastern North America. Part II. Precipitation patterns and pollutant deposition Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;751-761.
44. Fisher M., Lary D. J. Lagrangian four-dimensional variational data assimilation of chemical species. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 121:1995;1681-1704.
45. Flesch T. K. The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 78:1996;399-404.
46. Flesch T. K., Wilson J. D., Yee E. Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models, and their application to estimate gaseous emissions. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 34:1995;1320-1332.
47. Fuelberg H. E., Loring R. O. Jr., Watson M. V., Sinha M. C., Pickering K. E., Thompson A. M., Sachse G. W., Blake D. R., Schoeberl M. R. TRACE A trajectory intercomparison. 2. Isentropic and kinematic methods. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;23,927-23,939.
48. Gao N., Cheng M.-D., Hopke P. K. Potential source contribution function analysis and source apportionment of sulfur species measured at Rubidoux, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, 1987. Analytica Chimica Acta. 277:1993;369-380.
49. Goodin W. R., McRae G., Seinfeld J. H. An objective analysis technique for constructing three-dimensional urban-scale wind fields. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 19:1980;98-108.
50. Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J. and Stauffer, D. R. (1995) A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-398+STR, 122 pp.
51. Haagenson P. L., Gao K., Kuo Y.-H. Evaluation of meteorological analyses, simulations, and long-range transport using ANATEX surface tracer data. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;1268-1283.
52. Haagenson P. L., Kuo Y. H., Skumanich M., Seaman N. L. Tracer verification of trajectory models. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 26:1987;410-426.
53. Hanna, S. R. (1982) Applications in air pollution modeling. In Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling, eds. F. T. M. Niewstadt and H. van Dop. D., Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland.
54. Harris J. M. An analysis of 5-day midtropospheric flow patterns for the South Pole. 1985-1989 Tellus. 44B:1992;409-421.
55. Harris J. M., Kahl J. D. A descriptive atmospheric transport climatology for the Mauna Loa Observatory, using clustered trajectories. Journal of Geophysical Research. 95:1990;13,651-13,667.
56. Harris J. M., Kahl J. D. W. Analysis of 10-day isentropic flow patterns for Barrow, Alaska. 1985-1992 Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:1994;25,845-25,855.
57. Heffter, J. L. (1980) Air Resources Laboratories Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Model (ARL-ATAD). NOAA Techn. Memo. ERL ARL-81, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 17 pp.
58. Heffter, J. L. (1983) Branching Atmospheric Trajectory (BAT) Model. NOAA Techn. Memo. ERL ARL-121, Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Springs, Maryland, U.S.A., 19 pp.
59. Heffter J. L., Stunder B. J. B. Volcanic ash forecast transport and dispersion (VAFTAD) model. Weather and Forecasting. 8:1993;533-541.
60. Heffter J. L., Stunder B. J. B., Rolph G. D. Long-range forecast trajectories of volcanic ash from Redoubt Volcano eruptions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 71:1990;1731-1738.
61. Henderson R. G., Weingartner K. Trajectory analysis of MAP3S precipitation chemistry data at Ithaca, New York. Atmospheric Environment. 16:1982;1657-1665.
62. Hertel O., Christensen J., Runge E. H., Asman W. A. H., Berkowicz R., Hovmand M. F., Hov Ø. Development and testing of a new variable scale air pollution model - ACDEP. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;1267-1290.
63. 2 and sulfate and its application to the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research. 85:1980;4436-4442.
64. Hoecker W. H. Accuracy of various techniques for estimating boundary-layer trajectories. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 16:1977;374-383.
65. Hopke P. K., Gao N., Cheng M.-D. Combining chemical and meteorological data to infer source areas of airborne pollutants. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 19:1993;187-199.
66. Jäger A. Isentrope Trajektorien und ihre Anwendung auf das Konzept der potentiellen Vorticity bei orographisch induzierten Lee-Zyklogenesen. 1992;University of Innsbruck, Austria. Diploma Thesis.
67. Kahl J. D. A cautionary note on the use of air trajectories in interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurements. Atmospheric Environment. 27A:1993;3037-3038.
68. Kahl J. D. W. On the prediction of trajectory model error. Atmospheric Environment. 30:1996;2945-2957.
69. Kahl J. D., Harris J. M., Herbert G. A., Olson M. P. Intercomparison of long-range trajectory models applied to arctic haze. Proceedings of the 17th NATO/CCMS ITM on Air Pollution Model and its Applications. 1989;175-185 Plenum Press, New York.
70. Kahl J. D., Harris J. M., Herbert G. A., Olson M. P. Intercomparison of three long-range trajectory models applied to Arctic haze. Tellus. 41B:1989;524-536.
71. Kahl J. D., Liu D., White W. H., Macias E. S., Vasconcelos L. The relationship between atmospheric transport and the particle scattering coefficient at the Grand Canyon. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 47:1997;419-425.
72. Kahl J. D., Samson P. J. Uncertainty in trajectory calculations due to low resolution meteorological data. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 25:1986;1816-1831.
73. Kahl J. D., Samson P. J. Trajectory sensitivity to rawinsonde data resolution. Atmospheric Environment. 22:1988;1291-1299.
74. Kahl J. D., Samson P. J. Uncertainty in estimating boundary-layer transport during highly convective conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 27:1988;1024-1035.
75. Kahl J. D., Schnell R. C., Sheridan P. J., Zak B. D., Church H. W., Mason A., Heffter J. L., Harris J. M. Predicting atmospheric debris transport in real-time using a trajectory forecast model. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;1705-1713.
76. Kalkstein L. S., Tan G., Skindlov J. A. An evaluation of three clustering procedures for use in synoptic climatological classification. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 26:1987;717-730.
77. Klug W., Graziani G., Grippa G., Pierce D., Tassone C. W. Evaluation of Long Range Atmospheric Transport Models Using Environmental Radioactivity Data from the Chernobyl Release. 1992;Elsevier, Amsterdam.
78. Knudsen B. M., Carver G. D. Accuracy of the isentropic trajectories calculated for the EASOE campaign. Geophysical Research Letters. 21:1994;1199-1202.
79. Knudsen B. M., Rosen J. M., Kjome N. T., Whitten A. T. Comparison of analyzed stratospheric temperatures and calculated trajectories with long-duration balloon data. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;19,137-19,145.
80. Koffi N. E., Nodop K., Benech B. Constant volume balloon model used to derive tracer plume trajectories (ETEX experiment first release). Nodop K. ETEX Symposium on Long-Range Atmospheric Transport, Model Verification and Emergency Response. 1997;75-78 European Commission EUR 17346.
81. Koffi N. E., Nodop K., Benech B. Constant volume balloon model used to derive tracer plume trajectories (ETEX experiment second release). Nodop K. ETEX Symposium on Long-Range Atmospheric Transport, Model Verification and Emergency Response. 1997;79-82 European Commission EUR 17346.
82. Kolb H., Seibert P., Zwatz-Meise V., Mahringer G. Comparison of trajectories calculated during and after the Chernobyl accident. In. Evaluation of atmospheric dispersion models applied to the release from Chernobyl Österreichische Beiträge zu Meteorologie und Geophysik. 1:1989;61-69.
83. Kuo Y.-H., Skumanich M., Haagenson P. L., Chang J. S. The accuracy of trajectory models as revealed by the observing system simulation experiments. Monthly Weather Review. 113:1985;1852-1867.
84. Lamb B. K., Lorenzen A., Shair F. H. Atmospheric dispersion and transport within coastal regions - part I. Tracer study of power plant emissions from the Oxnard plain. Atmospheric Environment. 12:1978;2089-2100.
85. Lamb B. K., Shair F. H., Smith T. B. Atmospheric dispersion and transport within coastal regions - part II. Tracer study of industrial emissions in the California delta region. Atmospheric Environment. 12:1978;2101-2118.
86. Legg B. J., Raupach M. R. Markov-chain simulation of particle dispersion in inhomogeneous flows. the mean drift velocity induced by a gradient in Eulerian velocity variance Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 24:1982;3-13.
87. Lorimer G. S. The kernel method for air quality modelling - I. mathematical foundation. Atmospheric Environment. 20:1986;1447-1452.
88. Luhar A. K., Hibberd M. F., Hurley P. J. Comparison of closure schemes used to specify the velocity PDF in Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models for convective conditions. Atmospheric Environment. 30:1996;1407-1418.
89. Ludwig F. L., Livingston J. M., Endlich R. M. Use of mass conservation and critical dividing streamline concepts for efficient objective analzsis of wind fields in complex terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 30:1991;1490-1499.
90. Lyons W. A., Pielke R. A., Tremback C. J., Walko R. L., Moon D. A., Keen C. S. Modeling impacts of mesoscale vertical motions upon coastal zone air pollution dispersion. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;283-301.
91. Martin D., Bergametti G., Strauss B. On the use of the synoptic vertical velocity in trajectory model. validation by geochemical tracers Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;2059-2069.
92. Martin D., Mithieux C., Strauss B. On the use of the synoptic vertical wind component in a transport trajectory model. Atmospheric Environment. 21:1987;45-52.
93. Maryon R. H., Buckland A. T. Diffusion in a Lagrangian multiple particle model. a sensitivity study Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;2019-2038.
94. Maryon R. H., Heasman C. C. The accuracy of plume trajectories forecast using the U.K. meteorological office operational forecasting models and their sensitivity to calculation schemes. Atmospheric Environment. 22:1988;259-272.
95. Mathur R., Peters L. K. Adjustment of wind fields for application in air pollution modeling. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;1095-1106.
96. McNider R. T., Moran M. D., Pielke R. A. Influence of diurnal and inertial boundary layer oscillations on long-range dispersion. Atmospheric Environment. 22:1988;2445-2462.
97. McQueen J. T., Draxler R. R. Evaluation of model back trajectories of the Kuwait oil fires smoke plume using digital satellite data. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;2159-2174.
98. Merrill J. T., Bleck R., Avila L. Modeling atmospheric transport to the Marshall islands. Journal of Geophysical Research. 90:1985;12,927-12,936.
99. Merrill J. T., Bleck R., Boudra D. Techniques of Lagrangian trajectory analysis in isentropic coordinates. Monthly Weather Review. 114:1986;571-581.
100. Miller J. M. A five-year climatology of back trajectories from the Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii. Atmospheric Environment. 15:1981;1553-1558.
101. Miller, J. M. (1987) The use of back air trajectories in interpreting atmospheric chemistry data: a review and bibliography. NOAA Technical Memo. ERL ARL-155, Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A., 60 pp.
102. Miller J. M., Moody J. L., Harris J. M., Gaudry A. A 10-year trajectory flow climatology for Amsterdam island, 1980-1989. Atmospheric Environment. 27A:1993;1909-1916.
103. Moody J. L., Galloway J. N. Quantifying the relationship between atmospheric transport and the chemical composition of precipitation on Bermuda. Tellus. 40B:1988;463-479.
104. Moody J. L., Oltmans S. J., Levy II H., Merrill J. T. Transport climatology of tropospheric ozone. Bermuda, 1988-1991 Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;7179-7194.
105. Moody J. L., Samson P. J. The influence of atmospheric transport on precipitation chemistry at two sites in the midwestern United States. Atmospheric Environment. 23:1989;2117-2132.
106. Moran M. D., Pielke R. A. Evaluation of a mesoscale atmospheric dispersion modeling system with observations from the 1980 Great Plains mesoscale tracer field experiment. Part II. Dispersion simulations Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35:1996;308-329.
107. Mosca, S., Graziani, G., Klug, W., Bellasio, R. and Bianconi, R. (1997) ATMES-II - Evaluation of Long-Range Dispersion Models Using 1st ETEX Release Data, Vol. I (in press).
108. Munn R. E., Likens G. E., Weisman B., Hornbeck J. W., Martin C. W., Bormann F. H. A meteorological analysis of the precipitation chemistry event samples at Hubbard Brook (N.H.). Atmospheric Environment. 18:1984;2775-2779.
109. Nguyen K. C., Noonan J. A., Galbally I. E., Physick W. L. Predictions of plume dispersion in complex terrain. Eulerian versus Lagrangian models Atmospheric Environment. 31:1997;947-958.
110. Pack D. H., Ferber G. J., Heffter J. L., Telegadas K., Angell J. K., Hoecker W. H., Machta L. Meteorology of long-range transport. Atmospheric Environment. 12:1978;425-444.
111. Peters L. K., Berkowicz C. M., Carmichael G. R., Easter R. C., Fairweather G., Ghan S. J., Hales J. M., Leung L. R., Pennell W. R., Potra F. A., Saylor R. D., Tsang T. T. The current state and future direction of Eulerian models in simulating the tropospheric chemistry and transport of trace species. a review Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;189-222.
112. Petersen R. A., Uccellini L. W. The computation of isentropic atmospheric trajectories using a "Discrete Model" formulation. Monthly Weather Review. 107:1979;566-574.
113. Petterssen S. Weather Analysis and Forecasting. 1940;221-223 McGraw-Hill, New York.
114. Pflüger, U., Roos, M. and Jacobsen, I. (1990) Trajektorienberechnungen auf Basis des neuen Wettervorhersagesystems des Deutschen Wetterdienstes und ihre Anwendung für die Ausbreitungsrechnung. Deutscher Wetterdienst.
115. Pickering K. E., Thompson A. M., McNamara D. P., Schoeberl M. R. An intercomparison of isentropic trajectories over the South Atlantic. Monthly Weather Review. 122:1994;864-879.
116. Pickering K. E., Thompson A. M., McNamara D. P., Schoeberl M. R., Fuelberg H. E., Loring R. O. Jr., Watson M. V., Fakhruzzaman K., Bachmeier A. S. TRACE A trajectory intercomparison. 1. Effects of different input analyses. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;23,903-23,925.
117. Pielke R. A., Cotton W. R., Walko R. L, Trembach C. J., Lyons W. A., Grasso L. D., Nicholls M. E., Moran M. D., Wesely D. A., Lee T. J., Copeland J. H. A comprehensive meteorological modeling system - RAMS. Meteorology Atmospheric Physics. 49:1992;69-91.
118. Poirot R. L., Wishinski P. R. Visibility, sulfate and air mass history associated with the summertime aerosol in Northern Vermont. Atmospheric Environment. 20:1986;1457-1469.
119. Rao S. T., Pleim J., Czapaski J. A comparative study of two trajectory models of long-range transport. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association. 33:1983;32-41.
120. Raynor G. S., Hayes J. V., Lewis D. M. Testing of the Air Resources Laboratories trajectory model on cases of pollen wet deposition after long-distance transport from known source regions. Atmospheric Environment. 17:1983;213-220.
121. Reiff J., Forbes G. S., Spieksma F. T. M., Reynders J. J. African dust reaching northwestern Europe. a case study to verify trajectory calculations Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 25:1986;1543-1567.
122. Reisinger L. M., Mueller S. F. Comparisons of tetroon and computed trajectories. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 22:1983;664-672.
123. Rodean, H. (1996) Stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion. Meteorological Monographs 26 (48). American Meteorological Society, Boston, USA.
124. Rolph G. D., Draxler R. R. Sensitivity of three-dimensional trajectories to the spatial and temporal densities of the wind field. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;1043-1054.
125. Ross D. G., Smith I. N., Manins P. C., Fox D. G. Diagnostic wind field modeling for complex terrain. model development and testing Journal of Applied Meteorology. 27:1988;785-796.
126. Sardeshmukh P. D., Liebmann B. An assessment of low-frequency variability in the tropics as indicated by some proxies of tropical convection. Journal of Climate. 6:1993;569-575.
127. Scire, J., Insley, E. and Yamartino, R. (1990) Model Formulation and User's Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model. Report No. A025-1, prepared for the State of California Air Resources Board.
128. Scheele M. P., Siegmund P. C., Velthoven P. F. J. Sensitivity of trajectories to data resolution and its dependence on the starting point. in or outside a tropopause fold Meteorological Applications. 3:1996;267-273.
129. Schlünzen K. H. Mesoscale modeling in complex terrain - an overview on the German nonhydrostatic models Beiträge zur Physik der Atmosphäre. 67:1994;243-253.
130. Seibert P. Convergence and accuracy of numerical methods for trajectory calculations. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 32:1993;558-566.
131. Seibert P. Inverse dispersion modelling based on trajectory-derived source-receptor relationships. In preparation Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications. 1997;Clermont-Ferrand.
132. Seibert P., Kromp-Kolb H., Baltensperger U., Jost D. T., Schwikowski M. Trajectory analysis of high-alpine air pollution data. Gryning S.-E., Millan M.M. Air Pollution Modelling and its Application X. 1994;595-596 Plenum Press, New York.
133. Seibert P., Kromp-Kolb H., Baltensperger U., Jost D. T., Schwikowski M., Kasper A., Puxbaum H. Trajectory analysis of aerosol measurements at high alpine sites. Borrell P.M., Borrell P., Cvitaš T., Seiler W. Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. 1994;689-693 Academic Publishing, Den Haag.
134. Sherman C. A. A mass-consistent model for wind fields over complex terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 17:1978;312-319.
135. Shi B., Kahl J. D., Christidis Z. D., Samson P. J. Simulation of the three-dimensional distribution of tracer during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research. 95:1990;3693-3703.
136. 3 ambient air concentrations at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;2867-2881.
137. Sparling L. C., Schoeberl M. R., Douglass A. R., Weaver C. J., Newman P. A., Lait L. R. Trajectory modeling of emissions from lower stratospheric aircraft. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;1427-1438.
138. Steinacker R. Airmass and frontal movement around the Alps. Rivista di Meteorologia Aeronautica. 44:1984;85-93.
139. Stevenson D. S., Collins W. J., Johnson C. E., Derwent R. G. The impact of aircraft nitrogen oxide emissions on tropospheric ozone studied with a 3D Lagrangian model including fully diurnal chemistry. Atmospheric Environment. 31:1997;1837-1850.
140. Stocker R. A., Pielke R. A., Verdon A. J., Snow J. T. Characteristics of plume releases as depicted by balloon launchings and model simulations. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 29:1990;53-62.
141. Stohl A. On the use of trajectories for establishing source-receptor relationships of air pollutants. Ph.D. Thesis. 1996;University of Vienna.
142. Stohl A. Trajectory statistics - a new method to establish source-receptor relationships of air pollutants and its application to the transport of particulate sulfate in Europe. Atmospheric Environment. 30:1996;579-587.
143. Stohl A., Baumann K., Wotawa G., Langer M., Neininger B., Piringer M., Formayer H. Diagnostic downscaling of large scale wind fields to compute local scale trajectories. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 36:1997;931-942.
144. Stohl A., Kromp-Kolb H. Origin of ozone in Vienna and surroundings, Austria. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;1255-1266.
145. Stohl A., Kromp-Kolb H. Frequency of ozone formation in the plume of Vienna. Baldasano J. M., Brebbia C.A., Power H., Zannetti P. Air Pollution 2, Volume 2 - Pollution Control and Monitoring. 1994;449-456 Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, Boston, UK.
146. Stohl A., Scheifinger H. A weather pattern classification by trajectory clustering. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. N.F. 6:1994;333-336.
147. Stohl, A. and Seibert, P. (1997) Accuracy of trajectories as determined from the conservation of meteorological tracers. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, in press.
148. Stohl A., Wotawa G. A method for computing single trajectories representing boundary layer transport. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;3235-3239.
149. Stohl A., Wotawa G., Seibert P., Kromp-Kolb H. Interpolation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporal resolution and their impact on different types of kinematic trajectories. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 34:1995;2149-2165.
150. Stunder B. J. B. An assessment of the quality of forecast trajectories. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35:1996;1319-1331.
151. Sutton R. Lagrangian flow in the middle atmosphere. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 120:1994;1299-1321.
152. Tajima T., Nakamura T., Kurokawa K. Experimental observations of 3-D Lagrangian motion in a steady baroclinic wave. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 75:1997;101-109.
153. Thomson D. J. Random walk modelling of diffusion in inhomogeneous turbulence. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 110:1984;1107-1120.
154. Thomson D. J. Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 180:1987;529-556.
155. Thomson D. J., Montgomery M. R. Reflection boundary conditions for random walk models of dispersion in non-Gaussian turbulence. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;1981-1987.
156. Tyson P. D., Garstang M., Swap R. Large-scale recirculation of air over southern Africa. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35:1996;2218-2236.
157. Uliasz M. Lagrangian particle dispersion modeling in mesoscale applications. Zannetti P. Environmental Modeling, Vol. II. 1994;71-101 Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, UK.
158. Uliasz, M., Stocker, R. A. and Pielke, R. A. (1997) Regional modeling of air pollution transport in the southwestern United States. To be published Environmental Modeling, Vol. III, ed. P. Zannetti, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K.
159. Vasconcelos L. A. P., Kahl J. D. W., Liu D., Macias E. S., White W. H. A tracer calibration of back trajectory analysis at the Grand Canyon. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;19329-19335.
160. Vasconcelos L. A. P., Kahl J. D. W., Liu D., Macias E. S., White W. H. Spatial resolution of a transport inversion technique. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;19,337-19,342.
161. Virkkula A., Mäkinen M., Hillamo R., Stohl A. Atmospheric aerosol in the Finnish Arctic. particle number concentrations, chemical characteristics, and source analysis Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 85:1995;1997-2002.
162. Walmsley J. L., Mailhot J. On the numerical accuracy of trajectory models for long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants. Atmos.-Ocean. 21:1983;14-39.
163. Warner T. T., Fizz R. R., Seaman N. L. A comparison of two types of atmospheric transport models - use of observed winds versus dynamically predicted winds. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 22:1983;394-406.
164. Waugh D. W., Plumb R. A. Contour advection with surgery. a technique for investigating finescale structures in tracer transport Journal of Atmospheric Science. 51:1994;530-540.
165. Wetzel M., Borys R., Lowenthal D., Brown S. Meteorological support to the Earthwinds Transglobal Balloon project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76:1995;477-487.
166. White W. H., Macias E. S., Kahl J. D., Samson P. J., Molenar J. V., Malm W. C. On the potential of regional-scale emissions zoning as an air quality management tool for the Grand Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;1035-1045.
167. Wilson J. D., Flesch T. K. Flow boundaries in random-flight dispersion models. enforcing the well-mixed condition Journal of Applied Meteorology. 32:1993;1695-1707.
168. Wilson J. D., Legg B. J., Thomson D. J. Calculation of particle trajectories in the presence of a gradient in turbulent-velocity scale. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 27:1983;163-169.
169. Wilson J. D., Sawford B. L. Review of Lagrangian stochastic models for trajectories in the turbulent atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 78:1996;191-210.
170. Zeng Y., Hopke P. K. A study of the sources of acid precipitation in Ontario, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 23:1989;1499-1509.
171. Zannetti P. Particle Modeling and Its Application for Simulating Air Pollution Phenomena. Melli P., Zannetti P. Environmental Modelling. 1992;211-241 Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, UK.