Intensive care sedation: The past, present and the future

Critical Care

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2013, Pages

  Shehabi, Yahya ^a   Bellomo, Rinaldo ^b   Mehta, Sangeeta ^c   Riker, Richard ^d   Takala, Jukka ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEXMEDETOMIDINE; FENTANYL; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; PROPOFOL; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT;

ANESTHESIA LEVEL; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DELIRIUM; DRUG COST; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA; LENGTH OF STAY; MEDICAL EXPERT; NURSE TRAINING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SEDATION; WORKLOAD; ANESTHESIA; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; FORECASTING; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; PROCEDURES; TRENDS;

ANESTHESIA; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; FORECASTING; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS;

EID: 84878954695     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: 1466609X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc12679     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Patel SB, Kress JP. Sedation and analgesia in the mechanically ventilated patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:486-497. 10.1164/rccm.201102-0273CI, 22016443.
2. Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur CJ, Seppelt IM, Webb SA, Weisbrodt L. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 186:724-731. 10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC, 22859526.
3. Shehabi Y, Chan L, Kadiman S, Alias A, Ismail WN, Tan MA, Khoo TM, Ali SB, Saman MA, Shaltut A, Tan CC, Yong CY, Bailey M, Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39:910-918. 10.1007/s00134-013-2830-2, 3625407, 23344834, Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators.
4. Mehta S, McCullagh I, Burry L. Current sedation practices: lessons learned from international surveys. Crit Care Clin 2009, 25:471-488. 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.04.001, 19576525.
5. Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Peck L, Bellomo R, Baldwin I. Routine use of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) by bedside nurses may underdiagnose delirium. Crit Care Resusc 2011, 13:217-224.
6. Shehabi Y. The search for the holy grail: diagnosing delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc 2011, 13:214.
7. Hansen-Flaschen JH, Brazinsky S, Basile C, Lanken PN. Use of sedating drugs and neuromuscular blocking agents in patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. JAMA 1991, 266:2870-2875. 10.1001/jama.1991.03470200082040, 1942456.
8. Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, Greenbaum DM, Jacobi J, Nasraway SA, Schein RM, Spevetz A, Stone JR. Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: an executive summary. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1596-1600. 10.1097/00003246-199509000-00021, 7664563.
9. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, Chalfin DB, Masica MF, Bjerke HS, Coplin WM. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:119-141. 10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020, 11902253.
10. Martin J, Heymann A, Bäsell K, Baron R, Biniek R, Bürkle H, Dall P, Dictus C, Eggers V, Eichler I, Engelmann L, Garten L, Hartl W, Haase U, Huth R, Kessler P, Kleinschmidt S, Koppert W, Kretz FJ, Laubenthal H, Marggraf G, Meiser A, Neugebauer E, Neuhaus U, Putensen C, Quintel M, Reske A, Roth B, Scholz J, Schröder S, et al. Evidence and consensus-based German guidelines for the management of analgesia, sedation and delirium in intensive care - short version. Ger Med Sci 2010, 8:Doc02. 2830566, 20200655.
11. Sauder P, Andreoletti M, Cambonie G, Capellier G, Feissel M, Gall O, Goldran-Toledano D, Kierzek G, Mateo J, Mentec H, Mion G, Rigaud JP, Seguin P. [Sedation and analgesia in intensive care (with the exception of new-born babies). French Society of Anesthesia and Resuscitation. French-speaking Resuscitation Society]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2008, 27:541-551. Article in French, 10.1016/j.annfar.2008.04.021, 18579339.
12. Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2013, 41:263-306.
13. Riker RR, Fraser GL. Altering intensive care sedation paradigms to improve patient outcomes. Crit Care Clin 2009, 25:527. 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.05.004, 19576528.
14. Strøm T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 2010, 375:475-480. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62072-9, 20116842.
15. Scholz J, Steinfath M, Schulz M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996, 31:275. 10.2165/00003088-199631040-00004, 8896944.
16. McQuay H. Opioid clinical pharmacology and routes of administration. Br Med Bull 1991, 47:703-717.
17. Limn JK, Stanley TH, Eisele J, Webster L, Woodward A. High dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery surgery plasma fentanyl concentrations and influence of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular responses. Anesth Analg 1979, 58:390-395.
18. Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppäluoto J, Meretoja O, Fellman V. Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: a randomized trial. J Pediatr 1999, 134:144-150. 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70407-5, 9931520.
19. Ledingham IMA, Watt I. Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients. Lancet 1983, 1:1270.
20. Albert SG, Ariyan S, Rather A. The effect of etomidate on adrenal function in critical illness: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:901-910. 10.1007/s00134-011-2160-1, 21373823.
21. Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G. The use of continuous iv sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1998, 114:541-548. 10.1378/chest.114.2.541, 9726743.
22. Koch-Weser J, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Abernethy DR. Current status of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1983, 309:354-358. 10.1056/NEJM198308113090607, 6135156.
23. Barr J, Egan TD, Sandoval NF, Zomorodi K, Cohane C, Gambus PL, Shafer SL. Propofol dosing regimens for ICU sedation based upon an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Anesthesiology 2001, 95:324-333. 10.1097/00000542-200108000-00011, 11506101.
24. Roberts RJ, Barletta JF, Fong JJ, Schumaker G, Kuper PJ, Papadopoulos S, Yogaratnam D, Kendall E, Xamplas R, Gerlach AT. Incidence of propofol-related infusion syndrome in critically ill adults: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care 2009, 13:R169. 10.1186/cc8145, 2784401, 19874582.
25. Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE, Vinayak A, Campbell-Bright S, Levitt J, Bourdet S, Ivanova A, Henderson AG, Pohlman A. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1326-1332. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215513.63207.7F, 16540958.
26. Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, Ceraso D, Wisemandle W, Koura F, Whitten P, Margolis BD, Byrne DW, Ely EW, Rocha MG, SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group Dexmedetomidine vs. midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009, 301:489-499. 10.1001/jama.2009.56, 19188334, SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group.
27. Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, Bratty JR, Takala J, Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2012, 307:1151-1160. 10.1001/jama.2012.304, 22436955, Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators.
28. Sackey PV, Martling C-R, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the anesthetic conserving device. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:2241-2246.
29. Bracco D, Donatelli F. Volatile agents for ICU sedation?. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:895-897. 10.1007/s00134-011-2214-4, 21445640.
30. Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W, Kollef MH. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:2609-2615. 10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001, 10628598.
31. Skrobik Y, Ahern S, Leblanc M, Marquis F, Awissi DK, Kavanagh BP. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesth Analg 2010, 111:451-463. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8, 20375300.
32. Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:1444-1450. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f82d, 18434914.
33. Treggiari MM, Romand JA, Yanez ND, Deem SA, Goldberg J, Hudson L, Heidegger CP, Weiss NS. Randomized trial of light versus deep sedation on mental health after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2527. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a5689f, 19602975.
34. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1471-1477. 10.1056/NEJM200005183422002, 10816184.
35. De Wit M, Gennings C, Jenvey WI, Epstein SK. Randomized trial comparing daily interruption of sedation and nursing-implemented sedation algorithm in medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 2008, 12:R70. 10.1186/cc6908, 2481461, 18492267.
36. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JWW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 371:126-134. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1, 18191684.
37. Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012, 308:1985-1992. 10.1001/jama.2012.13872, 23180503.
38. Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009, 373:1874-1882. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9, 19446324.
39. Skrobik Y, Leger C, Cossette M, Michaud V, Turgeon J. Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. Crit Care Med 2013, 41:999-1008. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318275d014, 23385102.
40. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Jackson JC, Deppen SA. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients. JAMA 2007, 298:2644-2653. 10.1001/jama.298.22.2644, 18073360.
41. Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur CJ, Seppelt IM, Webb SA, Weisbrodt L. Early goal directed sedation vs standard care sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2013,
42. Shehabi Y. Early goal directed sedation vs standard care in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. , http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01728558