Ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicts financial extravagance in Parkinson's disease

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 4, Issue FEB, 2013, Pages

  Lawrence, Andrew D ^a   Brooks, David J ^b   Whone, Alan L ^c  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c FRENCHAY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Disordered gambling; Dopa decarboxylase; Dopamine; Externalizing; Impulse control disorders; Impulsivity; Reward; Ventral striatum

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878786234     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00090     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Agrawal, A., Jacobson, K. C., Prescott, C. A., and Kendler, K. S. (2004). A twin study of personality and illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. Twin Res. 7, 72-81.
2. Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Todorov, A. A., Schrage, A. J., Littlefield, A. K., Grant, J. D., et al. (2011). A candidate gene association study of alcohol consumption in young women. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 35, 1-9.
3. Álvarez-Moya, E. M., Ochoa, C., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., FernÁndez-Aranda, F., et al. (2011). Effect of executive functioning, decision-making and self-reported impulsivity on the treatment outcome of pathologic gambling. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 36, 165-175.
4. Ando, J., Suzuki, A., Yamagata, S., Kijima, N., Maekawa, H., Ono, Y., et al. (2004). Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions. J. Pers. Disord. 18, 379-393.
5. Bastiaens, J., Dorfman, B. J., Christos, B. J., and Nirenberg, M. J. (2013). Prospective cohort study of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. doi: 10.1002/mds.25291. [Epub ahead of print].
6. Bello, E. P., Mateo, Y., Gelman, D. M., Noaín, D., Shin, J. H., Low, M. J., et al. (2011). Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D2 autoreceptors. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1033-1038.
7. Berridge, K. C. (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 191, 391-431.
8. Besson, M., Belin, D., McNamara, R., Theobold, D. E. H., Castel, A., Beckett, V. L., et al. (2010). Dissociable control of impulsivity in rats by dopamine D2/3 receptors in the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 560-569.
9. Bienfait, K. L., Menza, M., Mark, M. H., and Dobkin, R. D. (2010). Impulsive smoking in a patient with Parkinson's disease treated with dopamine agonists. J. Clin. Neurosci. 17, 539-540.
10. Bjork, J. M., Knutson, B., and Hommer, D. W. (2008). Incentive-elicited striatal activation in adolescent children of alcoholics. Addiction 103, 1308-1319.
11. Blanco, C., Myers, J., and Kendler, K. S. (2012). Gambling, disordered gambling and their association with major depression and substance abuse: a web-based cohort and twin-sibling study. Psychol. Med. 42, 497-508.
12. Boileau, I., Dagher, A., Leyton, M., Gunn, R. N., Baker, G. B., Diksic, M., et al. (2006). Modelling sensitization to stimulants in humans: an [11C]raclopride/position emission tomography study in healthy men. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63, 1386-1395.
13. Brooks, D. J. (2010). Imaging approaches to Parkinson's disease. J. Nucl. Med. 51, 596-609.
14. Brown, W. D., Taylor, M. D., Roberts, A. D., Oakes, T. R., Schueller, M. J., Holden, J. E., et al. (1999). FluoroDOPA PET shows the nondopaminergic as well as dopaminergic destinations of levodopa. Neurology 53, 1212-1218.
15. Buckholtz, J. W., Treadway, M. T., Cowan, R. L., Woodward, N. D., Li, R., Ansari, M. S., et al. (2010). Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity. Science 329, 532.
16. Chernoloz, O., El Mansari, M., and Blier, P. (2012). Long-term administration of the dopamine D3/2 receptor agonist pramipexole increases dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission in the male rat forebrain. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 37, 113-121.
17. Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114, 505-521.
18. Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 573-588.
19. Dagher, A., and Robbins, T. W. (2009). Personality, addiction, dopamine: insights from Parkinson's disease. Neuron 61, 502-510.
20. Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., and Robbins, T. W. (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 69, 680-694.
21. Derringer, J., Krueger, R. F., Dick, D. M., Saccone, S., Grucza, R. A., Agrawal, A., et al. (2010). Predicting sensation seeking from dopamine genes: a candidate-system approach. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1282-1290.
22. Doudet, D. J., and Holden, J. E. (2003). Raclopride studies of dopamine release: dependence on presynaptic integrity. Biol. Psychiatry 54, 1193-1199.
23. Ducci, F., Kaakinen, M., Pouta, A., Hartikainen, A.-L., Veijola, J., Isohanni, M., et al. (2011). TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 influence different pathways leading to smoking behavior from adolescence to mid-adulthood. Biol. Psychiatry 69, 650-660.
24. Eaton, N. R., Keyes, K. M., Krueger, R. F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., et al. (2012). An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 121, 282-288.
25. Elsworth, J. D., and Roth, R. H. (2009). "Dopamine," in Encyclopaedia of Neuroscience, ed. L. R. Squire (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 539-547.
26. Engeln, M., Ahmed, S., Vouillac, C., Tison, F., Bezard, E., and Fernagut, P.-O. (2012). Reinforcing properties of pramipexole in normal and parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol. Dis. 49C, 79-86.
27. Ertan, F. S., Ertan, T., Kiziltan, G., and Uyguçgil, H. (2005). Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in depression in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 1445-1447.
28. Evans, A. H., Lawrence, A. D., Potts, J., Appel, S., and Lees, A. J. (2005). Factors influencing susceptibility to compulsive dopaminergic drug use in Parkinson disease. Neurology 65, 1570-1574.
29. Evans, A. H., Pavese, N., Lawrence, A. D., Tai, Y. F., Appel, S., Doder, M., et al. (2006). Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission. Ann. Neurol. 59, 852-858.
30. Flagel, S. B., Robinson, T. E., Clark, J. J., Clinton, S. M., Watson, S. J., Seeman, P., et al. (2010). An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 388-400.
31. Flagel, S. B., Watson, S. J., Akil, H., and Robinson, T. E. (2008). Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to a reward-related cue: influence on cocaine sensitization. Behav. Brain Res. 186, 48-56.
32. Flory, J. D., Harvey, P. D., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L., et al. (2006). Dispositional impulsivity in normal and abnormal samples. J. Psychiatr. Res. 40, 438-447.
33. Forbes, E. E., Brown, S. M., Kimak, M., Ferrell, R. E., Manuck, S. B., and Hariri, A. R. (2009). Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 60-70.
34. Forbush, K. T., and Watson, D. (2013). The structure of common and uncommon mental disorders. Psychol. Med. 43, 97-108.
35. Gallagher, D. A., O'Sullivan, S. S., Evans, A. H., Lees, A. J., and Schrag, A. (2007). Pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease: risk factors and differences from dopamine dysregulation. An analysis of published case series. Mov. Disord. 22, 1757-1763.
36. Giladi, N., Weitzman, N., Schreiber, S., Shabtai, H., and Peretz, C. (2007). New onset heightened interest or drive for gambling, shopping, eating or sexual activity in patients with Parkinson's disease: the role of dopamine agonist treatment and age at motor symptoms onset. J. Psychopharmacol. 21, 501-506.
37. Grace, A. A. (2008). Physiology of the normal and dopamine-depleted basal ganglia: insights into levodopa pharmacotherapy. Mov. Disord. 23, S560-S569.
38. Hack, L. M., Kalsi, G., Aliev, F., Kuo, P. H., Prescott, C. A., Patterson, D. G., et al. (2011). Limited associations of dopamine system genes with alcohol dependence and related traits in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence (IASPSAD). Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 35, 376-385.
39. Heinz, A., Siessmeier, T., Wrase, J., Buchholz, H. G., Gründer, G., Kumakura, Y., et al. (2005). Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1515-1520.
40. Imperato, A., Obinu, M. C., Carta, G., Mascia, M. S., Casu, M. A., and Gessa, G. L. (1996). Reduction of dopamine release and synthesis by repeated amphetamine treatment: role in behavioral sensitization. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 317, 231-237.
41. Ito, H., Kodaka, F., Takahashi, H., Takano, H., Arakawa, R., Shimada, H., et al. (2011). Relation between presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic functions measured by positron emission tomography: implications of dopaminergic tone. J. Neurosci. 31, 7886-7890.
42. Joutsa, J., Johansson, J., Niemelä, S., Ollikainen, A., Hirvonen, M. M., Piepponen, P., et al. (2012a). Mesolimbic dopamine release is linked to symptom severity in pathological gambling. Neuroimage 60, 1992-1999.
43. Joutsa, J., Martikainen, K., Niemelä, S., Johansson, J., Forsback, S., Rinne, J. O., et al. (2012b). Increased medial orbitofrontal [18F]fluorodopa uptake in parkinsonian impulse control disorders. Mov. Disord. 27, 778-782.
44. Kaasinen, V., Nurmi, E., Bergman, J., Eskola, O., Solin, O., Sonninen, P., et al. (2001). Personality traits and brain dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 13272-13277.
45. Karimi, M., Tian, L., Brown, C. A., Flores, H. P., Loftin, S. K., Videen, T. O., et al. (2013). Validation of nigrostriatal PET measures: critical limits. Ann. Neurol. doi:10.1002/ana.23798. [Epub ahead of print].
46. Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., et al. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychol. Med. 38, 1351-1360.
47. Khan, A. A., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A., and Kendler, K. S. (2005). Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 186, 190-196.
48. Kish, S. J., Shannak, K., and Hornykiewicz, O. (1988). Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 876-880.
49. Kristjansson, S. D., Agrawal, A., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N., Madden, P. A., Cooper, M. L., Bucholz, K. K., et al. (2012). The relationship between rs3779084 in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene and alcohol consumption is mediated by drinking motives in regular smokers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36, 162-170.
50. Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., and Kramer, M. D. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: an integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116, 645-666.
51. Krueger, R. F., and South, S. C. (2009). Externalizing disorders: cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychol. Med. 39, 2061-2070.
52. Kumakura, Y., and Cumming, P. (2009). PET studies of cerebral levodopa metabolism: a review of clinical findings and modelling approaches. Neuroscientist 15, 635-650.
53. Laakso, A., Pohjalainen, T., Bergman, J., Kajander, J., Haaparanta, M., Solin, O., et al. (2005). The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with increased activity of striatal L-amino acid decarboxylase in healthy subjects. Pharmacogenetics 15, 387-391.
54. Laakso, A., Vilkman, H., Bergman, J., Haaparanta, M., Solin, O., Syvälahti, E., et al. (2002). Sex differences in striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 52, 759-763.
55. Lawrence, A. D., Evans, A. H., and Lees, A. J. (2003). Compulsive use of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease: reward systems gone awry? Lancet Neurol. 2, 595-604.
56. Lind, P. A., Zhu, G., Montgomery, G. W., Madden, P. A., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., et al. (2012). Genome-wide association study of a quantitative disordered gambling trait. Addict. Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00463.x. [Epub ahead of print].
57. Ma, J. Z., Beuten, J., Payne, T. J., Dupont, R. T., Elston, R. C., and Li, M. D. (2005). Haplotype analysis indicates an association between the DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) gene and nicotine dependence. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 1691-1698.
58. MacLaren, V. V., Fugelsang, J. A., Harrigan, K. A., and Dixon, M. J. (2011). The personality of pathological gamblers: a meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1057-1067.
59. Marinelli, M., and White, F. J. (2000). Enhanced vulnerability to cocaine self-administration is associated with elevated impulse activity of midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 8876-8885.
60. Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., and Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: an integrative hierarchical approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88, 139-157.
61. Miyazaki, K., Miyazaki, K. W., and Doya, K. (2011). Activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons underlies waiting for delayed rewards. J. Neurosci. 31, 469-479.
62. Moore, R. Y., Whone, A. L., and Brooks, D. J. (2008). Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson's disease: an 18F-dopa PET study. Neurobiol. Dis. 29, 381-390.
63. Moore, R. Y., Whone, A. L., McGowan, S., and Brooks, D. J. (2003). Monoamine neuron innervation of the normal human brain: an 18F-DOPA PET study. Brain Res. 982, 137-145.
64. Moranta, D., Esteban, S., and García-Sevilla, J. A. (2004). Differential effects of acute cannabinoid drug treatment, mediated by CB1 receptors, on the in vivo activity of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase in the rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 369, 516-524.
65. Oleski, J., Cox, B. J., Clara, I., and Hills, A. (2011). Pathological gambling and the structure of common mental disorders. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 199, 956-960.
66. O'Sullivan, S., Djamshidian, A., Ahmed, Z., Evans, A. H., Lawrence, A. D., Holton, J. L., et al. (2010). Impulsive-compulsive spectrum behaviours in pathologically confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov. Disord. 25, 638-642.
67. O'Sullivan, S. S., Wu, K., Politis, M., Lawrence, A. D., Evans, A. H., Bose, S. K., et al. (2011). Cue-induced striatal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease associated impulse control disorders. Brain 134, 969-978.
68. Patlak, C. S., and Blasberg, R. G. (1985). Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. Generalizations. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 5, 584-590.
69. Pavese, N., Simpson, B. S., Metta, V., Ramlackhansingh, A., Chaudhuri, K. R., and Brooks, D. J. (2012). [(18)F]FDOPA uptake in the raphe nuclei complex reflects serotonin transporter availability. A combined [(18F)]FDOPA and [(11)C]DASB PET study in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 59, 1080-1084.
70. Piccini, P., Pavese, N., and Brooks, D. J. (2003). Endogenous dopamine release after pharmacological challenge in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 53, 647-653.
71. Pickering, A. D., and Gray, J. A. (1999). "The neuroscience of personality," in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2nd Edn, eds L. A. Pervin and O. P. John (New York: The Guilford Press), 277-299.
72. Pine, A., Shiner, T., Seymour, B., and Dolan, R. J. (2010). Dopamine, time and impulsivity in humans. J. Neurosci. 30, 8888-8896.
73. Pitzer, M., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., and Laucht, M. (2007). Temperament in the developmental course: a longitudinal comparison of New York longitudinal study-derived dimensions with the junior temperament and character inventory. Compr. Psychiatry 48, 572-582.
74. Ray, N., Miyasaki, J. M., Zurowski, M., Ko, J. H., Cho, S. S., Lang, A. E., et al. (2012). Extrastriatal dopaminergic abnormalities of DA homeostasis in Parkinson's patients with medication-induced pathological gambling: a [11C] FLB-457 and PET study. Neurobiol. Dis. 48, 519-525.
75. Reinhard, J. F. Jr., Bannon, M. J., and Roth, R. H. (1982). Acceleration by stress of dopamine synthesis and metabolism in prefrontal cortex: antagonism by diazepam. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 318, 374-377.
76. Robinson, T. E., and Berridge, K. C. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 363, 3137-3146.
77. Rowlett, J. K., Mattingly, B. A., and Bardo, M. T. (1997). Locomotor activity and dopamine synthesis following 1 and 15 days of withdrawal from repeated apomorphine treatments. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 57, 13-18.
78. Salokangas, R. K., Vilkman, H., Ilonen, T., Taiminen, T., Bergman, J., Haaparanta, M., et al. (2000). High levels of dopamine activity in the basal ganglia of cigarette smokers. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 632-634.
79. Saunders, B. T., and Robinson, T. E. (2012). The role of dopamine in the accumbens core in the expression of pavlovian-conditioned responses. Eur. J. Neurosci. 36, 2521-2532.
80. Schlagenhauf, F., Rapp, M. A., Huys, Q. J., Beck, A., Wüstenberg, T., Deserno, L., et al. (2012). Ventral striatal prediction error signaling is associated with dopamine synthesis capacity and fluid intelligence. Hum. Brain. Mapp. doi:10.1002/hbm.22000. [Epub ahead of print].
81. Sesack, S. R., Aoki, C., and Pickel, V. M. (1994). Ultrastructural localization of D2 receptor-like immunoreactivity in midbrain dopamine neurons and their striatal targets. J. Neurosci. 14, 88-106.
82. Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D., and Wood, M. D. (2000). Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68, 818-829.
83. Sher, K. J., and Trull, T. J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103, 92-102.
84. Siessmeier, T., Kienast, T., Wrase, J., Larsen, J. L., Braus, D. F., Smolka, M. N., et al. (2006). Net influx of plasma 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA (FDOPA) to the ventral striatum correlates with prefrontal processing of affective stimuli. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24, 305-313.
85. Slutske, W. S., Cho, S. B., Piasecki, T. M., and Martin, N. G. (2013). Genetic overlap between personality and risk for disordered gambling: evidence from a national community-based Australian twin study. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122, 50-55.
86. Slutske, W. S., Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., and Caspi, A. (2012). Undercontrolled temperament at age 3 predicts disordered gambling at age 32: a longitudinal study of a complete birth cohort. Psychol. Sci. 23, 510-516.
87. Snow, B. J., Tooyama, I., McGeer, E. G., Yamada, T., Calne, D. B., Takahashi, H., et al. (1993). Human positron emission tomographic [18F]fluorodopa studies correlate with dopamine cell counts and levels. Ann. Neurol. 34, 324-330.
88. Spinks, T. J., Jones, T., Bloomfield, P. M., Bailey, D. L., Miller, M., Hogg, D., et al. (2000). Physical characteristics of the ECAT EXACT 3D positron tomograph. Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 2601-2261.
89. Stallings, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., Cloninger, C. R., Heath, A. C., and Eaves, L. J. (1996). Genetic and environmental structure of the tridimensional personality questionnaire: three or four temperament dimensions?. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 70, 127-140.
90. Steeves, T. D. L., Miyasaki, J., Zurowski, M., Lang, A. E., Pellecchia, G., Van Eimeren, T., et al. (2009). Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11C] raclopride PET study. Brain 132, 1376-1385.
91. Takeuchi, M., Miyaoka, H., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, M., Lu, X., and Kitamura, T. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory: a study of university and college students. Compr. Psychiatry 52, 109-117.
92. Tiihonen, J., Vilkman, H., Rasanen, P., Ryynanen, O.-P., Hakko, H., Bergman, J., et al. (1998). Striatal presynaptic dopamine function in type 1 alcoholics measured with positron emission tomography. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 156-161.
93. Tison, F., Normand, E., Jaber, M., Aubert, I., and Bloch, B. (1991). Aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) gene expression in dopaminergic and serotonergic cells of the rat brainstem. Neurosci. Lett. 127, 203-206.
94. Tomie, A., Aguado, A. S., Pohorecky, L. A., and Benjamin, D. (2000). Individual differences in Pavlovian autoshaping of lever pressing in rats predict stress-induced corticosterone release and mesolimbic levels of monoamines. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 65, 509-517.
95. Van Leare, K., Goffin, K., Bormans, G., Casteels, C., Mortelmans, L., de Hoon, J., et al. (2009). Relationship of type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability in the human brain to novelty-seeking temperament. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 196-204.
96. Voon, V., Schoerling, A., Wenzel, S., Ekanayake, V., Reiff, J., Trenkwalder, C., et al. (2011a). Frequency of impulse control behaviours associated with dopaminergic therapy in restless legs syndrome. BMC Neurol. 11:117. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-117
97. Voon, V., Sohr, M., Lang, A. E., Potenza, M. N., Siderowf, A. D., Whetteckey, J., et al. (2011b). Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 69, 986-996.
98. Voon, V., Thomsen, T., Miyasaki, J. M., de Souza, M., Shafro, A., Fox, S. H., et al. (2007). Factors associated with dopaminergic drug-related pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 64, 212-216.
99. Weintraub, D., Papay, K., and Siderowf, A. (2013). Screening for impulse control symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 80, 176-180.
100. Weintraub, D., Sohr, M., Potenza, M. N., Siderowf, A. D., Stacy, M., Voon, V., et al. (2010). Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch. Neurol. 67, 589-595.
101. Whone, A. L., Bailey, D. L., Remy, P., Pavese, N., and Brooks, D. J. (2004). A technique for standardized central analysis of 6-18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA PET data from a multicenter study. J. Nucl. Med. 45, 1135-1145.
102. Whone, A. L., Moore, R. Y., Piccini, P. P., and Brooks, D. J. (2003a). Plasticity of the nigropallidal pathway in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 53, 206-213.
103. Whone, A. L., Watts, R. L., Stoessl, A. J., Davis, M., Reske, S., Nahmias, C., et al. (2003b). Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: the REAL-PET study. Ann. Neurol. 54, 93-101.
104. Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E., Dalley, J. W., and Robbins, T. W. (2005). Interactions between serotonin and dopamine in the control of impulsive choice in rats: therapeutic implications for impulse control disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 669-682.
105. Wolf, M. E., and Roth, R. H. (1990). Autoreceptor regulation of dopamine synthesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 604, 323-343.
106. Yau, W.-Y. W., Zubieta, J.-K., Weiland, B. J., Samudra, P. G., Zucker, R. A., and Heitzeg, M. M. (2012). Nucleus accumbens response to incentive stimuli anticipation in children of alcoholics: relationships with precursive behavioral risk and lifetime alcohol use. J. Neurosci. 32, 2544-2551.
107. Young, S. E., Stallings, M. C., Corley, R. P., Krauter, K. S., and Hewitt, J. K. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 96, 684-695.
108. Yu, Y., Panhuysen, C., Kranzler, H. R., Hesselbrock, V., Rounsaville, B., Weiss, R., et al. (2006). Intronic variants in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene are associated with smoking behaviour in European-Americans and African-Americans. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 2192-2199.
109. Zald, D. H., Cowan, R. L., Riccardi, P., Baldwin, R. M., Ansari, M. S., Li, R., et al. (2008). Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans. J. Neurosci. 14372-14378.
110. Zhang, P., Ye, Y., Wang, X., Gelernter, J., Mai, J. Z., and Li, M. D. (2006). DOPA decarboxylase gene is associated with nicotine dependence. Pharmacogenomics 7, 1159-1166.
111. Zhu, M. Y., Juorio, A. V., Paterson, I. A., and Boulton, A. A. (1992). Regulation of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase by dopamine receptors in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 58, 636-641.