Governmentality at the limits of the international: African politics and Foucauldian theory

Review of International Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 763-787

  Death, Carl ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878437750     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210512000307     Document Type: Article

References (284)

1. Naeem Inayatullah and David L. Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 14.
2. Pinar Bilgin, 'Thinking past ''Western'' IR?', Third World Quarterly, 29:1 (2007), pp. 5-23;
3. Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff, Theory from the South; Or, How Euro-America is Evolving Toward Africa (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2012);
4. Scarlett Cornelissen, Fantu Cheru, and Timothy M. Shaw (eds), Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012);
5. Phillip Darby, 'Pursuing the political: A postcolonial rethinking of relations international', Millennium, 33:1 (2004), pp. 1-32;
6. Branwen Gruffydd Jones, 'Africa and the Poverty of International Relations', Third World Quarterly, 26:6 (2005), pp. 987-1003;
7. Arlene B. Tickner and Ole Wæver (eds), International Relations Scholarship around the World: Worlding beyond the West (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009).
8. See also Majia Holmer Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), p. 1.
9. Jonathan Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality: Social theory and the international', European Journal of International Relations, 16:2 (2010), p. 239.
10. Bilgin, 'Thinking past ''Western'' IR?', p. 5;
11. Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South, p. 1;
12. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, p. 1;
13. Ole Wæver and Arlene B. Tickner, 'Introduction: Geocultural epistemologies', in Tickner and Wæver, International Relations Scholarship around the World, p. 1.
14. Scarlett Cornelissen, Fantu Cheru, and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Introduction: Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century: Still Challenging Theory?', in Cornelissen et al., Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, p. 2.
15. Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
16. Bilgin, 'Thinking past ''Western'' IR?', p. 10.
17. William Brown, 'Africa and International Relations: a comment on IR theory, anarchy and statehood', Review of International Studies, 32:1 (2006), pp. 119-43;
18. Kevin C. Dunn, 'Introduction: Africa and International Relations Theory', in Kevin C. Dunn and Timothy M. Shaw (eds), Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 1-8;
19. Ulf Engel and Gorm Rye Olsen, 'Authority, sovereignty and Africa's changing regimes of territorialization', in Cornelissen et al., Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century;
20. Arlene B. Tickner and Ole Wæver, 'Worlding where the West once was', in Tickner and Wæver (eds), International Relations Scholarship around the World, pp. 334-5.
21. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (London: McGraw Hill, 1979), p. 93.
22. Stephen Jackson, ' ''The State Didn't Even Exist'': Non-governmentality in Kivu, Eastern DR Congo', in Jim Igoe and Tim Kelsall (eds), Between a Rock and a Hard Place: African NGOs, Donors and the State (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005).
23. Rita Abrahamsen and Michael C. Williams, Security beyond the state: Private security in international politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 93;
24. Jean-Franc?ois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (Cambridge: Polity, 2009);
25. David Chandler, Empire in denial: The politics of state-building (London: Pluto Press, 2006);
26. Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
27. Siba N. Grovogui, 'Sovereignty in Africa: Quasi-Statehood and Other Myths in International Theory', in Dunn and Shaw, Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, pp. 29-45;
28. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
29. Douglas Lemke, 'Intra-national IR in Africa', Review of International Studies, 37:1 (2011), pp. 49-70;
30. Tandeka C. Nkiwane, 'Africa and International Relations: Regional Lessons for a Global Discourse', International Political Science Review, 22:3 (2001), pp. 279-90;
31. I. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The d'sintegration and restoration of legitimate authority (London: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
32. Cornelissen et al., Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century;
33. Dunn and Shaw, Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory;
34. Jones, 'Africa and the Poverty of International Relations';
35. Tickner and Wæver, International Relations Scholarship around the World.
36. Darby, 'Pursuing the political', p. 2.
37. Timothy M. Shaw, Fantu Cheru, and Scarlett Cornelissen, 'Conclusion: What Futures for African International Relations?', in Cornelissen et al., Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, p. 208.
38. Robert Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the dreams of the post-Cold War world (New York: Random House, 2000).
39. Quoted in Dunn, 'Introduction', p. 2;
40. see Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The struggle for power and peace (New York: Albert A. Knopf, 1964), p. 356.
41. Wæver and Tickner, 'Introduction', p. 22;
42. Cirino Hiteng Ofuho, 'Africa: Teaching IR where it's not supposed to be', in Tickner and Wæver, International Relations Scholarship around the World, pp. 71- 85;
43. Tickner and Wæver, 'Worlding where the West once was', pp. 335-6.
44. For a slightly different view see Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South, p. 48.
45. Bilgin, 'Thinking past ''Western'' IR?', p. 12;
46. Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South, p. 1.
47. Cornelissen et al., 'Introduction', p. 12.
48. For Foucault's classic essay on governmentality, see Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978, ed. M. Senellart, trans. G. Burchell (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 87-114.
49. Mitchell Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London: Sage 1999);
50. See also Colin Gordon, 'Governmental Rationality: An Introduction', in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991);
51. See also Wendy Larner and William Walters (eds), Global Governmentality: Governing International Spaces (London: Routledge, 2004);
52. See also Iver B. Neumann and Ole Jacob Sending, Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality (Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press, 2010);
53. See also Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
54. See also Rose, Powers of Freedom, p. 4.
55. Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose, Governing the Present: Administering Economic, Social and Personal Life (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), p. 53.
56. See also Mitchell Dean, Governing Societies: Political perspectives on domestic and international rule (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2007);
57. See also Barry Hindess, 'Politics as Government: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Political Reason', Alternatives, 30:4 (2005), pp. 389-413;
58. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life;
59. Hiroyuki Tosa, 'Anarchical governance: Neoliberal governmentality in resonance with the state of exception', International Political Sociology, 3:4 (2009), pp. 414-30.
60. Michel Foucault, 'The Subject and Power', in Michel Foucault, Power: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984, Vol. 3, ed. J. D. Faubian, trans. R. Hurley (New York: The New Press, 2000), pp. 326-48.
61. Isaiah Berlin, Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
62. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life, p. 191.
63. Foucault, 'The Subject and Power', p. 341.
64. See Foucault, Security, p. 108.
65. Michael Dillon, 'Sovereignty and governmentality: From the problematic of the ''New World Order'' to the ethical problematic of the world order', Alternatives, 20:3 (1995), pp. 323-68;
66. Tore Fougner, 'Neoliberal governance of states: The role of competitive indexing and country benchmarking', Millennium, 37:2 (2008), pp. 303-26;
67. Hans-Martin Jaeger, 'UN reform, biopolitics, and global governmentality', International Theory, 2:1 (2010), pp. 50-86;
68. Larner and Walters, Global Governmentality;
69. Ronnie D. Lipschutz with James K. Rowe, Globalisation, Governmentality and Global Politics: Regulation for the rest of us? (London: Routledge 2005);
70. Oded Lo?wenheim, 'Examining the state: A Foucauldian perspective on international ''governance indicators'' ', Third World Quarterly, 29:2 (2008), pp. 255-74;
71. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity;
72. William Walters and Jens Henrik Haahr, 'Governmentality and Political Studies', European Political Science, 4 (2005), pp. 288-300;
73. Laura Zanotti, 'Governmentalizing the post-Cold War International Regime: The UN Debate on Democratization and Good Governance', Alternatives, 30 (2005), pp. 461-87.
74. Adebayo Williams, 'The Postcolonial Flaneur and Other Fellow-Travellers: Conceits for a Narrative of Redemption', Third World Quarterly, 18:5 (1997), pp. 821-41.
75. For responses to the charge of Eurocentrism against Foucault, including an emphasis on the importance of his time in Tunisia on his thought and politics
76. Rita Abrahamsen, 'African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge', African Affairs, 102:407 (2003), pp. 189-210;
77. Pal Ahluwalia, Out of Africa: Post-structuralism's colonial roots (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010);
78. Pal Ahluwalia, 'Post-structuralism's colonial roots: Michel Foucault', Social Identities, 16:5 (2010), pp. 597-606;
79. Michel Foucault, 'Interview with Michel Foucault', in Foucault, Power, pp. 279-80;
80. David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault (London: Hutchinson, 1993), pp. 204-6.
81. Chandler, Empire in denial, pp. 15-18;
82. Darby, 'Pursuing the political', p. 18;
83. Jonathan Joseph, 'Governmentality of what? Populations, states and international organisations', Global Society, 23:4 (2009), pp. 413-27;
84. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality';
85. Jonathan Joseph, 'What can governmentality do for IR?', International Political Sociology, 2:4 (2010), pp. 202-3;
86. Jonathan Joseph, 'Poverty reduction and the new global governmentality', Alternatives, 35 (2010), pp. 29-51;
87. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life, pp. 35-8;
88. Jan Selby, 'Engaging Foucault: Discourse, Liberal Governance, and the Limits of Foucauldian IR', International Relations, 21:3 (2007), pp. 324-45.
89. For some rebuttals see the Special Issues of Global Society, 23:4 (2009);
90. International Political Sociology, 4:2 (2010).
91. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 239.
92. Foucault, Security; Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978- 1979, trans. Graham Burchell (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008);
93. Gordon, 'Governmental rationality'; Thomas Lemke, ' ''The birth of bio-politics'': Michel Foucault's lecture at the College de France on neo-liberal governmentality', Economy and Society, 30:2 (2001), pp. 190-207;
94. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity.
95. Stephen J. Collier, 'Topologies of Power: Foucault's analysis of political government beyond governmentality', Theory, Culture, Society, 26:6 (2009), pp. 97-8;
96. Dean, Governing Societies, chap. 4;
97. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 242;
98. Selby, 'Engaging Foucault', p. 334.
99. Dean, Governmentality, p. 20.
100. Mitchell Dean, 'Liberal Government and Authoritarianism', Economy and Society, 31:1 (2002), pp. 37-61.
101. Foucault, Security, p. 388.
102. Dean, Governmentality, p. 20.
103. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p. 186.
104. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life.
105. Doerthe Rosenow, 'The merits of a Foucauldian approach to International Relations', Global Society, 23:4 (2009), pp. 497-517.
106. Foucault, Security, pp. 107-8.
107. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, 'Power in International Politics', International Organization, 59:1 (2005), pp. 39-75.
108. Dean, Governmentality, p. 198.
109. This differs from Dean's attempt to keep governmentality separate from 'the exercise of sovereign and biopolitical powers of life and death' (p. 91).
110. He later notes the difficulty of this, recognising that 'there are also key thresholds in which sovereignty, governmentality and biopolitics cease to exist as distinguishable categories' (p. 94).
111. Dean, Governing Societies.
112. Dean, Governmentality, p. 23.
113. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life, p. 6.
114. Dean, Governmentality, p. 28.
115. For a book-length exposition of this framework in action, which seeks to answer some of these questions in the problem-area of sustainable development, see Carl Death, Governing Sustainable Development: Partnerships, protests and power (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
116. Rose, Powers of Freedom, p. 27.
117. Barnett and Duvall, 'Power', pp. 55-7.
118. For example, Foucault describes civil society as 'the correlate of a political technology of government', in Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p. 296.
119. See also Arun Agrawal, Environmentality: Technologies of Government a'd the Making of Subjects (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005);
120. Jens Bartelson, 'Making sense of global civil society', European Journal of International Relations, 12:3 (2006), pp. 371-95.
121. Miller and Rose, Governing the present, p. 6.
122. Dean, Governing Societies;
123. Hindess, 'Politics as Government';
124. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life.
125. Rose, Powers of freedom, p. 36.
126. Graham Harrison, Neoliberal Africa: The impact of global social engineering (London: Zed Books, 2010), p. 3;
127. see also Nkiwane, 'Africa and International Relations', p. 284.
128. An example of this is provided by Jonathan Joseph, who approvingly quotes Larner and Walters' assertion that 'areas like sub-Saharan Africa are relatively bare spots on the map.
129. The networks of capital and information associated with postindustrial progress are sparse and stretched in these zones.'
130. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 236
131. citing Wendy Larner and William Walters, 'The political rationality of ''new regionalism'': Toward a genealogy of the region', Theory and Society, 31 (2002), p. 421.
132. Bayart, The State in Africa, p. xl.
133. Cornelissen et al., 'Introduction'.
134. Bayart, The State in Africa, p. xii.
135. On Bayart's differences with Foucault, see Ibid., pp. li and lxxxvii.
136. Bayart's analysis could not be described as purely Foucauldian (whatever that might mean), and he does not spend much time discussing the literature on governmentality.
137. Many of the categories he employs throughout his analysis are borrowed from Gramsci (chap. 7) and Deleuze and Guattari (pp. 220-1).
138. Yet he concludes that that the concept of governmentality - in contrast to other concepts such as hegemony, historical bloc, and culture - 'is more likely to avoid the trap of unwarranted totalisation' (p. 271)'
139. Jean-Franc?ois Bayart, Global Subjects: A Political Critique of Globalisation, trans. Andrew Brown (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), p. xi
140. Bayart, The State in Africa, pp. xiii and 267-8.
141. Bayart, The State in Africa, pp. 271-2.
142. See also Jean-Franc?ois Bayart, S. D. K. Ellis, and Béatrice Hibou, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa (Oxford: James Currey, 1999);
143. J. P. Olivier de Sardan, 'A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?', Journal of Modern African Studies, 37:1 (1999), pp. 25-52.
144. Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 63;
145. Harrison, Neoliberal Africa, p. 139.
146. Bayart, The State in Africa, p. xxii;
147. Achille Mbembe, On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
148. Bayart, The State in Africa, chap. 6.
149. Mbembe, On the Postcolony, pp. 102-3.
150. James Ferguson, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order (London: Duke University Press 2007), pp. 15-17;
151. Carolyn Nordstrom, 'Out of the shadows', in Thomas M. Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir, and Robert Latham (eds), Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
152. Pal Ahluwalia, Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 127.
153. Joseph, 'Governmentality of what?';
154. Joseph, 'Poverty reduction';
155. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality';
156. Joseph, 'What can governmentality do for IR?';
157. Selby, 'Engaging Foucault'.
158. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 224;
159. see also Selby, 'Engaging Foucault', p. 326.
160. Selby, 'Engaging Foucault', p. 337.
161. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 242.
162. Clive Barnett, 'The consolations of ''neoliberalism'' ', Geoforum, 36 (2005), pp. 7-12.
163. Milja Kurki, 'Causes of a divided discipline: Rethinking the concept of cause in International Relations theory', Review of International Studies, 32:2 (2006), pp. 189-216;
164. Hidemi Suganami, 'Causal explanation and moral judgement: Undividing a division', Millennium, 39:3 (2011), pp. 718-22.
165. Rita Abrahamsen, 'The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance', Third World Quarterly, 25:8 (2004), pp. 1453-67;
166. see also Fougner, 'Neoliberal';
167. Lo?wenheim, 'Examining the state'.
168. Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships', p. 1454.
169. Alastair Fraser and Lindsay Whitfield, 'Understanding Contemporary Aid Relationships', in Lindsay Whitfield (ed.), The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 78-80.
170. Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy;
171. Fougner, 'Neoliberal';
172. Graham Harrison, The World Bank and Africa: The construction of governance states (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004);
173. Lo?wenheim, 'Examining the state';
174. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity, pp. 141-5.
175. Paschal Assey, Stephen Bass, Blandina Cheche, David Howlett, George Jambiya, Idris Kikula, Servacius Likwelile, Amon Manyama, Eric Mugurusi, Ruzika Muheto, and Longinus Rutasitara, Environment at the heart of Tanzania's Development: Lessons from Tanzania National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2007), p. iv.
176. Barry Dalal-Clayton and Steve Bass, The Challenges of Environmental Mainstreaming: Experience of integrating environment into development i'stitutions and decisions (London: IIED, 2009);
177. Tighe Geoghegan, Making aid work better for recipients, and improving national planning processes for sustainable development in the bargain (London: IIED, 2007).
178. Fraser and Whitfield, 'Understanding Contemporary Aid Relationships', pp. 80-1.
179. Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships', p. 1454.
180. Joseph, 'Governmentality of what?' pp. 425-7.
181. See Whitfield, The Politics of Aid. 98;
182. Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships', p. 1454.
183. Harrison, The World Bank and Africa.
184. See also Engel and Olsen, 'Authority, sovereignty and Africa'. 100 Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships', p. 1459;
185. Harrison, The World Bank and Africa, chaps 4 and 5;
186. Lo?wenheim, 'Examining the state';
187. Tosa, 'Anarchical governance', pp. 418-20.
188. For example, see Assey et al., Environment at the heart of Tanzania's Development;
189. Dalal-Clayton and Bass, The Challenges of Environmental Mainstreaming.
190. Harrison, The World Bank and Africa, p. 90.
191. For example, see Roger Nord, Yuri Sobolev, David Dunn, Alejandro Hajdenberg, Niko Hobdari, Samar Maziad, and Stéphane Roudet, Tanzania: The Story of an African Transition (Washington DC: IMF, 2009).
192. Harrison, The World Bank and Africa, p. 94.
193. Harrison, Neoliberal Africa, p. 99.
194. Miller and Rose, Governing the Present, p. 218.
195. Selby, 'Engaging Foucault', p. 336.
196. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity.
197. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', pp. 238-9.
198. Joseph, 'Governmentality of what?' p. 427.
199. James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: 'Development', Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (Minneapolis: Minnesota Press, 1994);
200. Joseph, 'Poverty reduction';
201. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity, pp. 141-5.
202. Fougner, 'Neoliberal'.
203. Jaeger, 'UN reform';
204. Zanotti, 'Governmentalizing'.
205. Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships'.
206. Mark Duffield, 'Governing the Borderlands: Decoding the Power of Aid', Disasters, 25:4 (2001), pp. 308-20;
207. Ole Jacob Sending and Iver B. Neumann, 'Governance to Governmentality: Analysing NGOs, States and Power', International Studies Quarterly, 50:3 (2006), pp. 651-72.
208. Dean, Governing Societies, p. 83.
209. Miller and Rose, Governing the Present, p. 71.
210. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 272.
211. Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine, p. 20.
212. Abrahamsen, 'The power of partnerships';
213. Harrison, The World Bank in Africa;
214. Lo?wenheim, 'Examining the state', p. 268.
215. Abrahamsen and Williams, Security beyond the state, pp. 220-21;
216. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed;
217. Dean, Governing Societies;
218. Dean, 'Liberal government';
219. Hindess, 'Politics as Government', pp. 402-3;
220. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life.
221. Chandler, Empire in denial, pp. 57-8;
222. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001);
223. Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone (Oxford: James Currey, 1996).
224. A classic example is Robert Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy.
225. See also Mats R. Berdal and David Malone (eds), Greed and Grievance: Economic agendas in Civil Wars (London: Lynne Rienner, 2000).
226. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 236.
227. Duffield, 'Governing the borderlands';
228. Mark Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples (Cambridge: Polity, 2007);
229. Nordstrom, 'Out of the shadows';
230. Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest.
231. Danny Hoffman, 'The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy, and Humanitarian Intervention', African Affairs, 103:411 (2004), pp. 211-26.
232. Hoffman, 'The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia', p. 211.
233. Danny Hoffman, 'Disagreement: Dissent politics and the war in Sierra Leone', Africa Today, 52:3 (2006), pp. 3-22.
234. Nordstrom, 'Out of the shadows', p. 220.
235. Dean, Governmentality, pp. 131-9;
236. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed, pp. 7 and 36
237. Abrahamsen and Williams, Security beyond the state, pp. 148-70;
238. Lisa Denney, 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons: The security-development nexus in Sierra Leone', African Affairs, 110:439 (2011), pp. 275-94;
239. Hoffman, 'The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia';
240. Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest.
241. Neumann and Sending, Governing the Global Polity, p. 11.
242. Duffield, 'Governing the borderlands', pp. 309-10.
243. Carl Death, 'Troubles at the Top: South African protests and the 2002 Johannesburg Summit', African Affairs, 109:437 (2010), p. 568.
244. Tosa, 'Anarchical governance'.
245. Jackson, 'The State Didn't Even Exist'.
246. Ferguson, Global Shadows.
247. Abrahamsen and Williams, Security beyond the state.
248. Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest, pp. 30-1.
249. Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 242.
250. Harrison, Neoliberal Africa;
251. Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (London: James Currey, 1996).
252. Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy;
253. Bayart, The State in Africa;
254. Ferguson, Global Shadows.
255. Harrison, Neoliberal Africa, p. 143.
256. Barnett and Duvall, 'Power in International Politics'.
257. Engel and Olsen, 'Authority, sovereignty and Africa', p. 63.
258. As such this article echoes the conclusions of Brown and Lemke in this journal regarding the applicability of many insights derived from politics in Africa for the study of politics elsewhere.
259. Brown, 'Africa and International Relations';
260. Lemke, 'Intra-national IR in Africa'.
261. See also Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South, p. 7;
262. Cornelissen et al., 'Introduction', pp. 12-13;
263. Harrison, Neoliberal Africa, p. 116.
264. Abrahamsen and Williams, Security beyond the state, pp. 218-19.
265. See also Rosenow, 'The merits of a Foucauldian approach', p. 500.
266. Bayart, The State in Africa, p. 268.
267. See also Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South.
268. Nadesan, Governmentality, Biopower and Everyday Life, p. 6.
269. Dean, Governing Societies, p. 103.
270. Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South, p. 48.
271. Ahluwalia, Out of Africa, p. 6.
272. Dean, Governing Societies, p. 83.
273. Similar arguments are advanced by Joseph, 'The limits of governmentality', p. 224;
274. Tosa, 'Anarchical governance', p. 417.
275. Mbembe, On the Postcolony;
276. Miller and Rose, Governing the Present.
277. David Chandler's discussion and critique of governmentality-inspired analyses of development partnerships relies on questioning the motivation of donor institutions.
278. This is a subject on which an analytics of government approach is not particularly well-suited to conducting researc'.
279. Chandler, Empire in denial, pp. 15-18.
280. Dean, Governing Societies, pp. 50-1.
281. Michel Foucault, 'On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress', in P. Rabinow (ed.), Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984, Vol. 1, trans. R. Hurley et al., (New York: The New Press 1997), p. 256.
282. Abrahamsen, 'African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge', p. 210.
283. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p. 313.
284. Rose, Powers of Freedom, p. 60.