Thinking past 'Western' IR?

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-23

  Bilgin, Pinar ^a  

^a BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; WESTERN WORLD; WESTERNIZATION;

EID: 37049035936     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590701726392     Document Type: Article

References (97)

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14. K Booth, 'Human wrongs and International Relations', International Affairs, 71 (1), 1995, p 125.
15. Unless, that is, s/he is willing to become curious about the production of 'sameness' (see below).
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22. A theme elaborated upon by Bhabha, The Location of Culture. Sen, Identity and Violence, pp 87 - 88 uses the example of James Mill's History of India. Although Mill never visited India and the book was suffused with inaccuracies and misrepresentations, it was nevertheless considered for decades to be 'the Bible of every British officer' visiting the country.
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24. Ibid, pp 3, 6.
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26. Ibid, pp 51 - 55
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29. See, for example, SP Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996
30. and B Lewis, 'The roots of Muslim rage', Atlantic Monthly, 17 (4), 1990, pp 17 - 26.
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34. See notes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
35. PF Bell, 'The impact of the United States on the development of social sciences in Thailand', Social Science Models and their Impact on the Third World, XX (XX), 1991, p 97 (emphasis in original).
36. Nicholas Onuf provides alternative models to explain this phenomenon. See Onuf, 'Where are the theorists?', paper presented at the European Peace Research Association Fifth General Conference, Sakarya University, Turkey, 21 - 24 August 2007.
37. MK Pasha, 'Security as hegemony', Alternatives - Social Transformation and Humane Governance, 21 (3), 1996, p 283.
38. IL Gendzier, Managing Political Change: Social Scientists and the Third World, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985, p 63.
39. Ibid, pp 64, 51.
40. Oren, Our Enemies and US.
41. Quoted in RW Cox, 'Towards a post-hegemonic conceptualisation of world order: Reflections on the relevancy of Ibn Khaldun', in JN Rosenau & C Ernst-Otto (eds), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p 143.
42. See, inter alia, RBJ Walker, 'Sovereignty, identity, community: reflections on the horizons of contemporary social practice', in RBJ Walker & S Mendlowitz (eds), Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990, pp 159 - 185
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50. For example, 'Western' approaches to 'regional security in the Middle East' invariably take 'Western' interests as the referent, to the neglect of the concerns of regional actors. See P Bilgin, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, London: Routledge, 2005.
51. Korany, 'Strategic studies and the Third World', p 115.
52. See P Bilgin & AD Morton, 'From "rogue" to "failed" states? The fallacy of short-termism', Politics, 24 (3), 2004, pp 169 - 180.
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54. Agathangelou & Ling, 'The house of IR', p 30.
55. T Mitchell, 'The Middle East in the past and future of social science', in DL Szanton (ed), The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines, University of California Press International and Area Studies Digital Collection, 2002, available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/uclapubs/editedvolumes/3, accessed 24 March 2004.
56. For important exceptions, see K Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism, London: Croom Helm, 1979
57. Weldes et al, Cultures of Insecurity
58. Krause & Williams, Critical Security Studies
59. and MC Williams, Culture and Security: Symbolic Power and the Politics of International Security, London: Routledge, 2007.
60. There is also the group of scholars who fit the description of 'native informants'. I do not address their contributions in this section, because their role is better explained with reference to the aforementioned hierarchical division of labour. Nor do I address here the issue of how IR is structured in specific contexts, which, in turn, shapes and is shaped by its relationship with 'Western' and/or US IR.
61. D Puchala, 'Third World thinking and contemporary International Relations', in SG Neuman (ed), International Relations Theory and the Third World, London: Macmillan, 1998, p 139.
62. PG Mandaville, 'Toward a different cosmopolitanism - or, the "I" dislocated', Global Society, 17 (2), 2003, p 211.
63. See Puchala, 'Third World thinking'.
64. See Jones, 'Locating the "I" in IR'.
65. Mandaville, 'Toward a different cosmopolitanism', p 211.
66. Reference to the 1975 film, The Stepford Wives, by Bryan Forbes about a group of suburban men replacing their wives with robots with perfect skills minus all-so-human constraints.
67. Puchala, 'Third World thinking', p 139.
68. Mandaville, 'Toward a different cosmopolitanism', p 211.
69. For an attempt, see P Bilgin, 'Os estudos de seguranc, a na Turquia: situando a Turquia no "Ocidente" por meio de "escrever a seguranc, a"', Contexto Internacional, 26 (1), 2004, pp 149 - 185.
70. J Han & LHM Ling, 'Authoritarianism in the hypermasculinized state: hybridity, patriarchy, and capitalism in Korea', International Studies Quarterly, 42 (1), 1998, pp 54, 57.
71. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p 86.
72. LHM Ling, 'Cultural chauvinism and the liberal international order: "West vs rest" in Asia's financial crisis', in G Chowdhry & S Nair (eds), Power in a Postcolonial World: Race, Gender and Class in International Relations, London: Routledge, 2002, pp 115 - 141.
73. Spivak, however, warns against the search for authenticity. In Loomba's words, 'the pre-colonial is always reworked by the history of colonialism, and is not available to us in any pristine form that can be neatly separated from the history of colonialism'. A Loomba, Colonialism/ postcolonialism, London: Routledge, 2005, p 21.
74. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p 88.
75. 'Special Issue on South Asia and theories of nuclear deterrence', India Review, 4 (2), 2003 - 04.
76. G Perkovich, 'Is India a major power?', Washington Quarterly, 27 (1), 1998, p 129.
77. I Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State, New York: Zed Books, 1998, p 17.
78. Ibid, p 13.
79. The absence of colonial status from Turkey's history need not render postcolonial insights less relevant. Following Jorge de Alva, postcoloniality should 'signify not so much subjectivity "after" the colonial experience as a subjectivity of oppositionality to imperializing/colonizing (read: Subordinating/ subjectivizing) discourses and practices'. Cited in Loomba, Colonialism/ postcolonialism, p 16.
80. Or 'European'. See H Kohn, 'The Europeanization of the Orient', Political Science Quarterly, 52 (2), 1937, pp 259 - 270.
81. See, for example, C, Keyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development, London: Verso, 1987.
82. For further discussion, see P Bilgin, 'Re-thinking the securityness of secularism in Turkey', unpublished manuscript.
83. Halide Edip Adivar cited in S Kili, The Atatürk Revolution: A Paradigm of Modernization, Istanbul: Is, Bankasi Yayinlari, 2003, p 356.
84. For further discussion, see A Davison, Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
85. EW Said, Culture and Imperialism, New York: Knopf, 1993.
86. Said, Orientalism.
87. Space does not allow a discussion on how the Ottoman Empire had previously produced its own discourse to justify its imperial forays into its East and its West.
88. See BJ Dickson, Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
89. See S Suzuki, 'Japan's socialization into janus-faced European international society', European Journal of International Relations, 11 (1), 2005, pp 139 - 170.
90. Ibid, p 147.
91. LHM Ling, Postcolonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire between Asia and the West, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002, p 17.
92. Ibid, pp 17 - 18.
93. Ibid, p 75.
94. Following Cox's distinction between 'problem-solving' and 'critical theory'. See RW Cox, 'Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond International Relations theory', Millennium, 10 (2), 1981, pp 126 - 158.
95. K Booth, 'Nuclearism, human rights and constructions of security (Part 1)', International Journal of Human Rights, 3 (2), 1999, pp 1 - 24.
96. EW Said, 'Traveling theory', in M Bayoumi & A Rubin (eds), The Edward Said Reader, New York: Vintage Books, 2000, p 197.
97. Booth, 'Human wrongs and International Relations', p 125.