Reducing poverty with teargas and batons: The security-development nexus in Sierra Leone

African Affairs

Volumn 110, Issue 439, 2011, Pages 275-294

  Denney, Lisa ^a,b  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATIONAL SECURITY; POVERTY ALLEVIATION; SOCIAL POLICY;

SIERRA LEONE; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 79953742808     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adr004     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. UNDP, '2008 statistical update: Sierra Leone', (4 May 2009).
2. UNDP, '2007/2008 Human Development Report: Sierra Leone', (4 May 2009).
3. DFID, 'What DFID does in Sierra Leone' (Presentation to FCO and IMATT colleagues, Freetown, 3 April 2008), (7May 2009).
4. Key contributions come from human security and critical security studies literatures.
5. See, for example, Peter Wilkin, 'Global poverty and orthodox security', Third World Quarterly 23, 4 (2002), pp. 633-45.
6. Susan Willett, 'New barbarians at the gate: losing the liberal peace in Africa', Review of African Political Economy 32, 106 (2005), pp. 569-94.
7. Robert Zoellick, 'Fragile states: securing development', Survival 50, 6 (2008), pp. 67-84.
8. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and cases (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 1996).
9. Ken Booth, 'Security and emancipation', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991), pp. 313-26.
10. Mark Duffield, 'Human security: linking development and security in an age of terror' (Paper presented at 11th General Conference of the EADI (European Association of Development Research and Training), Bonn, 21-24 September 2005), (17 May 2009).
11. Kofi Annan, 'In Haiti for the long haul', Wall Street Journal, 16 March 2004.
12. Secretary of State for International Development, Hilary Benn MP, 'A shared challenge: promoting development and human security in weak states' (Speech to Centre for Global Development, Washington, DC, 23 June 2004).
13. Quoted in Willett, 'New barbarians at the gate', p. 569.
14. For good examples see Rita Abrahamsen, 'A breeding ground for terrorists? Africa and Britain's "war on terrorism"', Review of African Political Economy 31, 102 (2004), pp. 677-84.
15. William Easterly, 'Foreign aid goes military', New York Review of Books 55, 19 (4 December 2008), http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2008/dec/04/foreign-aid-goesmilitary/.
16. Willett, 'New barbarians at the gate', pp. 569-94.
17. Nicholas Waddell, 'Ties that bind: DFID and the emerging security and development agenda', Conflict, Security and Development 6, 4 (2006), pp. 531-55, p. 535.
18. Chris Smith, 'Security-sector reform: development breakthrough or institutional engineering?', Conflict, Security and Development 1, 1 (2001), pp. 5-20, pp. 8-9.
19. Willett, 'New barbarians at the gate', pp. 581-2.
20. DFID, 'Poverty and the security sector' (DFID paper, London, 1998), p. 2.
21. Global Conflict Prevention Pool, 'Security sector reform strategy' (DFID, FCO, MoD, London, 2004-5), p. 4.
22. Mark White, 'The security development nexus: a case study of Sierra Leone 2004-2007' (Paper No. 4, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007, October 2008), , p. 3.
23. Olawale Ismail and Dylan Hendrickson, 'Literature review: what is the case for a security and justice focus in development assistance programming?' (Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, April 2009), (19 May 2009).
24. Easterly, 'Foreign aid goes military'.
25. Waddell, 'Ties that bind'.
26. DFID, FCO, and MoD, 'The Africa conflict prevention pool: an information document - a Joint UK Government approach to preventing and reducing conflict in sub-Saharan Africa' (DFID, London, 2004).
27. Office for Public Sector Information, 'International Development Act 2002', (5 May 2009).
28. See, for instance, Colin Leys, 'The rise and fall of development theory' in Marc Edelman and Angelique Haugerud (eds), The Anthropology of Development and Globalisation (Blackwell, Oxford, 2005), pp. 109-25.
29. Steve Smith, 'The contested concept of security' (Working Paper, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, May 2002).
30. Global Conflict Prevention Pool, 'Security sector reform strategy', p. 4.
31. Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk, 'Introduction: Understanding the contradictions of postwar statebuilding' in Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk (eds), The Dilemmas of Statebuilding (Routledge, London, 2009), pp. 1-20.
32. Robert Egnell and Peter Halden, 'Laudable, ahistorical and overambitious: security sector reform meets state formation theory', Conflict, Security and Development 9, 1 (2009), pp. 27-54, p. 32.
33. Nicole Ball, Piet Biesheuvel, Tom Hamilton-Baillie and 'Funmi Olonisakin, 'Security and justice sector reform programming in Africa' (DFID paper, London, April 2007), p. ix.
34. DFID, 'Why does the UK have an international development programme?', 2009, (24 October 2009).
35. DFID, FCO, and MoD, 'The Africa Conflict Prevention Pool: an information document'.
36. White, 'The security and development nexus', p. 8.
37. Greg Austin, Emery Brusset, Malcolm Chalmers, and Juliet Pierce, 'Evaluation of the conflict prevention pools' (DFID, London, March 2004), p. 18.
38. David Milliband, 'Africa: conflict prevention' (Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 'Written answers and statements', 2 April 2009), (6 May 2009).
39. DFID, 'Reducing conflict in Africa: progress and challenges' (DFID, London, September 2006), p. 7.
40. Clare Short, 'Security sector reform and the elimination of poverty' (Speech to the Centre for Defence Studies, King's College London, 3 March 1999).
41. White, 'The security and development nexus', p. 2.
42. Waddell, 'Ties that bind', p. 532.
43. Smith, 'Security-sector reform: development breakthrough or institutional engineering?', p. 11.
44. Tanja Schümer, New Humanitarianism: Britain and Sierra Leone, 1997-2003 (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008), p. 86.
45. Schümer, New Humanitarianism, p. 88.
46. Osman Gbla, 'Security sector reform under international tutelage in Sierra Leone', International Peacekeeping 13, 1 (2008), pp. 78-93, p. 81.
47. Interview, Keith Biddle, former Inspector General of Sierra Leone Police, United Kingdom, 13 September 2008.
48. Interview, Adrian Horn, Project Manager, Commonwealth Community Safety and Security Project, United Kingdom, 10 October 2008.
49. Interview, Kadi Fakondo, Assistant Inspector General of Sierra Leone Police, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 25 February 2009.
50. Gbla, 'Security sector reform under international tutelage', p. 86.
51. Interview, District and Provincial Security Manager, Office for National Security, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 24 February 2009.
52. Interview, DFID Sierra Leone Country Director, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 9 April 2009.
53. Interviews, DFID Sierra Leone staff, Freetown, Sierra Leone, February, April 2009.
54. Interview, President of the Sierra Leone Market Women's Association, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4 March 2009 and Bo Bike Riders Association, Bo, Sierra Leone, 18 March 2009.
55. DFID, '"Kushe police dem!" : well done police!', 4 April 2008, (12 May 2009).
56. The Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces stood at around 10,500 personnel in 2008, as opposed to over 14,000 at the end of the civil war. There are aims to reduce force size further to 8,500.
57. Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander, quoted in 'Sierra Leone Police Media Relations', 27 February 2008, (12 May 2009).
58. Katrina Manson, 'Paradise regained in Sierra Leone', The Independent (London), 2 May 2009, .
59. UNDP, '2008 statistical update: Sierra Leone'.
60. UNDP, '2007/2008 Human Development Report'.
61. Steven Archibald and Paul Richards, 'Converts to human rights? Popular debate about war and justice in rural central Sierra Leone', Africa 72, 3 (2002), pp. 339-67, p. 346.
62. Interview, DFID Sierra Leone Country Director, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 9 April 2009.
63. Egnell and Halden, 'Laudable, ahistorical and overambitious', p. 47.
64. Interview, Dr Osman Gbla, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 3 March 2009.
65. Keith Krause and Oliver Jütersonke, 'Peace, security and development in post-conflict environments', Security Dialogue 36, 4 (2005), pp. 447-62, p. 451.
66. Interview, DFID Sierra Leone Country Director, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 9 April 2009.
67. Interview, DFID Sierra Leone SSR Coordinator, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 12 February 2009.
68. Interview, President of the Sierra Leone Market Women's Association, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4 March 2009.
69. Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rainforest: War, youth and resources in Sierra Leone (James Currey, Oxford, 1996).
70. Ismail and Hendrickson, 'What is the case for a security and justice focus in development assistance programming?', p. 3.
71. Krijn Peters, Footpaths to Reintegration: Armed conflict, youth and the rural crisis in Sierra Leone (unpublished Phd thesis, Wageningen University, 2006).
72. Paul Jackson, 'Reshuffling an old deck of cards? The politics of local government in Sierra Leone', African Affairs 106, 422 (2006), pp. 585-607.
73. Whilst alternative arguments regarding the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone exist (see, for instance, Ibrahim Abdullah, 'Bush path to destruction: the origin and character of the Revolutionary United Front', Journal of Modern African Studies 36, 2 (1998), pp. 203-35), the arguments made by Paul Richards and others remain most widely accepted.
74. Interview, Director, TIMAP for Justice, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 12 March 2009; Interview, Primary Justice Manager, Justice Sector Development Programme, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 8 April 2009; Interview, Coordinator, Peace and Reconciliation Movement Sierra Leone, Bo, Sierra Leone, 17 March 2009.
75. Interview, Coordinator, Peace and Reconciliation Movement Sierra Leone, Bo, Sierra Leone, 17 March 2009.
76. Clare Castillejo, 'Building accountable justice in Sierra Leone' (Working Paper 76, FRIDE, Madrid, January 2009).
77. Jane Chanaa, 'Security sector reform: issues, challenges, and prospects' (Adelphi Paper 344, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 2008), p. 61.
78. Egnell and Halden, 'Laudable, ahistorical and overambitious', p. 33.