Mapping and Cracking Sensorimotor Circuits in Genetic Model Organisms

Neuron

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 583-595

  Clark, Damon A ^b,c   Freifeld, Limor ^a   Clandinin, Thomas R ^b  

^a Department of Electrical Engineering ^*  (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CALCULATION; COMPUTER ANALYSIS; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXPERIMENT; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENETIC MODEL; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SENSORY STIMULATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STEADY STATE;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BRAIN; MODELS, ANIMAL; MODELS, GENETIC; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEUROSCIENCES; PERCEPTION; REACTION TIME; SENSATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 84878427642     PISSN: 08966273     EISSN: 10974199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.006     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Ahrens M.B., Li J.M., Orger M.B., Robson D.N., Schier A.F., Engert F., Portugues R. Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish. Nature 2012, 485:471-477.
2. Alivisatos A.P., Chun M., Church G.M., Deisseroth K., Donoghue J.P., Greenspan R.J., McEuen P.L., Roukes M.L., Sejnowski T.J., Weiss P.S., Yuste R. Neuroscience. The brain activity map. Science 2013, 339:1284-1285.
3. Andermann M.L., Kerlin A.M., Roumis D.K., Glickfeld L.L., Reid R.C. Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas. Neuron 2011, 72:1025-1039.
4. Aptekar J.W., Shoemaker P.A., Frye M.A. Figuretracking by flies is supported by parallel visual streams. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22:482-487.
5. Arshavsky V.Y., Burns M.E. Photoreceptor signaling: supporting vision across a wide range of light intensities. J.Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:1620-1626.
6. Atick J.J. Could information theory provide an ecological theory of sensory processing?. Network 2011, 22:213-251.
7. Baccus S.A., Meister M. Fast and slow contrast adaptation in retinal circuitry. Neuron 2002, 36:909-919.
8. Baker J.F., Petersen S.E., Newsome W.T., Allman J.M. Visual response properties of neurons in four extrastriate visual areas of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): a quantitative comparison of medial, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and middle temporal areas. J.Neurophysiol. 1981, 45:397-416.
9. Barlow H.B. Summation and inhibition in the frog's retina. J.Physiol. 1953, 119:69-88.
10. Barlow H.B. Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages. Sensory Communication 1961, 217-234. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. W. Rosenblith (Ed.).
11. Barlow H.B., Hill R.M. Selective sensitivity to direction of movement in ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Science 1963, 139:412-414.
12. Baylor D.A., Fuortes M.G. Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle. J.Physiol. 1970, 207:77-92.
13. Baylor D.A., Hodgkin A.L. Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors. J.Physiol. 1974, 242:729-758.
14. Baylor D.A., Hodgkin A.L., Lamb T.D. The electrical response of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light. J.Physiol. 1974, 242:685-727.
15. Benzer S. Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by countercurrent distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1967, 58:1112-1119.
16. Berg H.C., Brown D.A. Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli analysed by three-dimensional tracking. Nature 1972, 239:500-504.
17. Bernstein J.G., Boyden E.S. Optogenetic tools for analyzing the neural circuits of behavior. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2011, 15:592-600.
18. Bialek W. Physical limits to sensation and perception. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 1987, 16:455-478.
19. Bialek W., Rieke F. Reliability and information transmission in spiking neurons. Trends Neurosci. 1992, 15:428-434.
20. Bialek W., Rieke F., de Ruyter van Steveninck R.R., Warland D. Reading a neural code. Science 1991, 252:1854-1857.
21. Block S.M., Segall J.E., Berg H.C. Impulse responses in bacterial chemotaxis. Cell 1982, 31:215-226.
22. Boeddeker N., Lindemann J.P., Egelhaaf M., Zeil J. Responses of blowfly motion-sensitive neurons to reconstructed optic flow along outdoor flight paths. J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 2005, 191:1143-1155.
23. Boyden E.S., Raymond J.L. Active reversal of motor memories reveals rules governing memory encoding. Neuron 2003, 39:1031-1042.
24. Branson K., Robie A.A., Bender J., Perona P., Dickinson M.H. High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila. Nat. Methods 2009, 6:451-457.
25. Braun E., Geurten B., Egelhaaf M. Identifying prototypical components in behaviour using clustering algorithms. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9361.
26. Bray S., Amrein H. A putative Drosophila pheromone receptor expressed in male-specific taste neurons is required for efficient courtship. Neuron 2003, 39:1019-1029.
27. Brockerhoff S.E., Hurley J.B., Janssen-Bienhold U., Neuhauss S.C., Driever W., Dowling J.E. A behavioral screen for isolating zebrafish mutants with visual system defects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:10545-10549.
28. Bullock T.H., Achimowicz J.Z., Duckrow R.B., Spencer S.S., Iragui-Madoz V.J. Bicoherence of intracranial EEG in sleep, wakefulness and seizures. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1997, 103:661-678.
29. Burgess H.A., Schoch H., Granato M. Distinct retinal pathways drive spatial orientation behaviors in zebrafish navigation. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20:381-386.
30. Campbell F.W., Cooper G.F., Enroth-Cugell C. The spatial selectivity of the visual cells of the cat. J.Physiol. 1969, 203:223-235.
31. Carvell G.E., Simons D.J. Biometric analyses of vibrissal tactile discrimination in the rat. J.Neurosci. 1990, 10:2638-2648.
32. Chiappe M.E., Seelig J.D., Reiser M.B., Jayaraman V. Walking modulates speed sensitivity in Drosophila motion vision. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20:1470-1475.
33. Chichilnisky E.J. A simple white noise analysis of neuronal light responses. Network 2001, 12:199-213.
34. Chow D.M., Theobald J.C., Frye M.A. An olfactory circuit increases the fidelity of visual behavior. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:15035-15047.
35. Clark D.A., Gabel C.V., Gabel H., Samuel A.D.T. Temporal activity patterns in thermosensory neurons of freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans encode spatial thermal gradients. J.Neurosci. 2007, 27:6083-6090.
36. Clark D.A., Bursztyn L., Horowitz M.A., Schnitzer M.J., Clandinin T.R. Defining the computational structure of the motion detector in Drosophila. Neuron 2011, 70:1165-1177.
37. Cohen L., Rothschild G., Mizrahi A. Multisensory integration of natural odors and sounds in the auditory cortex. Neuron 2011, 72:357-369.
38. Daly S.J., Normann R.A. Temporal information processing in cones: effects of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation. Vision Res. 1985, 25:1197-1206.
39. Daugman J.G. Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spatial frequency, and orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters. J.Opt. Soc. Am. A 1985, 2:1160-1169.
40. David S.V., Vinje W.E., Gallant J.L. Natural stimulus statistics alter the receptive field structure of v1 neurons. J.Neurosci. 2004, 24:6991-7006.
41. Dombeck D.A., Reiser M.B. Real neuroscience in virtual worlds. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2012, 22:3-10.
42. Duistermars B.J., Frye M.A. Crossmodal visual input for odor tracking during fly flight. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18:270-275.
43. Egelhaaf M., Boeddeker N., Kern R., Kurtz R., Lindemann J.P. Spatial vision in insects is facilitated by shaping the dynamics of visual input through behavioral action. Front. Neural Circuits 2012, 6:108.
44. Eguíluz V.M., Ospeck M., Choe Y., Hudspeth A.J., Magnasco M.O. Essential nonlinearities in hearing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 84:5232-5235.
45. England P.M. Bridging the gaps between synapses, circuits, and behavior. Chem. Biol. 2010, 17:607-615.
46. Fenno L., Yizhar O., Deisseroth K. The development and application of optogenetics. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 34:389-412.
47. Ferezou I., Bolea S., Petersen C.C. Visualizing the cortical representation of whisker touch: voltage-sensitive dye imaging in freely moving mice. Neuron 2006, 50:617-629.
48. Field D.J. What is the goal of sensory coding?. Neural Comput. 1994, 6:559-601.
49. Fishilevich E., Domingos A.I., Asahina K., Naef F., Vosshall L.B., Louis M. Chemotaxis behavior mediated by single larval olfactory neurons in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15:2086-2096.
50. Fry S.N., Müller P., Baumann H.J., Straw A.D., Bichsel M., Robert D. Context-dependent stimulus presentation to freely moving animals in 3D. J.Neurosci. Methods 2004, 135:149-157.
51. Fry S.N., Rohrseitz N., Straw A.D., Dickinson M.H. TrackFly: virtual reality for a behavioral system analysis in free-flying fruit flies. J.Neurosci. Methods 2008, 171:110-117.
52. Fry S.N., Rohrseitz N., Straw A.D., Dickinson M.H. Visual control of flight speed in Drosophila melanogaster. J.Exp. Biol. 2009, 212:1120-1130.
53. Frye M.A., Dickinson M.H. Motor output reflects the linear superposition of visual and olfactory inputs in Drosophila. J.Exp. Biol. 2004, 207:123-131.
54. Frye M.A., Tarsitano M., Dickinson M.H. Odor localization requires visual feedback during free flight in Drosophila melanogaster. J.Exp. Biol. 2003, 206:843-855.
55. Geurten B.R., Kern R., Braun E., Egelhaaf M. A syntax of hoverfly flight prototypes. J.Exp. Biol. 2010, 213:2461-2475.
56. Goetz K.G. Flight control in Drosophila by visual perception of motion. Biol. Cybern. 1968, 4:199-208.
57. Götz K. Optomotorische untersuchung des visuellen systems einiger augenmutanten der fruchtfliege Drosophila. Biol. Cybern. 1964, 2:77-92.
58. Götz K., Wenking H. Visual control of locomotion in the walking fruitfly Drosophila. J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1973, 85:235-266.
59. Grillner S., Jessell T.M. Measured motion: searching for simplicity in spinal locomotor networks. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2009, 19:572-586.
60. Gruner J.A., Altman J. Swimming in the rat: analysis of locomotor performance in comparison to stepping. Exp. Brain Res. 1980, 40:374-382.
61. Hall J.C. The mating of a fly. Science 1994, 264:1702-1714.
62. Harvey C.D., Collman F., Dombeck D.A., Tank D.W. Intracellular dynamics of hippocampal place cells during virtual navigation. Nature 2009, 461:941-946.
63. Hassenstein B., Reichardt W. Systemtheoretische analyse der zeit-, reihenfolgen-und vorzeichenauswertung bei der bewegungsperzeption des rüsselkäfers chlorophanus. Z.Naturforsch. B 1956, 11:513-524.
64. Hateren J. Theoretical predictions of spatiotemporal receptive fields of fly LMCs, and experimental validation. J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1992, 171:157-170.
65. Hecht S., Wald G. The visual acuity and intensity discrimination of Drosophila. J.Gen. Physiol. 1934, 17:517-547.
66. Hedgecock E.M., Russell R.L. Normal and mutant thermotaxis inthe nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975, 72:4061-4065.
67. Herz A.V.M., Gollisch T., Machens C.K., Jaeger D. Modeling single-neuron dynamics and computations: a balance of detail and abstraction. Science 2006, 314:80-85.
68. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J.Physiol. 1962, 160:106-154.
69. Ibañez-Tallon I., Nitabach M.N. Tethering toxins and peptide ligands for modulation of neuronal function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2012, 22:72-78.
70. Joesch M., Schnell B., Raghu S.V., Reiff D.F., Borst A. ON and OFF pathways in Drosophila motion vision. Nature 2010, 468:300-304.
71. Julész B., Gilbert E.N., Victor J.D. Visual discrimination of textures with identical third-order statistics. Biol. Cybern. 1978, 31:137-140.
72. Jung S.N., Borst A., Haag J. Flight activity alters velocity tuning of fly motion-sensitive neurons. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:9231-9237.
73. Katsov A.Y., Clandinin T.R. Motion processing streams in Drosophila are behaviorally specialized. Neuron 2008, 59:322-335.
74. Kern R., Petereit C., Egelhaaf M. Neural processing of naturalistic optic flow. J.Neurosci. 2001, 21:RC139.
75. Kim K.J., Rieke F. Temporal contrast adaptation in the input and output signals of salamander retinal ganglion cells. J.Neurosci. 2001, 21:287-299.
76. Kimchi T., Xu J., Dulac C. A functional circuit underlying male sexual behaviour in the female mouse brain. Nature 2007, 448:1009-1014.
77. Kitamoto T. Conditional modification of behavior in Drosophila by targeted expression of a temperature-sensitive shibire allele in defined neurons. J.Neurobiol. 2001, 47:81-92.
78. Kozak W., Rodieck R.W., Bishop P.O. Responses of single units in lateral geniculate nucleus of cat to moving visual patterns. J.Neurophysiol. 1965, 28:19-47.
79. Laughlin S.B. A simple coding procedure enhances a neuron's information capacity. Z.Naturforsch., C, Biosci. 1981, 36:910-912.
80. Lettvin J.Y., Maturana H.R., McCulloch W.S., Pitts W.H. What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proceedings of the IRE 1959, 47:1940-1951.
81. Levitz J., Pantoja C., Gaub B., Janovjak H., Reiner A., Hoagland A., Schoppik D., Kane B., Stawski P., Schier A.F., et al. Optical control of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:507-516.
82. Lewi J., Schneider D.M., Woolley S.M.N., Paninski L. Automating the design of informative sequences of sensory stimuli. J.Comput. Neurosci. 2011, 30:181-200.
83. Liu K.S., Sternberg P.W. Sensory regulation of male mating behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neuron 1995, 14:79-89.
84. Luo L., Callaway E.M., Svoboda K. Genetic dissection of neural circuits. Neuron 2008, 57:634-660.
85. Machens C.K. Adaptive sampling by information maximization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88:228104.
86. Maimon G., Straw A.D., Dickinson M.H. Active flight increases the gain of visual motion processing in Drosophila. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:393-399.
87. Marder E., Calabrese R.L. Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. Physiol. Rev. 1996, 76:687-717.
88. Marder E., Goaillard J.-M. Variability, compensation and homeostasis in neuron and network function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:563-574.
89. Markram H. The blue brain project. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:153-160.
90. Marmarelis V.Z. Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling of Physiological Systems 2004, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ.
91. Marr D. Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information 1982, Henry Holt and Co., New York.
92. Marshel J.H., Garrett M.E., Nauhaus I., Callaway E.M. Functional specialization of seven mouse visual cortical areas. Neuron 2011, 72:1040-1054.
93. Maunsell J.H., Van Essen D.C. Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation. J.Neurophysiol. 1983, 49:1127-1147.
94. McCann G.D. Nonlinear identification theory models for successive stages of visual nervous systems of flies. J.Neurophysiol. 1974, 37:869-895.
95. Miesenböck G. The optogenetic catechism. Science 2009, 326:395-399.
96. Niell C.M., Stryker M.P. Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:7520-7536.
97. Niell C.M., Stryker M.P. Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex. Neuron 2010, 65:472-479.
98. Nilsen S.P., Chan Y.B., Huber R., Kravitz E.A. Gender-selective patterns of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:12342-12347.
99. O'Carroll D.C., Bidwell N.J., Laughlin S.B., Warrant E.J. Insect motion detectors matched to visual ecology. Nature 1996, 382:63-66.
100. Olsen S.R., Wilson R.I. Lateral presynaptic inhibition mediates gain control in an olfactory circuit. Nature 2008, 452:956-960.
101. Olsen S.R., Bhandawat V., Wilson R.I. Divisive normalization in olfactory population codes. Neuron 2010, 66:287-299.
102. Olshausen B.A., Field D.J. Natural image statistics and efficient coding. Network 1996, 7:333-339.
103. Orger M.B., Smear M.C., Anstis S.M., Baier H. Perception ofFourier and non-Fourier motion by larval zebrafish. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:1128-1133.
104. Pierce-Shimomura J.T., Morse T.M., Lockery S.R. The fundamental role of pirouettes in Caenorhabditis elegans chemotaxis. J.Neurosci. 1999, 19:9557-9569.
105. Poggio T., Reichardt W. Considerations on models of movement detection. Kybernetik 1973, 13:223-227.
106. Poggio T., Reichardt W. On the respresentation of multi-input systems: computational properties of polynomial algorithms. Biol. Cybern. 1980, 37:167-186.
107. Portugues R., Engert F. Adaptive locomotor behavior in larval zebrafish. Front Syst Neurosci 2011, 5:72.
108. Prusky G.T., West P.W.R., Douglas R.M. Behavioral assessment of visual acuity in mice and rats. Vision Res. 2000, 40:2201-2209.
109. Rajan, K., and Bialek, W. (2012). Maximally informative "stimulus energies" in the analysis of neural responses to natural signals. arXiv, arXiv:12010321, . http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0321.
110. Ramdya P., Reiter B., Engert F. Reverse correlation of rapid calcium signals in the zebrafish optic tectum invivo. J.Neurosci. Methods 2006, 157:230-237.
111. Reynolds J.H., Chelazzi L. Attentional modulation of visual processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 27:611-647.
112. Rister J., Pauls D., Schnell B., Ting C.Y., Lee C.H., Sinakevitch I., Morante J., Strausfeld N.J., Ito K., Heisenberg M. Dissection of the peripheral motion channel in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. Neuron 2007, 56:155-170.
113. Rohrseitz N., Fry S.N. Behavioural system identification of visual flight speed control in Drosophila melanogaster. J.R. Soc. Interface 2011, 8:171-185.
114. Rosenzweig M., Brennan K.M., Tayler T.D., Phelps P.O., Patapoutian A., Garrity P.A. The Drosophila ortholog of vertebrate TRPA1 regulates thermotaxis. Genes Dev. 2005, 19:419-424.
115. Ruderman D.L., Bialek W. Statistics of natural images: Scaling in the woods. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73:814-817.
116. Ryu W.S., Samuel A.D.T. Thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans analyzed by measuring responses to defined Thermal stimuli. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:5727-5733.
117. Sakai H.M., Naka K., Korenberg M.J. White-noise analysis in visual neuroscience. Vis. Neurosci. 1988, 1:287-296.
118. Schiller P.H., Finlay B.L., Volman S.F. Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. I. Spatiotemporal organization of receptive fields. J.Neurophysiol. 1976, 39:1288-1319.
119. Schuster S., Strauss R., Götz K.G. Virtual-reality techniques resolve the visual cues used by fruit flies to evaluate object distances. Curr. Biol. 2002, 12:1591-1594.
120. Sigl J.C., Chamoun N.G. An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram. J.Clin. Monit. 1994, 10:392-404.
121. Silver R.A. Neuronal arithmetic. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:474-489.
122. Smear M., Shusterman R., O'Connor R., Bozza T., Rinberg D. Perception of sniff phase in mouse olfaction. Nature 2011, 479:397-400.
123. Song Z., Postma M., Billings S.A., Coca D., Hardie R.C., Juusola M. Stochastic, adaptive sampling of information by microvilli in fly photoreceptors. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22:1371-1380.
124. Srinivasan M.V., Laughlin S.B., Dubs A. Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1982, 216:427-459.
125. Stavenga D.G. Colour in the eyes of insects. J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 2002, 188:337-348.
126. Stephens G.J., Johnson-Kerner B., Bialek W., Ryu W.S. Dimensionality and dynamics in the behavior of C. elegans. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2008, 4:e1000028.
127. Stone C.P. The congenital sexual behavior of the young male albino rat. J.Comp. Psychol. 1922, 2:95-153.
128. Stowers L., Holy T.E., Meister M., Dulac C., Koentges G. Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2. Science 2002, 295:1493-1500.
129. Strauss R., Heisenberg M. Coordination of legs during straight walking and turning in Drosophila melanogaster. J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1990, 167:403-412.
130. Szobota S., Isacoff E.Y. Optical control of neuronal activity. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 2010, 39:329-348.
131. Tammero L.F., Dickinson M.H. The influence of visual landscape on the free flight behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J.Exp. Biol. 2002, 205:327-343.
132. Theobald J.C., Ringach D.L., Frye M.A. Dynamics of optomotorresponses in Drosophila to perturbations in optic flow. J.Exp. Biol. 2010, 213:1366-1375.
133. Tinbergen N. The Study of Instinct 1977, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
134. Tu M.S., Dickinson M.H. The control of wing kinematics by two steering muscles of the blowfly (Calliphora vicina). J.Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1996, 178:813-830.
135. Van Abeelen J. Mouse mutants studied by means of ethological methods. Genetica 1964, 34:270-286.
136. van Hateren J.H. Processing of natural time series of intensities by the visual system of the blowfly. Vision Res. 1997, 37:3407-3416.
137. Venken K.J.T., Simpson J.H., Bellen H.J. Genetic manipulation of genes and cells in the nervous system of the fruit fly. Neuron 2011, 72:202-230.
138. Wald G. The photochemistry of vision. Doc. Ophthalmol. 1949, 3:94-137.
139. Ward S. Chemotaxis by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: identification of attractants and analysis of the response by use of mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70:817-821.
140. White B.H., Peabody N.C. Neurotrapping: cellular screens to identify the neural substrates of behavior in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2009, 2:20.
141. Zanker J., Gotz K. The wing beat of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1990, 327:19-44.