Intravenous immunoglobulin and Alzheimer's disease: What now?

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Volumn 10, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Loeffler, David A ^a  

^a WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Antibodies; A ; Immunotherapy; Inflammation; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Mild cognitive impairment; RAGE; Tau

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BAPINEUZUMAB; COMPLEMENT; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN; NEWGAM; PLACEBO; TAU PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; COGNITION; COMPLEMENT INHIBITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PENETRATION; EARLY INTERVENTION; ERYTHROPENIA; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICARE; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REIMBURSEMENT; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SENILE PLAQUE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84878427627     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17422094     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-70     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. A's A. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2012, 2012(8):131-168.
2. Scheinfeld NS. Intravenous Immunoglobulin http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210367-overview.
3. Dodel R, Hampel H, Depboylu C, Lin S, Gao F, Schock S, Jäckel S, Wei X, Buerger K, Höft C, Hemmer B, Möller HJ, Farlow M, Oertel WH, Sommer N, Du Y. Human antibodies against amyloid beta peptide: a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2002, 52:253-256. 10.1002/ana.10253, 12210803.
4. Dodel RC, Du Y, Depboylu C, Hampel H, Frölich L, Haag A, Hemmeter U, Paulsen S, Teipel SJ, Brettschneider S, Spottke A, Nölker C, Möller HJ, Wei X, Farlow M, Sommer N, Oertel WH. Intravenous immunoglobulins containing antibodies against beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:1472-1474. 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033399, 1738770, 15377700.
5. Relkin NR, Szabo P, Adamiak B, Burgut T, Monthe C, Lent RW, Younkin S, Younkin L, Schiff R, Weksler ME. 18-Month study of intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009, 30:1728-1736. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.021, 18294736.
6. Science Daily Results Of 9-Month Phase II Study Of Gammagard Intravenous Immunoglobulin http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080730175522.htm, Science Daily.
7. Medpage Today IVIG Stops Alzheimer's in Its Tracks http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAIC/33780, Medpage Today.
8. Dodel R, Rominger A, Bartenstein P, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Förster S, Winter Y, Bach JP, Popp J, Alferink J, Wiltfang J, Buerger K, Otto M, Antuono P, Jacoby M, Richter R, Stevens J, Melamed I, Goldstein J, Haag S, Wietek S, Farlow M, Jessen F. Intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial. Lancet Neurol 2013, 12:233-243. 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70014-0, 23375965.
9. Medpage Today Alzheimer's Disease: IVIG Fails in Trial http://www.medpagetoday.com/Neurology/AlzheimersDisease/38939, Medpage Today.
10. Safavi A, Langevin M, Vandeberg P, Novokhatny V, Scuderi P, Mohn G, Petteway S. Comparison of several human immunoglobulin products for anti-Aβ1-42 titer, 10th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders 2006, Madrid, Spain: International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease.
11. Klaver AC, Finke JM, Digambaranath J, Balasubramaniam M, Loeffler DA. Antibody concentrations to Abeta1-42 monomer and soluble oligomers in untreated and antibody-antigen-dissociated intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. Int Immunopharmacol 2010, 10:115-119. 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.005, 19840873.
12. Balakrishnan K, Andrei-Selmer LC, Selmer T, Bacher M, Dodel R. Comparison of intravenous immunoglobulins for naturally occurring autoantibodies against amyloid-beta. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20:135-143.
13. Smith LM, Coffey MP, Klaver AC, Loeffler DA. Intravenous immunoglobulin products contain specific antibodies to recombinant human tau protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2013, 16:424-428. [Epub ahead of print], 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.034, 23669333.
14. Fillit H, Hess G, Hill J, Bonnet P, Toso C. IV immunoglobulin is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Neurology 2009, 73:180-185. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7aaf, 19620605.
15. Bayry J, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Shortage of human intravenous immunoglobulin-reasons and possible solutions. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007, 3:120-121.
16. Winters JL, Brown D, Hazard E, Chainani A, Andrzejewski C. Cost-minimization analysis of the direct costs of TPE and IVIg in the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. BMC Health Serv Res 2011, 11:101. 10.1186/1472-6963-11-101, 3121582, 21575219.
17. Public Hospital Pharmacy Coalition An Overview of The Section 340B Drug Discount Program http://www.cjaonline.net/events/SustSeries/Calls/Call20080918/OverviewSection340B2.pdf, Public Hospital Pharmacy Coalition.
18. Public Hospital Pharmacy Coalition Hospitals Struggle to Access Key Blood Products at Affordable Prices http://www.snhpa.org/public/documents/pdfs/IVIGPressReleaseandSummary.pdf, Public Hospital Pharmacy Coalition.
19. Dalakas MC. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and serum viscosity: risk of precipitating thromboembolic events. Neurology 1994, 44:223-226. 10.1212/WNL.44.2.223, 8309562.
20. Brannagan TH. Intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIg) for treatment of CIDP and related immune-mediated neuropathies. Neurology 2002, 59:S33-S40. 10.1212/WNL.59.12_suppl_6.S33, 12499469.
21. Stefanova E, Pavlovic A, Jovanovic Z, Veselinovic N, Despotovic I, Stojkovic T, Sternic N, Kostic V. Vascular risk factors in Alzheimer's disease-Preliminary report. J Neurol Sci 2012, 322:166-169. 10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.065, 22938734.
22. Kalaria RN, Akinyemi R, Ihara M. Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes?. J Neurol Sci 2012, 322:141-147. 10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.032, 22884479.
23. Rajabally YA, Kearney DA. Thromboembolic complications of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with neuropathy: a two-year study. J Neurol Sci 2011, 308:124-127. 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.035, 21679973.
24. Baxter Healthcare GAMMAGARD LIQUID [Immune Globulin Infusion (Human)] 10% http://www.baxter.com/products/biopharmaceuticals/downloads/gamliquid_PI.pdf, Baxter Healthcare.
25. Haskin JA, Warner DJ, Blank DU. Acute renal failure after large doses of intravenous immune globulin. Ann Pharmacother 1999, 33:800-803. 10.1345/aph.18305, 10466908.
26. Zhang QL, Koenig W, Raum E, Stegmaier C, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: results from a population of older adults in Germany. Prev Med 2009, 48:122-127. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.10.026, 19041887.
27. Duhem C, Dicato MA, Ries F. Side-effects of intravenous immune globulins. Clin Exp Immunol 1994, 97:79-83. 1550378, 8033440.
28. Bajaj NP, Henderson N, Bahl R, Stott K, Clifford-Jones RE. Call for guidelines for monitoring renal function and haematological variables during intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin in neurological patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 71:562-563. 10.1136/jnnp.71.4.562, 1763537, 11561055.
29. Brox AG, Cournoyer D, Sternbach M, Spurll G. Hemolytic anemia following intravenous gamma globulin administration. Am J Med 1987, 82:633-635. 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90112-4, 3826125.
30. Frame WD, Crawford RJ. Thrombotic events after intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet 1986, 2:468.
31. Pollreisz A, Assinger A, Hacker S, Hoetzenecker K, Schmid W, Lang G, Wolfsberger M, Steinlechner B, Bielek E, Lalla E, Klepetko W, Volf I, Ankersmit HJ. Intravenous immunoglobulins induce CD32-mediated platelet aggregation in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2008, 159:578-584. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08700.x, 18565176.
32. Kessary-Shoham H, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y, Lorber M, Gershon H. In vivo administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can lead to enhanced erythrocyte sequestration. J Autoimmun 1999, 13:129-135. 10.1006/jaut.1999.0302, 10441177.
33. Matsuda M, Hosoda W, Sekijima Y, Hoshi K, Hashimoto T, Itoh S, Ikeda S. Neutropenia as a complication of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in adult patients with neuroimmunologic disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 2003, 26:306-311. 10.1097/00002826-200311000-00009, 14646610.
34. O'Nuallain B, Acero L, Williams AD, Koeppen HP, Weber A, Schwarz HP, Wall JS, Weiss DT, Solomon A. Human plasma contains cross-reactive Abeta conformer-specific IgG antibodies. Bioch 2008, 47:12254-12256.
35. Szabo P, Relkin N, Weksler ME. Natural human antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. Autoimmun Rev 2008, 7:415-420. 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.007, 18558354.
36. Istrin G, Bosis E, Solomon B. Intravenous immunoglobulin enhances the clearance of fibrillar amyloid-beta peptide. J Neurosci Res 2006, 84:434-443. 10.1002/jnr.20886, 16767774.
37. Dodel R, Balakrishnan K, Keyvani K, Deuster O, Neff F, Andrei-Selmer LC, Röskam S, Stüer C, Al-Abed Y, Noelker C, Balzer-Geldsetzer M, Oertel W, Du Y, Bacher M. Naturally occurring autoantibodies against beta-amyloid: investigating their role in transgenic animal and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2011, 31:5847-5854. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4401-10.2011, 21490226.
38. Magga J, Puli L, Pihlaja R, Kanninen K, Neulamaa S, Malm T, Härtig W, Grosche J, Goldsteins G, Tanila H, Koistinaho J, Koistinaho M. Human intravenous immunoglobulin provides protection against Aβ toxicity by multiple mechanisms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010, 7:90. 10.1186/1742-2094-7-90, 3004875, 21138577.
39. Puli L, Pomeshchik Y, Olas K, Malm T, Koistinaho J, Tanila H. Effects of human intravenous immunoglobulin on amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012, 9:105. 10.1186/1742-2094-9-105, 3416679, 22642812.
40. Panza F, Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Logroscino G, Santamato A, Greco A, Seripa D, Pilotto A. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: from anti-β-amyloid to tau-based immunization strategies. Immunotherapy 2012, 4:213-238. 10.2217/imt.11.170, 22339463.
41. Moreth J, Mavoungou C, Schindowski K. Passive anti-amyloid immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: What are the most promising targets?. Immun Ageing 2013, 10:18. [Epub ahead of print], 10.1186/1742-4933-10-18, 3681567, 23663286.
42. Machimoto T, Guerra G, Burke G, Fricker FJ, Colona J, Ruiz P, Meier-Kriesche HU, Scornik J. Effect of IVIG administration on complement activation and HLA antibody levels. Transpl Int 2010, 23:1015-1022. 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01088.x, 20412537.
43. Abe Y, Horiuchi A, Miyake M, Kimura S. Anti-cytokine nature of natural human immunoglobulin: one possible mechanism of the clinical effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Immunol Rev 1994, 139:5-19. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00854.x, 7927413.
44. Pigard N, Elovaara I, Kuusisto H, Paalavuo R, Dastidar P, Zimmermann K, Schwarz HP, Reipert B. Therapeutic activities of intravenous immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis involve modulation of chemokine expression. J Neuroimmunol 2009, 209:114-120. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.014, 19217671.
45. Kessel A, Ammuri H, Peri R, Pavlotzky ER, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Toubi EJ. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy affects T regulatory cells by increasing their suppressive function. J Immunol 2007, 179:5571-5575.
46. Samuelsson A, Towers TL, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor. Science 2001, 291:484-486. 10.1126/science.291.5503.484, 11161202.
47. Debré M, Bonnet MC, Fridman WH, Carosella E, Philippe N, Reinert P, Vilmer E, Kaplan C, Teillaud JL, Griscelli C. Infusion of Fc gamma fragments for treatment of children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1993, 342:945-949. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92000-J, 8105212.
48. Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory actions of intravenous immunoglobulin. Annu Rev Immunol 2008, 26:513-533. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090232, 18370923.
49. Kaneko Y, Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation. Science 2006, 313:670-673. 10.1126/science.1129594, 16888140.
50. Anthony RM, Nimmerjahn F, Ashline DJ, Reinhold VN, Paulson JC, Ravetch JV. Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with a recombinant IgG Fc. Science 2008, 320:373-376. 10.1126/science.1154315, 2409116, 18420934.
51. Anthony RM, Wermeling F, Karlsson MC, Ravetch JV. Identification of a receptor required for the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:19571-19578. 10.1073/pnas.0810163105, 2604916, 19036920.
52. Arriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hyman BT. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992, 42:631-639. 10.1212/WNL.42.3.631, 1549228.
53. Giannakopoulos P, Herrmann FR, Bussière T, Bouras C, Kövari E, Perl DP, Morrison JH, Gold G, Hof PR. Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol 2003, 60:1495-1500.
54. Chai X, Wu S, Murray TK, Kinley R, Cella CV, Sims H, Buckner N, Hanmer J, Davies P, O'Neill MJ, Hutton ML, Citron M. Passive immunization with anti-tau antibodies in two transgenic models: reduction of tau pathology and delay of disease progression. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:34457-34467. 10.1074/jbc.M111.229633, 3190817, 21841002.
55. Boutajangout A, Ingadottir J, Davies P, Sigurdsson EM. Passive immunization targeting pathological phospho-tau protein in a mouse model reduces functional decline and clears tau aggregates from the brain. J Neurochem 2011, 118:658-667. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07337.x, 3366469, 21644996.
56. Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation end-products: a review. Diabetologia 2001, 44:129-146. 10.1007/s001250051591, 11270668.
57. Schmidt AM, Sahagan B, Nelson RB, Selmer J, Rothlein R, Bell JM. The role of RAGE in amyloid-beta peptide-mediated pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009, 10:672-680.
58. Deane R, Du Yan S, Submamaryan RK, LaRue B, Jovanovic S, Hogg E, Welch D, Manness L, Lin C, Yu J, Zhu H, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Stern A, Schmidt AM, Armstrong DL, Arnold B, Liliensiek B, Nawroth P, Hofman F, Kindy M, Stern D, Zlokovic B. RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat Med 2003, 9:907-913. 10.1038/nm890, 12808450.
59. Weber A, Engelmaier A, Teschner W, Ehrlich HJ, Schwarz HP. Intravenous immunoglobulin (Vig) Gammagard liquid contains anti-RAGE IgG and sLRP 3-248. Alzheimer's Association 2009 International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease.
60. Shibata M, Yamada S, Kumar SR, Calero M, Bading J, Frangione B, Holtzman DM, Miller CA, Strickland DK, Ghiso J, Zlokovic BV. Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2000, 106:1489-1499. 10.1172/JCI10498, 387254, 11120756.
61. Deane R, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV. The role of the cell surface LRP and soluble LRP in blood-brain barrier Abeta clearance in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2008, 14:1601-1605. 10.2174/138161208784705487, 2895311, 18673201.
62. Sagare A, Deane R, Bell RD, Johnson B, Hamm K, Pendu R, Marky A, Lenting PJ, Wu Z, Zarcone T, Goate A, Mayo K, Perlmutter D, Coma M, Zhong Z, Zlokovic BV. Clearance of amyloid-beta by circulating lipoprotein receptors. Nat Med 2007, 13:1029-1031. 10.1038/nm1635, 2936449, 17694066.
63. Mühl H, Pfeilschifter J. Anti-inflammatory properties of pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma. Int Immunopharmacol 2003, 3:1247-1255. 10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00131-0, 12890422.
64. Lam L, Whitsett CF, McNicholl JM, Hodge TW, Hooper J. Immunologically active proteins in intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet 1993, 342:678.
65. Grosse-Wilde H, Blasczyk R, Westhoff U. Soluble HLA class I and class II concentrations in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. Tissue Antigens 1992, 39:74-77. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1992.tb01910.x, 1574801.
66. Blasczyk R, Westhoff U, Grosse-Wilde H. Soluble CD4, CD8, and HLA molecules in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. Lancet 1993, 341:789-790. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90563-V, 8096001.
67. Claus R, Werner H, Schulze HA, Walzel H, Friemel H. Are soluble monocyte-derived HLA class II molecules candidates for immunosuppressive activity?. Immunol Lett 1990, 26:203-210. 10.1016/0165-2478(90)90147-I, 2150835.
68. Kekow J, Reinhold D, Pap T, Ansorge S. Intravenous immunoglobulins and transforming growth factor beta. Lancet 1998, 351:184-185. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78212-X, 9449877.
69. van der Wal EA, Gómez-Pinilla F, Cotman CW. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 is in plaques in Alzheimer and Down pathologies. Neuroreport 1993, 4:69-72. 10.1097/00001756-199301000-00018, 8453039.
70. Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Yan F, Yu GQ, Rohde M, McConlogue L, Masliah E, Mucke L. TGF-beta1 promotes microglial amyloid-beta clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice. Nat Med 2001, 7:612-618. 10.1038/87945, 11329064.
71. Gelfand EW. Differences between IGIV products: impact on clinical outcome. Int Immunopharmacol 2006, 6:592-599. 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.11.003, 16504921.
72. Reipert BM, Stellamor MT, Poell M, Ilas J, Sasgary M, Reipert S, Zimmermann K, Ehrlich H, Schwarz HP. Variation of anti-Fas antibodies in different lots of intravenous immunoglobulin. Vox Sang 2008, 94:334-341. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.001036.x, 18266779.
73. Mikolajczyk MG, Concepcion NF, Wang T, Frazier D, Golding B, Frasch CE, Scott DE. Characterization of antibodies to capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immune globulin intravenous preparations. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004, 11:1158-1164. 524781, 15539522.
74. Patrias LM, Klaver AC, Coffey MP, Loeffler DA. Specific antibodies to soluble alpha-synuclein conformations in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. Clin Exp Immunol 2010, 161:527-535. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04214.x, 2962971, 20646004.
75. Dhainaut F, Guillaumat PO, Dib H, Perret G, Sauger A, de Coupade C, Beaudet M, Elzaabi M, Mouthon L. In vitro and in vivo properties differ among liquid intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. Vox Sang 2013, 104:115-126. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01648.x, 3580880, 23003576.
76. Manlhiot C, Yeung RS, Chahal N, McCrindle BW. Intravenous immunoglobulin preparation type: association with outcomes for patients with acute Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010, 21:515-521.
77. Roifman CM, Schroeder H, Berger M, Sorensen R, Ballow M, Buckley RH, Gewurz A, Korenblat P, Sussman G, Lemm G. Comparison of the efficacy of IGIV-C, 10% (caprylate/chromatography) and IGIV-SD, 10% as replacement therapy in primary immune deficiency. A randomized double-blind trial. Int Immunopharmacol 2003, 3:1325-1333. 10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00134-6, 12890430.
78. Crow AR, Lazarus AH. The mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin and polyclonal anti-d immunoglobulin in the amelioration of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: what do we really know?. Transfus Med Rev 2008, 22:103-1016. 10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.001, 18353251.
79. Becker T, Küenzlen E, Salama A, Mertens R, Kiefel V, Weiss H, Lampert F, Gaedicke G, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Treatment of childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with Rhesus antibodies (anti-D). Eur J Pediatr 1986, 145:166-169. 10.1007/BF00446055, 3021462.
80. Salama A, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Effect of IgG anti-Rho(D) in adult patients with chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 1986, 22:241-250. 10.1002/ajh.2830220304, 3087158.
81. Svetlicky N, Ortega-Hernandez OD, Mouthon L, Guillevin L, Thiesen HJ, Altman A, Kravitz MS, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. The advantage of specific intravenous immunoglobulin (sIVIG) on regular IVIG: experience of the last decade. J Clin Immunol 2013, 33(Suppl 1):S27-S32.
82. Ryan DA, Mastrangelo MA, Narrow WC, Sullivan MA, Federoff HJ, Bowers WJ. Abeta-directed single-chain antibody delivery via a serotype-1 AAV vector improves learning behavior and pathology in Alzheimer's disease mice. Mol Ther 2010, 18:1471-1481. 10.1038/mt.2010.111, 2927061, 20551911.
83. Käsermann F, Boerema DJ, Rüegsegger M, Hofmann A, Wymann S, Zuercher AW, Miescher S. Analysis and functional consequences of increased Fab-sialylation of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) after lectin fractionation. PLoS One 2012, 7:e37243. 10.1371/journal.pone.0037243, 3366990, 22675478.
84. McGeer PL, Akiyama H, Itagaki S, McGeer EG. Activation of the classical complement pathway in brain tissue of Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett 1989, 107:341-346. 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90843-4, 2559373.
85. Webster S, Lue L-F, Brachova L, Tenner AJ, McGeer PL, Terai K, Walker DG, Bradt B, Cooper NR, Rogers J. Molecular and cellular characterization of the membrane attack complex, C5b-9, in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1997, 18:415-421. 10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00042-0, 9330973.
86. Loeffler DA. Using animal models to determine the significance of complement activation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2004, 1:18. 10.1186/1742-2094-1-18, 529311, 15479474.
87. Rossi F, Dietrich G, Kazatchkine MD. Anti-idiotypes against autoantibodies in normal immunoglobulins: evidence for network regulation of human autoimmune responses. Immunol Rev 1989, 110:135-149. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1989.tb00031.x, 2676846.