Current concepts and controversies on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Part II

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 219-229

  Sud, Alok ^a   Tsirikos, Athanasios ^b  

^a ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; pedicle screws; spinal fusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878425768     PISSN: 00195413     EISSN: 19983727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.111493     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Boucher HH. A method of spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1959;41B:248-59.
2. Roy?Camille R, Saillant G, Mazel C. Internal fixation of the lumbar spine with pedicle screw plating. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986;203:7-17.
3. Vaccaro AR, Rizzolo SJ, Balderston RA, Allardyce TJ, Garfin SR, Dolinskas C, et al. Placement of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine. Part II: An anatomical and radiographic assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:1200-6.
4. Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Cho SK, Bridwell KH, Sides B, Blanke K. Comparative analysis of pedicle screw versus hook instrumentation in posterior spinal fusion of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:2040-8.
5. Vaccaro AR, Rizzolo SJ, Allardyce TJ, Ramsey M, Salvo J, Balderston RA, et al. Placement of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine. Part I: Morphometric analysis of the thoracic vertebrae. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:1193-9.
6. Rampersaud YR, Simon DA, Foley KT. Accuracy requirements for image?guided spinal pedicle screw placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:352-9.
7. Polly DW Jr, Potter BK, Kuklo T, Young S, Johnson C, Klemme WR. Volumetric spinal canal intrusion: A comparison between thoracic pedicle screws and thoracic hooks. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:63-9.
8. Gertzbein SD, Robbins SE. Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1990;15:11-4.
9. Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Cheh G, Riew KD. Evaluation of pedicle screw placement in the deformed spine using intraoperative plain radiographs: A comparison with computerized tomography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2084-8.
10. Ebraheim NA, Jabaly G, Xu R, Yeasting RA. Anatomic relations of the thoracic pedicle to the adjacent neural structures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:1553-6.
11. Papin P, Arlet V, Marchesi D, Rosenblatt B, Aebi M. Unusual presentation of spinal cord compression related to misplaced pedicle screws in thoracic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 1999;8:156-9.
12. Smorgick Y, Millgram MA, Anekstein Y, Floman Y, Mirovsky Y. Accuracy and safety of thoracic pedicle screw placement in spinal deformities. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005;18:522-6.
13. Kothe R, O'Holleran JD, Liu W, Panjabi MM. Internal architecture of the thoracic pedicle. An anatomic study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:264-70.
14. Belmont PJ Jr, Klemme WR, Dhawan A, Polly DW Jr. In vivo accuracy of thoracic pedicle screws. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:2340-6.
15. O'Brien MF, Lenke LG, Mardjetko S, Lowe TG, Kong Y, Eck K, et al. Pedicle morphology in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Is pedicle fixation an anatomically viable technique? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:2285-93.
16. Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Chung YJ, Park YB. Segmental pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20:1399-405.
17. Luhmann SJ, Lenke LG, Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Schootman M. Thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curves between 70 degrees and 100 degrees: Is anterior release necessary? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2061-7.
18. Kuklo TR, Lenke LG, O'Brien MF, Lehman RA Jr, Polly DW Jr, Schroeder TM. Accuracy and efficacy of thoracic pedicle screws in curves more than 90 degrees. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:222-6.
19. Zindrick MR, Wiltse LL, Doornik A, Widell EH, Knight GW, Patwardhan AG, et al. Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar pedicles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1987;12:160-6.
20. Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Cho YS, Riew KD. Free hand pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine: Is it safe? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:333-42.
21. Suk SI, Kim WJ, Lee SM, Kim JH, Chung ER. Thoracic pedicle screw fixation in spinal deformities: Are they really safe? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:2049-57.
22. Watanabe K, Lenke LG, Matsumoto M, Harimaya K, Kim YJ, Hensley M, et al. A novel pedicle channel classification describing osseous anatomy: How many thoracic scoliotic pedicles have cancellous channels? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:1836-42.
23. Misenhimer GR, Peek RD, Wiltse LL, Rothman SL, Widell EH Jr. Anatomic analysis of pedicle cortical and cancellous diameter as related to screw size. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14:367-72.
24. Cinotti G, Gumina S, Ripani M, Postacchini F. Pedicle instrumentation in the thoracic spine. A morphometric and cadaveric study for placement of screws. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:114-9.
25. Krag MH, Beynnon BD, Pope MH, Frymoyer JW, Haugh LD, Weaver DL. An internal fixator for posterior application to short segments of the thoracic, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine. Design and testing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986;203:75-98.
26. Lehman RA Jr, Polly DW Jr, Kuklo TR, Cunningham B, Kirk KL, Belmont PJ Jr. Straight?forward versus anatomic trajectory technique of thoracic pedicle screw fixation: A biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:2058-65.
27. White KK, Oka R, Mahar AT, Lowry A, Garfin SR. Pullout strength of thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation: Comparison of the transpedicular and extrapedicular techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:E355-8.
28. Kuklo TR, Lehman RA Jr. Effect of various tapping diameters on insertion of thoracic pedicle screws: A biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:2066-71.
29. Hackenberg L, Link T, Liljenqvist U. Axial and tangential fixation strength of pedicle screws versus hooks in the thoracic spine in relation to bone mineral density. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:937-42.
30. Ul Haque M, Shufflebarger HL, O'Brien M, Macagno A. Radiation exposure during pedicle screw placement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Is fluoroscopy safe? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:2516-20.
31. Cui G, Wang Y, Kao TH, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Liu B, et al. Application of intraoperative computed tomography with or without navigation system in surgical correction of spinal deformity: A preliminary result of 59 consecutive human cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:891-900.
32. Hicks JM, Singla A, Shen FH, Arlet V. Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery: A systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:E465-70.
33. Vallespir GP, Flores JB, Trigueros IS, Sierra EH, Fernández PD, Olaverri JC, et al. Vertebral coplanar alignment: A standardized technique for three dimensional correction in scoliosis surgery: Technical description and preliminary results in Lenke type 1 curves. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:1588-97.
34. Quan GM, Gibson MJ. Correction of main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using pedicle screw instrumentation: Does higher implant density improve correction? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:562-7.
35. Tsirikos AI, Subramanian AS. Posterior spinal arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using pedicle screw instrumentation: Does a bilateral or unilateral screw technique affect surgical outcome? J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012;94:1670-7.
36. Lowenstein JE, Matsumoto H, Vitale MG, Weidenbaum M, Gomez JA, Lee FY, et al. Coronal and sagittal plane correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A comparison between all pedicle screw versus hybrid thoracic hook lumbar screw constructs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:448-52.
37. Vora V, Crawford A, Babekhir N, Boachie?Adjei O, Lenke L, Peskin M, et al. A pedicle screw construct gives an enhanced posterior correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis when compared with other constructs: Myth or reality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:1869-74.
38. Suk SI, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. Restoration of thoracic kyphosis in the hypokyphotic spine: A comparison between multiple?hook and segmental pedicle screw fixation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Spinal Disord 1999;12:489-95.
39. Clement JL, Chau E, Kimkpe C, Vallade MJ. Restoration of thoracic kyphosis by posterior instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Comparative radiographic analysis of two methods of reduction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:1579-87.
40. Suk SI, Lee SM, Chung ER, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Sohn HM. Determination of distal fusion level with segmental pedicle screw fixation in single thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:484-91.
41. Burton DC, Asher MA, Lai SM. Scoliosis correction maintenance in skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Is anterior fusion really necessary? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:61-8.
42. Sarlak AY, Atmaca H, Buluç L, Tosun B, Musaog?lu R. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis treated with posterior arthrodesis and segmental pedicle screw instrumentation before the age of 9 years: A 5?year followup. Scoliosis 2009;4:1. doi: 1186/1748-7161-4-1
43. Di Silvestre M, Parisini P, Lolli F, Bakaloudis G. Complications of thoracic pedicle screws in scoliosis treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:1655-61.
44. Di Silvestre M, Bakaloudis G, Lolli F, Vommaro F, Martikos K, Parisini P. Posterior fusion only for thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of more than 80 degrees: Pedicle screws versus hybrid instrumentation. Eur Spine J 2008;17:1336-49.
45. Stewart JR, Barth KH, Williams GM. Ruptured lumbar artery pseudoaneurysm: An unusual cause of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Surgery 1983;93:592-4.
46. Jendrisak MD. Spontaneous abdominal aortic rupture from erosion by a lumbar spine fixation device: A case report. Surgery 1986;99:631-3.
47. Vanichkachorn JS, Vaccaro AR, Cohen MJ, Cotler JM. Potential large vessel injury during thoracolumbar pedicle screw removal. A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:110-3.
48. O'Brien JR, Krushinski E, Zarro CM, Sciadini M, Gelb D, Ludwig S. Esophageal injury from thoracic pedicle screw placement in a polytrauma patient: A case report and literature review. J Orthop Trauma 2006;20:431-4.
49. Wegener B, Birkenmaier C, Fottner A, Jansson V, Dürr HR. Delayed perforation of the aorta by a thoracic pedicle screw. Eur Spine J 2008;17:S351-4.
50. Watanabe K, Yamazaki A, Hirano T, Izumi T, Sano A, Morita O, et al. Descending aortic injury by a thoracic pedicle screw during posterior reconstructive surgery: A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:E1064-8.
51. Clarke MJ, Guzzo J, Wolinsky JP, Gokaslan Z, Black JH 3rd. Combined endovascular and neurosurgical approach to the removal of an intraaortic pedicle screw. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:550-4.
52. Tschoeke SK, Gahr P, Krug L, Kasper AS, Heyde CE, Ertel W. Late diagnosis of pedicle screw malplacement with perforation of the thoracic aorta after posterior stabilization in a patient with multiple myeloma: Case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:E886-90.
53. Sandri A, Regis D, Marino MA, Puppini G, Bartolozzi P. Lumbar artery injury following posterior spinal instrumentation for scoliosis. Orthopedics 2011;34:doi: 3928/01477447-20110228-24.
54. Heini P, Schöll E, Wyler D, Eggli S. Fatal cardiac tamponade associated with posterior spinal instrumentation. A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998;23:2226-30.
55. Lenke LG. Anterior endoscopic discectomy and fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:S36-43.
56. Betz RR, Harms J, Clements DH 3rd, Lenke LG, Lowe TG, Shufflebarger HL, et al. Comparison of anterior and posterior instrumentation for correction of adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:225-39.
57. Wong HK, Hee HT, Yu Z, Wong D. Results of thoracoscopic instrumented fusion versus conventional posterior instrumented fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing selective thoracic fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:2031-8.
58. Lonner BS, Kondrachov D, Siddiqi F, Hayes V, Scharf C. Thoracoscopic spinal fusion compared with posterior spinal fusion for the treatment of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:1022-34.
59. Dwyer AF, Schafer MF. Anterior approach to scoliosis. Results of treatment in fifty?one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1974;56:218-24.
60. Moe JH, Purcell GA, Bradford DS. Zielke instrumentation (VDS) for the correction of spinal curvature. Analysis of results in 66 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983;180 133-53.
61. Kohler R, Galland O, Mechin H, Michel CR, Onimus M. The Dwyer procedure in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. A 10?year followup review of 21 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1990;15:75-80.
62. Lowe TG, Peters JD. Anterior spinal fusion with Zielke instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. A frontal and sagittal curve analysis in 36 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18:423-6.
63. Bridwell KH. Spinal instrumentation in the management of adolescent scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;335:64-72.
64. Sweet FA, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Blanke KM. Maintaining lumbar lordosis with anterior single solid?rod instrumentation in thoracolumbar and lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:1655-62.
65. Hall JE, Millis MB, Snyder BD. Short segment anterior instrumentation for thoracolumbar scoliosis. In: Bridwell KH, DeWald RL, editors. The Textbook of Spinal Surgery. 2nd ed., Ch. 43. Philadelphia: Lippincott?Raven; 1997. p. 665-74.
66. Shufflebarger HL, Geck MJ, Clark CE. The posterior approach for lumbar and thoracolumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Posterior shortening and pedicle screws. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:269-76.
67. Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Kim KL, Steger?May K. Pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis relative to the surgical procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1534-41.
68. Suk SI, Kim JH, Kim SS, Lee JJ, Han YT. Thoracoplasty in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:1061-7.
69. Mann DC, Nash CL Jr, Wilham MR, Brown RH. Evaluation of the role of concave rib osteotomies in the correction of thoracic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14:491-5.
70. Saleh AM, Masry MA, West RM, Tsiridis E, Hawary YK. Improved pulmonary function after concave rib resection and posterior instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Acta Orthop Belg 2010;76:681-3.
71. Bradford DS, Tribus CB. Vertebral column resection for the treatment of rigid coronal decompensation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:1590-9.
72. Suk SI, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Lee SM, Chung ER, Nah KH. Posterior vertebral column resection for severe spinal deformities. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:2374-82.
73. Lenke LG, O'Leary PT, Bridwell KH, Sides BA, Koester LA, Blanke KM. Posterior vertebral column resection for severe pediatric deformity: Minimum two?year followup of thirty?five consecutive patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:2213-21.
74. Harrington PR. Technical details in relation to the successful use of instrumentation in scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1972;3:49-67.
75. Ferguson AB. The study and treatment of scoliosis. South Med J 1930;23:116-20.
76. Moe JH. Methods of correction and surgical techniques in scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1972;3:17-48.
77. Lenke LG, Betz RR, Harms J, Bridwell KH, Clements DH, Lowe TG, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83?A: 1169-81.
78. King HA. Selection of fusion levels for posterior instrumentation and fusion in idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1988;19:247-55.
79. West J, Boachie?Adjei O, Bradford DS, Ogilvie J. Decompensation following cotrel?dubousset instrumentation: A worrisome complication. Orthop Trans 1989;13:78-86.
80. Shufflebarger HL, Clark CE. Fusion levels and hook patterns in thoracic scoliosis with Cotrel?Dubousset instrumentation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1990;15:916-20.
81. Betz RR, Kim J, D'Andrea LP, Mulcahey MJ, Balsara RK, Clements DH. An innovative technique of vertebral body stapling for the treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A feasibility, safety, and utility study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:S255-65.
82. Akbarnia BA, Marks DS, Boachie?Adjei O, Thompson AG, Asher MA. Dual growing rod technique for the treatment of progressive early?onset scoliosis: A multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:S46-57.
83. Lai SM, Asher M, Burton D. Estimating SRS?22 quality of life measures with SF?36: Application in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:473-8.
84. Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. The reliability and concurrent validity of the scoliosis research society?22 patient questionnaire for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:63-9.
85. Payne WK 3rd, Ogilvie JW, Resnick MD, Kane RL, Transfeldt EE, Blum RW. Does scoliosis have a psychological impact and does gender make a difference? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:1380-4.
86. Zhang J, He D, Gao J, Yu X, Sun H, Chen Z, et al. Changes in life satisfaction and self?esteem in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with and without surgical intervention. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:741-5.
87. Smucny M, Lubicky JP, Sanders JO, Carreon LY, Diab M. Patient self?assessment of appearance is improved more by all pedicle screw than by hybrid constructs in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:248-54.
88. Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M. Spinal Deformity Study Group. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:825-9.
89. Dickson JH, Erwin WD, Rossi D. Harrington instrumentation and arthrodesis for idiopathic scoliosis. A twenty one?year followup. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:678-83.
90. Connolly PJ, Von Schroeder HP, Johnson GE, Kostuik JP. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Long term effect of instrumentation extending to the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:1210-6.
91. Perez?Grueso FS, Fernandez?Baillo N, Arauz de Robles S, García Fernández A. The low lumbar spine below Cotrel?Dubousset instrumentation: Long term findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:2333-41.
92. Padua R, Padua S, Aulisa L, Ceccarelli E, Padua L, Romanini E, et al. Patient outcomes after Harrington instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis: A 15? to 28?year evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:1268-73.
93. Helenius I, Remes V, Yrjönen T, Ylikoski M, Schlenzka D, Helenius M, et al. Comparison of long term functional and radiologic outcomes after Harrington instrumentation and spondylodesis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A review of 78 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:176-80.
94. Götze C, Liljenqvist UR, Slomka A, Götze HG, Steinbeck J. Quality of life and back pain: Outcome 16. 7 years after Harrington instrumentation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:1456-63.
95. Cochran T, Irstam L, Nachemson A. Long term anatomic and functional changes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated by Harrington rod fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1983;8:576-84.
96. Bartie BJ, Lonstein JE, Winter RB. Long term followup of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients who had Harrington instrumentation and fusion to the lower lumbar vertebrae: Is low back pain a problem? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:E873-8.
97. Kelly DM, McCarthy RE, McCullough FL, Kelly HR. Long term outcomes of anterior spinal fusion with instrumentation for thoracolumbar and lumbar curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:194-8.
98. Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL. Childbearing, curve progression, and sexual function in women 22 years after treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A case?control study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:1449-56.