Efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting diodes based on optical simulations

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2013, Pages

  Schmidt, Tobias D ^a   Scholz, Bert J ^a   Mayr, Christian ^a   Brutting, Wolfgang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUGSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

degradation; Device efficiency; nonisotropic emitter orientation; optical properties; organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs)

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION EFFECT; DEVICE EFFICIENCY; EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS; LONG TERM STABILITY; OPTICAL SIMULATION; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES(OLEDS); RADIATIVE QUANTUM EFFICIENCIES;

DEGRADATION; LIGHT SOURCES; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLED);

EFFICIENCY;

EID: 84878419148     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2258660     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. M. Pope, H. P. Kallmann, and P. Magnante, "Electroluminescence in organic crystals," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 38, pp. 2042-2043, 1963.
2. C. W. Tang and S. A. van Slyke, "Organic electroluminescent diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 51, pp. 913-915, 1987.
3. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns, and A. B. Holmes, "Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers," Nature, vol. 347, pp. 539-541, 1990. [Online]. Available: http://www.oled-info.com/osram-developed-87-lmw-white-oled-panel- production-soon (Pubitemid 120015057)
4. R.Cheng, "Samsung mobile display to boost 2011 production,"Wall Street J., Sep. 2010.
5. Y.-S. Tyan, "Organic light-emitting diode lighting overview," J. Photon. Energy, vol. 1, pp. 011009-1-011009-15, 2011.
6. T. Tsutsui, E. Aminaka, C. P. Lin, and D.-U. Kim, "Extended molecular design concept of molecular materials for electroluminescence: sublimeddye films, molecularly doped polymers and polymerswith chromophores," Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 355, pp. 801-814, 1997. (Pubitemid 127534516)
7. M. Pfeiffer, S. R. Forrest, K. Leo, and M. E. Thompson, "Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays," Adv. Mater., vol. 14, pp. 1633-1636, 2002. (Pubitemid 35476438)
8. C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, "Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 90, pp. 5048-5051, 2001. (Pubitemid 33597058)
9. M. A. Baldo, D. F. O'Brien, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, "Excitonic singlet-triplet ratio in a semiconducting organic thin film," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, pp. 14422-14428, 1999.
10. M. Segal, M. A. Baldo, R. J. Holmes, S. R. Forrest, and Z. G. Soos, "Excitonic singlet-triplet ratios in molecular and polymeric organic materials," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 68, pp. 075211-1-075211-14, 2003.
11. D. Y. Kondakov, T. D. Pawlik, T. K. Hatwar, and J. P. Spindler, "Triplet annihilation exceeding spin statistical limit in highly efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, pp. 124510-1-124510-7, 2009.
12. Y. Luo and H. Aziz, "Correlation between triplet-triplet annihilation and electroluminescence efficiency in doped fluorescent organic light-emitting devices," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 20, pp. 1285-1293, 2010.
13. D. Yokoyama, Y. Park, B. Kim, S. Kim, Y.-J. Pu, and J. Kido, "Dual efficiency enhancement by delayed fluorescence and dipole orientation in high-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, pp. 123303-1-123303-3, 2011.
14. Y.-J. Pu, G. Nakata, F. Satoh, H. Sasabe, D. Yokoyama, and J. Kido, "Optimizing the charge balance of fluorescent organic light-emitting devices to achieve high external quantum efficiency beyond the conventional upper limit," Adv. Mater., vol. 24, pp. 1765-1779, 2012.
15. A. Endo, K. Sato, K. Yoshimura, T. Kai, A. Kawada, H. Miyazaki, and C. Adachi, "Efficient up-conversion of triplet excitons into a singlet state and its application for organic light emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, pp. 083302-1-083302-3, 2011.
16. K. Goushi, K. Yoshida, K. Sato, and C. Adachi, "Organic light-emitting diodes employing efficient reverse intersystem crossing for triplet-tosinglet state conversion," Nature Photon., vol. 6, pp. 253-258, 2012.
17. B. C. Krummacher, S. Nowy, J. Frischeisen, M. Klein, and W. Brütting, "Efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting diodes based on optical simulation," Org. Electron., vol. 10, pp. 478-485, 2009.
18. S.Nowy, B. C.Krummacher, J. Frischeisen, N.A. Reinke, and W. Brütting, "Light extraction and optical loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes: Influence of the emitter quantum efficiency," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 104, pp. 123109-1-123109-9, 2008.
19. H. Becker, S. E. Burns, and R. H. Friend, "Effect of metal films on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of conjugated polymers," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 56, pp. 1893-1905, 1997.
20. J. A. E. Wasey, A. Safonov, I. D. W. Samuel, and W. L. Barnes, "Effect of metal films on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of conjugated polymers," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 64, pp. 205201-1-205201-9, 2001.
21. N. C. Giebink, and S. R. Forrest, "Quantum efficiency roll-off at high brightness in fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 77, pp. 235215-1-235215-9, 2008.
22. N. C. Greenham, R. H. Friend, and D. D. C. Bradley, "Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated polymer light-emitting diode: Implications for efficiency calculations," Adv. Mater., vol. 6, pp. 491-494, 1994. (Pubitemid 24986017)
23. S. Nowy, J. Frischeisen, and W. Brütting, "Simulation based optimization of light-outcoupling in organic light-emitting diodes," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7415, pp. 74151C-1-74151C-9, 2009.
24. L. H. Smith, J. A. E. Wasey, I. D. W. Samuel, and W. L. Barnes, "Light out-coupling efficiencies of organic light-emitting diode structures and the effect of photoluminescence quantum yield," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 15, pp. 1839-1844, 2005. (Pubitemid 41609646)
25. W. L. Barnes, "Fluorescence near interfaces: The role of photonic mode density," J. Mod. Opt., vol. 45, pp. 661-699, 1998. (Pubitemid 128598219)
26. D. S. Setz, T. D. Schmidt, M. Flämmich, S. Nowy, J. Frischeisen, B. C. Krummacher, T. Dobbertin, K. Heuser, D. Michaelis, N. Danz, W. Brütting, and A. Winnacker, "Comprehensive efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting devices," J. Photon. Energ., vol. 1, pp. 011006-1-011006-12, 2011.
27. J. Frischeisen, D. Yokoyama, C. Adachi, and W. Brütting, "Determination of molecular dipole orientation in doped fluorescent organic thin films by photoluminescence measurements," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, pp. 073302-1-073302-3, 2010.
28. J. Frischeisen, D. Yokoyama, A. Endo, C. Adachi, and W. Brütting, "Increased light outcoupling efficiency in dye-doped small molecule organic light-emitting diodes with horizontally oriented emitters," Org. Electron., vol. 12, pp. 809-817, 2011.
29. T. D. Schmidt, M. Flämmich, B. J. Scholz, D. Michaelis, C. Mayr, N. Danz, and W. Brütting, "Non-isotropic emitter orientation and its implications for efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting diodes," Proc. SPIE, vol. 8435, pp. 843513-1-843513-16, 2012.
30. J. A. E. Wasey, A. Safonov, I. D. W. Samuel, and W. L. Barnes, "Effects of dipole orientation and birefringence on the optical emission from thin films," Opt. Commun., vol. 183, pp. 109-121, 2000.
31. M. Flämmich, M. C. Gather, N. Danz, D. Michaelis, A. H. Bräuer, K. Meerholz, and A. Tünnermann, "Orientation of emissive dipoles in OLEDs: Quantitative in situ analysis," Org. Electron., vol. 11, pp. 1039-1046, 2010.
32. D. Yokoyama, "Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic lightemitting diodes," J. Mater. Chem., vol. 21, pp. 19187-19202, 2011.
33. M. Flämmich, J. Frischeisen, D. S. Setz, D. Michaelis, B. C. Krummacher, T. D. Schmidt, W. Brütting, and N. Danz, "Oriented phosphorescent emitters boostOLED efficiency," Org. Electron., vol. 12, pp. 1663-1668, 2011.
34. T. D. Schmidt, D. S. Setz, M. Fl?ammich, J. Frischeisen, D. Michaelis, B. C. Krummacher, N. Danz, and W. Brütting, "Evidence for non-isotropic emitter orientation in a red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode and its implications for determining the emitter's radiative quantum efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, pp. 163302-1-163302-3, 2011.
35. K. A. Neyts, "Simulation of light emission from thin-film microcavities," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 15, pp. 962-971, 1998. (Pubitemid 128572094)
36. B. Ruhstaller, T. Beierlein, H. Riel, S. Karg, J. C. Scott, and W. Riess, "Simulating electronic and optical processes in multilayer organic lightemitting devices," IEEE Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 723-731, May/Jun. 2003.
37. C.-C. Wu, C.-L. Lin, P.-Y. Hsieh, and H.-H. Chiang, "Methodology for optimizing viewing characteristics of top-emitting organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 3966-3969, 2004.
38. C.-C. Lee, M.-Y. Chang, P.-T. Huang, Y. C. Cheng, Y. Chang, and S.-W. Liu, "Electrical and optical simulation of organic light-emitting devices with fluorescent dopant in the emitting layer," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 101, pp. 114501-1-114501-11, 2007.
39. S. Reineke, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, "Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-based emitters," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 103, pp. 044509-1-044509-13, 2008.
40. S. L. M. van Meensfort, M. Carvelli, M. Megens, D. Wehenkel, M. Bartyzel, H. Greiner, R. A. J. Janssen, and R. Coehoorn, "Measuring the light emission profile in organic light-emitting diodes with nanometre spatial resolution, " Nature Photon., vol. 4, pp. 329-335, 2010.
41. M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, "Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses," Org. Electron., vol. 12, pp. 83-91, 2011.
42. M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, "In situ measurement of spectrum, emission zone, and dipole emitter orientation in OLEDs," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7954, pp. 795410-1-795410-9, 2011.
43. E. Nichelatti, F. Bonfigli, M. A. Vincenti, and R. M. Montereali, "Optical modelling of anAlq3 -based organic light-emitting diode," J. Opt. Technol., vol. 78, pp. 424-429, 2011.
44. M. Furno, R. Meerheim, S. Hofmann, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, "Efficiency and rate of spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 85, pp. 115205-1-115205-21, 2012.
45. W. Brütting, J. Frischeisen, T. D. Schmidt, B. J. Scholz, and C. Mayr, "Device efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes: Progress by improved light outcoupling," Phys. Status Solidi A, vol. 210, pp. 44-65, 2013.
46. E. M. Purcell, "Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies," Phys. Rev., vol. 69, pp. 674-681, 1946.
47. K. H. Drexhage, "Influence of a dielectric interface on fluorescence decay time," J. Lumin., vol. 1-2, pp. 693-701, 1970.
48. K. H. Drexhage, "Interaction of light with monomolecular dye layers," Prog. Opt., vol. 12, pp. 163-232, 1974.
49. R. R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, "Lifetime of an emitting molecule near a partially reflecting surface," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 60, pp. 2744-2748, 1974.
50. R. R. Chance, A. Prock, andR. Silbey, "Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces," Adv. Chem. Phys., vol. 37, pp. 1-65, 1978.
51. W. Lukosz, "Light emission by multipole sources in thin layers. I. Radiation patterns of electric and magnetic dipoles," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 71, pp. 744-754, 1981. (Pubitemid 12458520)
52. J. A. E. Wasey and W. L. Barnes, "Efficiency of spontaneous emission from planar microcavities," J. Mod. Opt., vol. 47, pp. 725-741, 2000. (Pubitemid 35392957)
53. M. C. Gather, M. Flämmich, N. Danz, D. Michaelis, and K. Meerholz, "Measuring the profile of the emission zone in polymeric organic lightemitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, pp. 263301-1-263301-3, 2009.
54. N. C. Giebink, B. W. D. Andrada, M. S. Weaver, P. B. Mackenzie, J. J. Brown, M. E. Thomson, and S. R. Forrest, "Intrinsic luminance loss in phosphorescent small-molecule organic light emitting devices due to bimolecular annihilation reactions," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 103, pp. 044509-1-044509-9, 2008.
55. J.-S. Kim, P. K. H. Ho, N. C. Greenham, and R. H. Friend, "Electroluminescence emission pattern of organic light-emitting diodes: Implications for device efficiency calculations," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 88, pp. 1073-1081, 2000.
56. K. Celebi, D. T. Heidel, andM. A. Baldo, "Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadicGreen's functions," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, pp. 1762-1772, 2007. (Pubitemid 46280230)
57. R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, "Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 97, pp. 253305-1-253305-3, 2010.
58. T. D. Schmidt, D. S. Setz, M. Fl?ammich, B. J. Scholz, A. Jaeger, C. Diez, D. Michaelis, N. Danz, and W. Brütting, "Degradation induced decrease of the radiative quantum efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 101, pp. 103301-1-103301-4, 2012.