메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 9789400759183, 2013, Pages 247-261

Shoulder Morphology in Early Hominin Evolution

Author keywords

Australopithecus; Clavicle; Humeral torsion; Humerus; Scapula

Indexed keywords


EID: 84878378306     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5919-0_17     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (22)

References (99)
  • 2
    • 33748942091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia
    • Alemseged, A., Spoor, F., Kimbel, W. H., Bobe, R., Geraads, D., Reed, D., et al. (2006). A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature, 443, 296–301.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.443 , pp. 296-301
    • Alemseged, A.1    Spoor, F.2    Kimbel, W.H.3    Bobe, R.4    Geraads, D.5    Reed, D.6
  • 3
    • 0002451931 scopus 로고
    • Family group systematics and evolution among catarrhine primates
    • E. Delson (Ed.), New York: Alan R. Liss
    • Andrews, P. (1985). Family group systematics and evolution among catarrhine primates. In E. Delson (Ed.), Ancestors: The hard evidence (pp. 14–22). New York: Alan R. Liss.
    • (1985) Ancestors: The Hard Evidence , pp. 14-22
    • Andrews, P.1
  • 4
    • 0001487021 scopus 로고
    • Gibbons and brachiation
    • D. M. Rumbaugh (Ed.), Basel: Karger
    • Andrews, P., & Groves, C. P. (1976). Gibbons and brachiation. In D. M. Rumbaugh (Ed.), Gibbon and siamang (Vol. 4, pp. 167–218). Basel: Karger.
    • (1976) Gibbon and Siamang , vol.4 , pp. 167-218
    • Andrews, P.1    Groves, C.P.2
  • 7
    • 84985400410 scopus 로고
    • The functional and classificatory significance of combined metrical features of the primate shoulder girdle
    • Ashton, E. H., Flinn, R. M., Oxnard, C. E., & Spence, T. F. (1971). The functional and classificatory significance of combined metrical features of the primate shoulder girdle. Journal of Zoology London, 163, 319–350.
    • (1971) Journal of Zoology London , vol.163 , pp. 319-350
    • Ashton, E.H.1    Flinn, R.M.2    Oxnard, C.E.3    Spence, T.F.4
  • 8
    • 0001258395 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive and classificatory significance of certain quantitative features of the forelimb of primates
    • Ashton, E. H., Flinn, R. M., Oxnard, C. E., & Spence, T. F. (1976). The adaptive and classificatory significance of certain quantitative features of the forelimb of primates. Journal of Zoology London, 179, 515–556.
    • (1976) Journal of Zoology London , vol.179 , pp. 515-556
    • Ashton, E.H.1    Flinn, R.M.2    Oxnard, C.E.3    Spence, T.F.4
  • 11
    • 46049111185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The range of passive arm circumduction in primates: Do hominoids really have more mobile shoulders?
    • Chan, L. K. (2008). The range of passive arm circumduction in primates: Do hominoids really have more mobile shoulders? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 136, 265–277.
    • (2008) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.136 , pp. 265-277
    • Chan, L.K.1
  • 13
    • 0029845770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate versus integrated evolution of the upper body in late Pleistocene humans: A test of two models
    • Churchill, S. E. (1996). Particulate versus integrated evolution of the upper body in late Pleistocene humans: A test of two models. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 100, 559–583.
    • (1996) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.100 , pp. 559-583
    • Churchill, S.E.1
  • 15
    • 0010205408 scopus 로고
    • Hominoid cladistics and the ancestry of modern apes and humans
    • R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochon (Eds.), New York: Academic Press
    • Ciochon, R. L. (1983). Hominoid cladistics and the ancestry of modern apes and humans. In R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochon (Eds.), New interpretations of ape and human ancestry (pp. 783–843). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 783-843
    • Ciochon, R.L.1
  • 17
    • 0002345062 scopus 로고
    • Functional interpretations of the morphology of postcranial remains of early African hominids
    • C. J. Jolly (Ed.), New York: St. Martins Press
    • Day, M. (1978a). Functional interpretations of the morphology of postcranial remains of early African hominids. In C. J. Jolly (Ed.), Early hominids in Africa (pp. 311–345). New York: St. Martins Press.
    • (1978) Early Hominids in Africa , pp. 311-345
    • Day, M.1
  • 18
    • 0039018416 scopus 로고
    • Hominid postcranial material from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge
    • G. L. Isaac & E. R. McCown (Eds.), Menlo Park: W.A. Benjamin, Inc
    • Day, M. (1978b). Hominid postcranial material from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge. In G. L. Isaac & E. R. McCown (Eds.), Human origins: Louis Leakey and the East African evidence (pp. 363–374). Menlo Park: W.A. Benjamin, Inc.
    • (1978) Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence , pp. 363-374
    • Day, M.1
  • 20
    • 0034218530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of humeral head retroversion
    • Edelson, G. (2000). The development of humeral head retroversion. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 9, 316–318.
    • (2000) Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery , vol.9 , pp. 316-318
    • Edelson, G.1
  • 21
    • 0001621476 scopus 로고
    • Brachiation in the New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes
    • Erikson, G. E. (1963). Brachiation in the New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 10, 135–164.
    • (1963) Symposium of the Zoological Society of London , vol.10 , pp. 135-164
    • Erikson, G.E.1
  • 22
    • 0000489105 scopus 로고
    • The torsion of the humerus: A phylogenetic study from fish to man
    • Evans, F. G., & Krahl, V. E. (1945). The torsion of the humerus: A phylogenetic study from fish to man. American Journal of Anatomy, 76, 303–337.
    • (1945) American Journal of Anatomy , vol.76 , pp. 303-337
    • Evans, F.G.1    Krahl, V.E.2
  • 23
    • 0020384911 scopus 로고
    • Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some Cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited
    • Feldesman, M. R. (1982). Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some Cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 59, 73–95.
    • (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.59 , pp. 73-95
    • Feldesman, M.R.1
  • 24
    • 0026758323 scopus 로고
    • Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: Implications for Hominid origins
    • Gebo, D. L. (1992). Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: Implications for Hominid origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89, 29–58.
    • (1992) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.89 , pp. 29-58
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 25
    • 0029793612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupe-dalism: Historical precursors of hominid bipedalism
    • Gebo, D. L. (1996). Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupe-dalism: Historical precursors of hominid bipedalism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101, 55–92.
    • (1996) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.101 , pp. 55-92
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 27
    • 84867809913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australopithecus afarensis scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing in human evolution
    • Green, D. J., & Alemseged, Z. (2012). Australopithecus afarensis scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing in human evolution. Science, 338, 514–517.
    • (2012) Science , vol.338 , pp. 514-517
    • Green, D.J.1    Alemseged, Z.2
  • 28
    • 0035849854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
    • Haile-Selassie, Y. (2001). Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 412, 178–181.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 178-181
    • Haile-Selassie, Y.1
  • 30
    • 84926189154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and sex differences in the locomotor skeleton of Australopithecus
    • K. E. Reed, J. G., Fleagle, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), Dordrecht: Springer
    • Harmon, E. H. (2013). Age and sex differences in the locomotor skeleton of Australopithecus. In K. E. Reed, J. G., Fleagle, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), The paleobiology of Australopithecus (pp. 263–272). Dordrecht: Springer.
    • (2013) The Paleobiology of Australopithecus , pp. 263-272
    • Harmon, E.H.1
  • 31
    • 0001352063 scopus 로고
    • A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervias
    • Harrison, T. (1986). A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervias. Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 541–583.
    • (1986) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 541-583
    • Harrison, T.1
  • 32
    • 0000362066 scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic relationships of the early catarrhine primates: A review of the current evidence
    • Harrison, T. (1987). The phylogenetic relationships of the early catarrhine primates: A review of the current evidence. Journal of Human Evolution, 16, 41–80.
    • (1987) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.16 , pp. 41-80
    • Harrison, T.1
  • 33
    • 0013095993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia
    • W. C. Hartwig (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Harrison, T. (2002). Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia. In W. C. Hartwig (Ed.), The primate fossil record (pp. 311–338). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002) The Primate Fossil Record , pp. 311-338
    • Harrison, T.1
  • 35
    • 0028276157 scopus 로고
    • Ape and hominid limb length
    • Jungers, W. L. (1994). Ape and hominid limb length. Nature, 369, 194.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.369 , pp. 194
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 36
    • 77951768009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Clavicle of Apes Long? An Investigation of ClavicularLength in Relation to Body Mass and Upper Thoracic Width
    • Kagaya, M., Ogihara, N., & Nakatsukasa, M. (2010). Is the Clavicle of Apes Long? An Investigation of ClavicularLength in Relation to Body Mass and Upper Thoracic Width. International Journal of Primatology, 31(2), 209–217.
    • (2010) International Journal of Primatology , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-217
    • Kagaya, M.1    Ogihara, N.2    Nakatsukasa, M.3
  • 37
    • 84873795207 scopus 로고
    • The torsion of the humerus: Its localization, cause and duration in man
    • Krahl, V. E. (1947). The torsion of the humerus: Its localization, cause and duration in man. American Journal of Anatomy, 80, 275–319.
    • (1947) American Journal of Anatomy , vol.80 , pp. 275-319
    • Krahl, V.E.1
  • 38
    • 0023705849 scopus 로고
    • Subscapularis function in gibbons and chimpanzees: Implications for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids
    • Larson, S. G. (1988). Subscapularis function in gibbons and chimpanzees: Implications for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 449–462.
    • (1988) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.76 , pp. 449-462
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 39
    • 0002649728 scopus 로고
    • Functional morphology of the shoulder in primates
    • D. Gebo (Ed.), DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press
    • Larson, S. G. (1993). Functional morphology of the shoulder in primates. In D. Gebo (Ed.), Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates (pp. 45–69). DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
    • (1993) Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 45-69
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 40
    • 0029162662 scopus 로고
    • New characters for the functional interpretation of primate scapulae and proximal humeri
    • Larson, S. G. (1995). New characters for the functional interpretation of primate scapulae and proximal humeri. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 13–35.
    • (1995) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.98 , pp. 13-35
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 41
    • 0030512906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating humeral torsion on incomplete fossil anthropoid humeri
    • Larson, S. G. (1996). Estimating humeral torsion on incomplete fossil anthropoid humeri. Journal of Human Evolution, 31, 239–257.
    • (1996) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.31 , pp. 239-257
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 42
    • 0032221243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel evolution in the hominoid trunk and forelimb
    • Larson, S.G. (1998). Parallel evolution in the hominoid trunk and forelimb. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 87–99.
    • (1998) Evolutionary Anthropology , vol.6 , pp. 87-99
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 43
    • 36249007081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary transformation of the hominin shoulder
    • Larson, S. G. (2007). Evolutionary transformation of the hominin shoulder. Evolutionary Anthropology, 16, 172–187.
    • (2007) Evolutionary Anthropology , vol.16 , pp. 172-187
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 44
    • 0022549246 scopus 로고
    • EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and ‘‘arboreal’’ locomotion
    • Larson, S. G., & Stern, J. T., Jr. (1986). EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and ‘‘arboreal’’ locomotion. American Journal of Anatomy, 176, 171–190.
    • (1986) American Journal of Anatomy , vol.176 , pp. 171-190
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 45
    • 84985315996 scopus 로고
    • EMG of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle-walking: Problems of terrestrial locomotion in a suspensory adapted primate
    • Larson, S. G., & Stern, J. T., Jr. (1987). EMG of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle-walking: Problems of terrestrial locomotion in a suspensory adapted primate. Journal of Zoology London, 212, 629–655.
    • (1987) Journal of Zoology London , vol.212 , pp. 629-655
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 47
    • 0002162918 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in Australopithecus afarensis: The issue of arboreality
    • Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Paris: CNRS
    • Latimer, B. (1991). Locomotor adaptations in Australopithecus afarensis: The issue of arboreality. In Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (pp. 169–176). Paris: CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(S) De La Bipédie Chez Les Hominidés , pp. 169-176
    • Latimer, B.1
  • 48
    • 0024595950 scopus 로고
    • The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality
    • Latimer, B., & Lovejoy, C. O. (1989). The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 78, 369–386.
    • (1989) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.78 , pp. 369-386
    • Latimer, B.1    Lovejoy, C.O.2
  • 50
    • 0002424748 scopus 로고
    • A partial skeleton of a gracile hominid from the upper Burgi member of the Koobi Fora formation, East Lake Turkana, Kenya
    • G. Giacobini (Ed.), Milano: Jaka Books
    • Leakey, R. E., Walker, A., Ward, C. V., & Grausz, H. M. (1989). A partial skeleton of a gracile hominid from the upper Burgi member of the Koobi Fora formation, East Lake Turkana, Kenya. In G. Giacobini (Ed.), Hominidae: Proceedings of the 2nd international congress of human paleontology (pp. 167–173). Milano: Jaka Books.
    • (1989) Hominidae: Proceedings of the 2Nd International Congress of Human Paleontology , pp. 167-173
    • Leakey, R.E.1    Walker, A.2    Ward, C.V.3    Grausz, H.M.4
  • 52
    • 0002107065 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical review of the locomotor diversity of early hominids
    • C. J. Jolly (Ed.), New York: St. Martin’s Press
    • Lovejoy, C. O. (1978). A biomechanical review of the locomotor diversity of early hominids. In C. J. Jolly (Ed.), Early hominids of Africa (pp. 403–429). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
    • (1978) Early Hominids of Africa , pp. 403-429
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1
  • 53
    • 0024120377 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of human walking
    • Lovejoy, C. O. (1988). Evolution of human walking. Scientific American, 259, 118–125.
    • (1988) Scientific American , vol.259 , pp. 118-125
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1
  • 54
    • 84996113609 scopus 로고
    • Hominid upper limb bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
    • Lovejoy, C. O., Johanson, D. C., & Coppens, Y. (1982). Hominid upper limb bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57, 637–649.
    • (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.57 , pp. 637-649
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Johanson, D.C.2    Coppens, Y.3
  • 55
    • 70349658844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Careful climbing in the Miocene: The forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive
    • Lovejoy, C. O., Simpson, S. W., White, T. D., Asfaw, B., & Suwa, B. (2009). Careful climbing in the Miocene: the forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive. Science, 326, 70–77.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 70-77
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Simpson, S.W.2    White, T.D.3    Asfaw, B.4    Suwa, B.5
  • 56
    • 0033889889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion
    • MacLatchy, L., Gebo, D., Kityo, R., & Pilbeam, D. (2000). Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 159–183.
    • (2000) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.39 , pp. 159-183
    • Maclatchy, L.1    Gebo, D.2    Kityo, R.3    Pilbeam, D.4
  • 57
    • 0001562245 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among extant and extinct great apes and humans
    • B. Wood, L. Martin, & P. Andrews (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Martin, L. (1986). Relationships among extant and extinct great apes and humans. In B. Wood, L. Martin, & P. Andrews (Eds.), Major topics in primate and human evolution (pp. 161–187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1986) Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution , pp. 161-187
    • Martin, L.1
  • 59
    • 84944486882 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the pectoral girdle and fore limb in the primates
    • Miller, R. A. (1932). Evolution of the pectoral girdle and fore limb in the primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 17, 1–57.
    • (1932) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.17 , pp. 1-57
    • Miller, R.A.1
  • 61
    • 0007032317 scopus 로고
    • Comment on ‘‘New discoveries in Tanganyika: Their bearing on hominid evolution by P.V. Tobias
    • Napier, J. R. (1965). Comment on ‘‘New discoveries in Tanganyika: Their bearing on hominid evolution by P.V. Tobias’’. Current Anthropology, 5, 402–403.
    • (1965) Current Anthropology , vol.5 , pp. 402-403
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 64
    • 0036099453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers
    • Osbahr, D. C., Cannon, D. L., & Peer, K. P. (2002). Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 347–353.
    • (2002) American Journal of Sports Medicine , vol.30 , pp. 347-353
    • Osbahr, D.C.1    Cannon, D.L.2    Peer, K.P.3
  • 65
  • 67
    • 0037466564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower Pliocene hominid remains from Sterkfontein
    • Partridge, T. C., Granger, D. E., Caffee, M. W., & Clarke, R. J. (2003). Lower Pliocene hominid remains from Sterkfontein. Science, 300, 607–612.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 607-612
    • Partridge, T.C.1    Granger, D.E.2    Caffee, M.W.3    Clarke, R.J.4
  • 69
    • 0031920747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humeral torsion in the throwing arm of handball players
    • Pieper, H.-P. (1998). Humeral torsion in the throwing arm of handball players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 247–253.
    • (1998) American Journal of Sports Medicine , vol.26 , pp. 247-253
    • Pieper, H.-P.1
  • 71
    • 0034704764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor
    • Richmond, B. G., & Strait, D. S. (2000). Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Nature, 404, 382–385.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 382-385
    • Richmond, B.G.1    Strait, D.S.2
  • 72
    • 0037830613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of human bipedalism: The knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited
    • Richmond, B. G., Begun, D. R., & Strait, D. S. (2001). Origin of human bipedalism: the knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 70–105.
    • (2001) Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , vol.44 , pp. 70-105
    • Richmond, B.G.1    Begun, D.R.2    Strait, D.S.3
  • 73
    • 84942119708 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the primate scapula
    • F. A. Jenkins (Ed.), New York: Academic Press
    • Roberts, D. (1974). Structure and function of the primate scapula. In F. A. Jenkins (Ed.), Primate locomotion (pp. 171–200). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 171-200
    • Roberts, D.1
  • 75
    • 0002248342 scopus 로고
    • The process of bipedalization in hominids
    • Y. Coppens, Y. & B. Senut, (Eds.), Paris: CNRS
    • Rose, M. D. (1991). The process of bipedalization in hominids. In Y. Coppens, Y. & B. Senut, (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (pp. 37–48). Paris: CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(S) De La Bipédie Chez Les Hominidés , pp. 37-48
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 76
    • 51249176825 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint: Its evolutionary and functional implications
    • Sarmiento, E. E. (1988). Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint: Its evolutionary and functional implications. International Journal of Primatology, 9, 281–345.
    • (1988) International Journal of Primatology , vol.9 , pp. 281-345
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 77
    • 0002717627 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas
    • Sarmiento, E. E. (1994). Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas. American Museum Novitates, 3091, 1–56.
    • (1994) American Museum Novitates , vol.3091 , pp. 1-56
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 78
    • 0004770279 scopus 로고
    • Eine Rekonstruktion des Skelettes von A.L. 288-1 (Hadar) und deren Konsequenzen
    • Schmid, P. (1983). Eine Rekonstruktion des Skelettes von A.L. 288-1 (Hadar) und deren Konsequenzen. Folia Primatologica, 40, 283–306.
    • (1983) Folia Primatologica , vol.40 , pp. 283-306
    • Schmid, P.1
  • 79
    • 0001416990 scopus 로고
    • The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates
    • Schultz, A. H. (1930). The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Human Biology, 2, 303–438.
    • (1930) Human Biology , vol.2 , pp. 303-438
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 81
    • 0001241477 scopus 로고
    • The recent hominoid primates
    • S. L. Washburn & P. C. Jay (Eds.), New York: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, Inc
    • Schultz, A. H. (1968). The recent hominoid primates. In S. L. Washburn & P. C. Jay (Eds.), Perspectives on human evolution (pp. 122–195). New York: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, Inc.
    • (1968) Perspectives on Human Evolution , pp. 122-195
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 82
    • 0019313320 scopus 로고
    • New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio-Pleistocene hominids
    • Senut, B. (1980). New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Colloquia in Anthropology, 1, 87–93.
    • (1980) Colloquia in Anthropology , vol.1 , pp. 87-93
    • Senut, B.1
  • 85
    • 0034360585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climbing to the top: A personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis
    • Stern, J. T., (2000). Climbing to the top: A personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 113–133.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Anthropology , vol.9 , pp. 113-133
    • Stern, J.T.1
  • 87
    • 0002531702 scopus 로고
    • Total morphological pattern’’ versus the ‘‘magic trait:’’ Conflicting approaches to the study of early hominid bipedalism
    • Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Paris: CNRS
    • Stern, J. T., & Susman, R. L. (1991). ‘‘Total morphological pattern’’ versus the ‘‘magic trait:’’ Conflicting approaches to the study of early hominid bipedalism. In Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (pp. 99–112). Paris: CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(S) De La Bipédie Chez Les Hominidés , pp. 99-112
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.L.2
  • 88
    • 0000533098 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behavior of early hominids: Epistemology and fossil evidence
    • Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Paris: CNRS
    • Susman, R. L., & Stern, J. T., (1991). Locomotor behavior of early hominids: Epistemology and fossil evidence. In Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés (pp. 121–132). Paris: CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(S) De La Bipédie Chez Les Hominidés , pp. 121-132
    • Susman, R.L.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 89
    • 2942710111 scopus 로고
    • Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids
    • Susman, R. L., Stern, J. T., & Jungers, W. L. (1984). Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids. Folia Primatologica, 43, 113–156.
    • (1984) Folia Primatologica , vol.43 , pp. 113-156
    • Susman, R.L.1    Stern, J.T.2    Jungers, W.L.3
  • 92
    • 0028880249 scopus 로고
    • The postcranial remains of the Régourdou 1 Neandertal: The shoulder and arm remains
    • Vandermeersch, B., & Trinkaus, E. (1995). The postcranial remains of the Régourdou 1 Neandertal: The shoulder and arm remains. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 439–476.
    • (1995) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.28 , pp. 439-476
    • Vandermeersch, B.1    Trinkaus, E.2
  • 93
    • 0035486034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Évolution de la morphologie claviculaire au sein du genre Homo, conséquences architecturales et fonctionnells sur la ceinture scapulaire
    • Voisin, J.-L. (2001). Évolution de la morphologie claviculaire au sein du genre Homo, conséquences architecturales et fonctionnells sur la ceinture scapulaire. L’Anthropologie, 105, 449–468.
    • (2001) L’Anthropologie , vol.105 , pp. 449-468
    • Voisin, J.-L.1
  • 94
    • 33748120545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates
    • Voisin, J.-L. (2006). Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates. Anatomical Record, 288A, 944–953.
    • (2006) Anatomical Record , vol.288 , pp. 944-953
    • Voisin, J.-L.1
  • 95
    • 0018427509 scopus 로고
    • A new study of the scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein
    • Vrba, E. S. (1979). A new study of the scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 51, 117–130.
    • (1979) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.51 , pp. 117-130
    • Vrba, E.S.1
  • 96
    • 0040667980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting the posture and locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis: Where do we stand?
    • Ward, C. V. (2002). Interpreting the posture and locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis: Where do we stand? Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 45, 185–215.
    • (2002) Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , vol.45 , pp. 185-215
    • Ward, C.V.1
  • 97
    • 84955593394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postural and locomotor adaptations of Australopithecus species
    • K. E. Reed, J. G. Fleagle, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), Dordrecht: Springer
    • Ward, C. V. (2013). Postural and locomotor adaptations of Australopithecus species. In K. E. Reed, J. G. Fleagle, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), The paleobiology of Australopithecus (pp. 235–245). Dordrecht: Springer.
    • (2013) The Paleobiology of Australopithecus , pp. 235-245
    • Ward, C.V.1
  • 98
    • 0009857359 scopus 로고
    • Shoulder motion during quadrupedal walking in Cercopithecus aethiops: Integration of cineradiographic and electromyographic data
    • Whitehead, P. F., & Larson, S. G. (1994). Shoulder motion during quadrupedal walking in Cercopithecus aethiops: Integration of cineradiographic and electromyographic data. Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 525–544.
    • (1994) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 525-544
    • Whitehead, P.F.1    Larson, S.G.2
  • 99
    • 46049112010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the ontogeny of shape variation in the anthropoid scapula: Functional and phylogenetic signal
    • Young, N. M. (2008). A comparison of the ontogeny of shape variation in the anthropoid scapula: Functional and phylogenetic signal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 136, 247–264.
    • (2008) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.136 , pp. 247-264
    • Young, N.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.