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The H. eredus hypodigm includes African specimens that are referred to the taxon H. ergaster by some. Unless otherwise stated, we collectively refer to H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, and H. ergaster materials as "early Homo."
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The H. eredus hypodigm includes African specimens that are referred to the taxon H. ergaster by some. Unless otherwise stated, we collectively refer to H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, and H. ergaster materials as "early Homo."
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Rak (36) describes a feature in the infraorbital region of Au. boisei that he refers to as a nasomaxillary basin: a concave depression that is surrounded by a more elevated topography. We see a similar concavity in the infraorbital region of specimens of H. habilis-H. rudolfensis (KNM-ER 1470, KNM-ER 1805, KNM-ER 1813, and OH 24), although it is not clear whether they represent homologous structures. In specimens of Au. africanus, Au. sediba, and H. erectus, we recognize a slight convexity in this area.
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Rak (36) describes a feature in the infraorbital region of Au. boisei that he refers to as a nasomaxillary basin: a concave depression that is surrounded by a more elevated topography. We see a similar concavity in the infraorbital region of specimens of H. habilis-H. rudolfensis (KNM-ER 1470, KNM-ER 1805, KNM-ER 1813, and OH 24), although it is not clear whether they represent homologous structures. In specimens of Au. africanus, Au. sediba, and H. erectus, we recognize a slight convexity in this area.
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Some humeri that are probably best attributed to Australopithecus lack marked development of the trochlear/capitular keel [or "lateral crest": see (37)], and thus the absence of a marked crest does not reliably differentiate Australopithecus from Homo. However, although some specimens of early Homo (such as KNM-WT 15000) have crests that are more strongly developed than those of modern humans, none exhibit the marked crests of the australopiths. Thus, the marked crest seen in the Malapa humeri can be seen to be shared with Australopithecus rather than Homo.
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It is possible that the more Homo-like humeral-to-femoral diaphyseal strength ratios in Au. sediba reflect a relative reinforcement of the femoral diaphysis in the context of femoral elongation (resulting in longer bending-moment arms) without a change in locomotor behavior. At present, we are unable to directly assess the absolute and relative length of the femur in Au. sediba
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It is possible that the more Homo-like humeral-to-femoral diaphyseal strength ratios in Au. sediba reflect a relative reinforcement of the femoral diaphysis in the context of femoral elongation (resulting in longer bending-moment arms) without a change in locomotor behavior. At present, we are unable to directly assess the absolute and relative length of the femur in Au. sediba
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note
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We thank the South African Heritage Resources Agency for the permits to work at the Malapa site; the Nash family for granting access to the Malapa site and continued support of research on their reserve; the South African Department of Science and Technology, the South African National Research Foundation, the Institute for Human Evolution, the Palaeontological Scientific Trust, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the AfricaArray Program, the U.S. Diplomatic Mission to South Africa, and Sir Richard Branson for funding; the University of the Witwatersrand's Schools of Geosciences and Anatomical Sciences and the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontology for support and facilities; the Gauteng Government, Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment and the Cradle of Humankind Management Authority; E. Mbua, P. Kiura, V. Iminjili, and the National Museums of Kenya for access to comparative specimens; Optech and Optron; Duke University; the Ray A. Rothrock Fellowship of Texas A&M University; and the University of Zurich 2009 Field School. Numerous individuals have been involved in the ongoing preparation and excavation of these fossils, including C. Dube, B. Eloff, C. Kemp, M. Kgasi, M. Languza, J. Malaza, G. Mokoma, P. Mukanela, T. Nemvhundi, M. Ngcamphalala, S. Jirah, S. Tshabalala, and C. Yates. Other individuals who have given significant support to this project include B. de Klerk, C. Steininger, B. Kuhn, L. Pollarolo, B. Zipfel, J. Kretzen, D. Conforti, J. McCaffery, C. Dlamini, H. Visser, R. McCrae-Samuel, B. Nkosi, B. Louw, L. Backwell, F. Thackeray, and M. Peltier. T. Stidham helped construct the cladogram in fig. S3. J. Smilg facilitated computed tomography scanning of the specimens. R. Clarke and F. Kirera provided valuable discussions on these and other hominin fossils in Africa.
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