메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 101, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 55-92

Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupedalism: Historical precursors of hominid bipedalism

Author keywords

Apes; Atelines; Hominoid evolution; Vertical climbing

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLIMBING; EVOLUTION; GAIT; HOMINID; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; PHYLOGENY; WALKING;

EID: 0029793612     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199609)101:1<55::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-C     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (181)

References (314)
  • 1
    • 0001860421 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in the Miocene Hominoidea
    • CB Stringer (ed.): London: Taylor and Francis
    • Aiello L (1981) Locomotion in the Miocene Hominoidea. In CB Stringer (ed.): Aspects of Human Evolution. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 63-98.
    • (1981) Aspects of Human Evolution , pp. 63-98
    • Aiello, L.1
  • 3
    • 0020336006 scopus 로고
    • The relationships of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus and the evolution of the orang-utan
    • Andrews P, and Cronin JE (1982) The relationships of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus and the evolution of the orang-utan. Nature 297:541-546.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.297 , pp. 541-546
    • Andrews, P.1    Cronin, J.E.2
  • 4
    • 0002963106 scopus 로고
    • Vertebral morphology of fossil and extant primates
    • R Tuttle (ed.): Chicago: Aldine Atherton
    • Ankel F (1972) Vertebral morphology of fossil and extant primates. In R Tuttle (ed.): The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates. Chicago: Aldine Atherton, pp. 223-240.
    • (1972) The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates , pp. 223-240
    • Ankel, F.1
  • 5
  • 6
    • 84954675037 scopus 로고
    • Functional adaptations of the primate shoulder girdle
    • Ashton EH, and Oxnard CE (1964) Functional adaptations of the primate shoulder girdle. Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 142:49-66.
    • (1964) Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. , vol.142 , pp. 49-66
    • Ashton, E.H.1    Oxnard, C.E.2
  • 7
    • 0001289166 scopus 로고
    • Brachiation. The crucial issue for man's ancestry
    • Avis V (1962) Brachiation. The crucial issue for man's ancestry. Southw. J. Anthropol. 18:119-148.
    • (1962) Southw. J. Anthropol. , vol.18 , pp. 119-148
    • Avis, V.1
  • 9
    • 0026595937 scopus 로고
    • Phyletic diversity and locomotion in primitive European hominids
    • Begun DR (1992) Phyletic diversity and locomotion in primitive European hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 87:311-340.
    • (1992) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.87 , pp. 311-340
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 10
    • 0028580228 scopus 로고
    • Relations among the great apes and humans: New interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus
    • Begun DR (1994) Relations among the great apes and humans: new interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 37:11-63.
    • (1994) Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.37 , pp. 11-63
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 11
    • 0028313793 scopus 로고
    • Comparative and functional anatomy of Proconsul phalanges from the Kaswanga Primate Site, Rusinga Island, Kenya
    • Begun DR, Teaford MF, and Walker A (1994) Comparative and functional anatomy of Proconsul phalanges from the Kaswanga Primate Site, Rusinga Island, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 26:89-166.
    • (1994) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.26 , pp. 89-166
    • Begun, D.R.1    Teaford, M.F.2    Walker, A.3
  • 12
    • 0015255346 scopus 로고
    • Rumpfskelettlange, Allometrien und Korperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten
    • Basel
    • Biegert J, and Maurer R (1972) Rumpfskelettlange, Allometrien und Korperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 17:142-156.
    • (1972) Folia Primatol. , vol.17 , pp. 142-156
    • Biegert, J.1    Maurer, R.2
  • 13
    • 0024871817 scopus 로고
    • The positional behavior and substrate use of squirrel monkeys: Ecological implications
    • Boinski S (1989) The positional behavior and substrate use of squirrel monkeys: ecological implications. J. Hum. Evol. 18:659-677.
    • (1989) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 659-677
    • Boinski, S.1
  • 14
    • 0000329647 scopus 로고
    • DNA divergence among hominoids
    • Caccone A, and Powell JR (1989) DNA divergence among hominoids. Evolution 43:925-942.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 925-942
    • Caccone, A.1    Powell, J.R.2
  • 15
    • 0028314936 scopus 로고
    • Comparative locomotory ecology of gibbons and macaques: Selection of canopy elements for crossing gaps
    • Cannon CH and Leighton M (1994) Comparative locomotory ecology of gibbons and macaques: selection of canopy elements for crossing gaps. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93:505-524.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.93 , pp. 505-524
    • Cannon, C.H.1    Leighton, M.2
  • 16
    • 0022460954 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and feeding postures of spider and howling monkeys: Field study and evolutionary interpretation
    • Basel
    • Cant JGH (1986) Locomotion and feeding postures of spider and howling monkeys: field study and evolutionary interpretation. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 46:1-14.
    • (1986) Folia Primatol. , vol.46 , pp. 1-14
    • Cant, J.G.H.1
  • 17
    • 84990162448 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
    • Cant JGH (1987) Positional behavior of female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Am. J. Primatol 12:71-90.
    • (1987) Am. J. Primatol , vol.12 , pp. 71-90
    • Cant, J.G.H.1
  • 18
    • 0023951882 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of long-tailed macaques (Macaca, fascicularis) in Northern Sumatra
    • Cant JGH (1988) Positional behavior of long-tailed macaques (Macaca, fascicularis) in Northern Sumatra. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 76:29-37.
    • (1988) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.76 , pp. 29-37
    • Cant, J.G.H.1
  • 19
    • 0005690096 scopus 로고
    • The limb bones and vertebrae of the extinct lemurs of Madagascar
    • Carleton A (1936) The limb bones and vertebrae of the extinct lemurs of Madagascar. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 106:281-307.
    • (1936) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.106 , pp. 281-307
    • Carleton, A.1
  • 20
    • 84942111663 scopus 로고
    • Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion
    • FA Jenkins (ed.): New York: Academic Press
    • Cartmill M (1974) Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In FA Jenkins (ed.): Primate Locomotion. New York: Academic Press, pp. 45-83.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 45-83
    • Cartmill, M.1
  • 21
    • 0002361107 scopus 로고
    • Climbing
    • M Hildebrand, DM Bramble, KF Liem, and DB Wake (eds.): Cambridge: Belknap Press
    • Cartmill M (1985) Climbing. In M Hildebrand, DM Bramble, KF Liem, and DB Wake (eds.): Functional Vertebrate Morphology. Cambridge: Belknap Press, pp. 73-88.
    • (1985) Functional Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 73-88
    • Cartmill, M.1
  • 22
    • 0017705259 scopus 로고
    • The Iorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of "brachiating" adaptations in the Hominoidea
    • Cartmill M, and Milton K (1977) The Iorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of "brachiating" adaptations in the Hominoidea. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 47:249-272.
    • (1977) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.47 , pp. 249-272
    • Cartmill, M.1    Milton, K.2
  • 24
  • 25
    • 0028976109 scopus 로고
    • Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid
    • Clarke RJ, and Tobias PV (1995) Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269:521-524.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 521-524
    • Clarke, R.J.1    Tobias, P.V.2
  • 26
    • 0017083898 scopus 로고
    • Hallucial tarsometatarsal joint in an Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
    • Conroy GC (1976a) Hallucial tarsometatarsal joint in an Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. Nature 262:684-686.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.262 , pp. 684-686
    • Conroy, G.C.1
  • 27
    • 0016904993 scopus 로고
    • Primate postcranial remains from the Oligocene of Egypt
    • FS Szalay (ed.): New York: S. Karger
    • Conroy GC (1976b) Primate postcranial remains from the Oligocene of Egypt In FS Szalay (ed.): Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 8. New York: S. Karger.
    • (1976) Contributions to Primatology , vol.8
    • Conroy, G.C.1
  • 28
    • 6044271301 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behaviour in living and fossil pongids
    • Conroy GC, and Fleagle JG (1972) Locomotor behaviour in living and fossil pongids. Nature 237:103-104.
    • (1972) Nature , vol.237 , pp. 103-104
    • Conroy, G.C.1    Fleagle, J.G.2
  • 30
    • 0018086080 scopus 로고
    • Comparative osteometrics of the hominoid wrist joint, with special reference to knuckle-walking
    • Corruccini RS (1978) Comparative osteometrics of the hominoid wrist joint, with special reference to knuckle-walking. J. Hum. Evol. 7:307-321.
    • (1978) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 307-321
    • Corruccini, R.S.1
  • 32
    • 0345071587 scopus 로고
    • Age differences in locomotion in two subtropical Galaginae
    • Crompton RH (1983) Age differences in locomotion in two subtropical Galaginae. Primates 24:241-259.
    • (1983) Primates , vol.24 , pp. 241-259
    • Crompton, R.H.1
  • 33
    • 0002636803 scopus 로고
    • Foraging, habitat structure, and locomotion in two species of Galago
    • PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): New York: Columbia University Press
    • Crompton RH (1984) Foraging, habitat structure, and locomotion in two species of Galago. In PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 73-111.
    • (1984) Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 73-111
    • Crompton, R.H.1
  • 34
    • 0000355994 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and habitat utilization in free-ranging Tarsius bancanus: A preliminary report
    • Crompton RH, and Andau PM (1986) Locomotion and habitat utilization in free-ranging Tarsius bancanus: a preliminary report. Primates 27:337-355.
    • (1986) Primates , vol.27 , pp. 337-355
    • Crompton, R.H.1    Andau, P.M.2
  • 35
    • 0029653546 scopus 로고
    • New foot steps into walking debate
    • Culotta E (1995) New foot steps into walking debate. Science 269:476-477.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 476-477
    • Culotta, E.1
  • 36
    • 0028228231 scopus 로고
    • Testing positional behavior of Malagasy lemurs. A randomization approach
    • Dagosto M (1994) Testing positional behavior of Malagasy lemurs. A randomization approach. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94:189-202.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.94 , pp. 189-202
    • Dagosto, M.1
  • 37
    • 0001332315 scopus 로고
    • Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism
    • Day MH, and Wickens EH (1980) Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism. Nature 286:385-387.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.286 , pp. 385-387
    • Day, M.H.1    Wickens, E.H.2
  • 38
    • 0001192684 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of calcanei of primates and Pan-Australopithecus-Homo relationship
    • PV Tobias (ed.): New York: Alan R. Liss
    • Deloison Y (1985) Comparative study of calcanei of primates and Pan-Australopithecus-Homo relationship. In PV Tobias (ed.): Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 143-147.
    • (1985) Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future , pp. 143-147
    • Deloison, Y.1
  • 39
    • 0000851926 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and interrelationships of the catarrhine primates
    • WP Luckett and FS Szalay (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Delson E and Andrews P (1975) Evolution and interrelationships of the catarrhine primates. In WP Luckett and FS Szalay (eds.): Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 405-446.
    • (1975) Phylogeny of the Primates , pp. 405-446
    • Delson, E.1    Andrews, P.2
  • 40
    • 0026760552 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling methods: A case study of adult male chimpanzee locomotor behavior and substrate use
    • Doran DM (1992) Comparison of instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling methods: a case study of adult male chimpanzee locomotor behavior and substrate use. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89:85-99.
    • (1992) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.89 , pp. 85-99
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 41
    • 0027212585 scopus 로고
    • Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: The influence of morphology on locomotion
    • Doran DM (1993a) Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: the influence of morphology on locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97: 83-98.
    • (1993) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.97 , pp. 83-98
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 42
    • 0027173288 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in adult chimpanzee positional behavior: The influence of body size on locomotion and posture
    • Doran DM (1993b) Sex differences in adult chimpanzee positional behavior: the influence of body size on locomotion and posture Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91: 99-116.
    • (1993) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.91 , pp. 99-116
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 43
    • 0028029055 scopus 로고
    • Metatarsophalangeal joint function and postional behavior in Australopithecus afarensis
    • Duncan AS, Kappelman J, and Shapiro LJ (1994) Metatarsophalangeal joint function and postional behavior in Australopithecus afarensis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93:67-82.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.93 , pp. 67-82
    • Duncan, A.S.1    Kappelman, J.2    Shapiro, L.J.3
  • 44
    • 0002423471 scopus 로고
    • The bipedal walking of the chimpanzee
    • Elftman H (1944) The bipedal walking of the chimpanzee. J. Mammal. 25:67-71.
    • (1944) J. Mammal. , vol.25 , pp. 67-71
    • Elftman, H.1
  • 45
    • 0001621476 scopus 로고
    • Brachiation in New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes
    • Erikson GE (1963) Brachiation in New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 10: 135-164.
    • (1963) Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.10 , pp. 135-164
    • Erikson, G.E.1
  • 46
    • 0020384911 scopus 로고
    • Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some Cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited
    • Feldesman MR (1982) Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some Cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59:173-195.
    • (1982) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.59 , pp. 173-195
    • Feldesman, M.R.1
  • 47
    • 0016392742 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of brachiating siamang (Hylobates symphalangus syndactylus)
    • Fleagle JG (1974) Dynamics of brachiating siamang (Hylobates symphalangus syndactylus). Nature 248: 259-260.
    • (1974) Nature , vol.248 , pp. 259-260
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 48
    • 0017224075 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution
    • Basel
    • Fleagle JG (1976) Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 26:245-269.
    • (1976) Folia Primatol. , vol.26 , pp. 245-269
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 49
    • 0011579504 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture
    • DJ Chivers (ed.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Fleagle JG (1980a) Locomotion and posture. In DJ Chivers (ed.): Malayan Forest Primates. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 191-207.
    • (1980) Malayan Forest Primates , pp. 191-207
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 50
    • 0019245825 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behavior of the earliest anthropoids: A review of the current evidence
    • Fleagle JG (1980b) Locomotor behavior of the earliest anthropoids: a review of the current evidence. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 71:149-156.
    • (1980) Z. Morphol. Anthropol. , vol.71 , pp. 149-156
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 51
    • 0002112199 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations of Oligocene and Miocene hominoids and their phyletic implications
    • RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Fleagle JG (1983) Locomotor adaptations of Oligocene and Miocene hominoids and their phyletic implications In RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 301-324.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 301-324
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 52
    • 0019253994 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys
    • Fleagle JG, and Mittermeier RA (1980) Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 52:301-314.
    • (1980) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.52 , pp. 301-314
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Mittermeier, R.A.2
  • 53
    • 0018172357 scopus 로고
    • Humeral morphology of the earliest apes
    • Fleagle JG, and Simons EL (1978) Humeral morphology of the earliest apes. Nature 276:705-707
    • (1978) Nature , vol.276 , pp. 705-707
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Simons, E.L.2
  • 54
    • 0020416783 scopus 로고
    • The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: A primitive anthropoid
    • Fleagle JG, and Simons EL (1982a) The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: a primitive anthropoid. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59:175-193.
    • (1982) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.59 , pp. 175-193
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Simons, E.L.2
  • 55
    • 0020387493 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal remains of Propliopithecus chirobates from the Egyptian Oligocene
    • Basel
    • Fleagle JG, and Simons EL (1982b) Skeletal remains of Propliopithecus chirobates from the Egyptian Oligocene. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 39:161-177.
    • (1982) Folia Primatol. , vol.39 , pp. 161-177
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Simons, E.L.2
  • 56
    • 0016742626 scopus 로고
    • Ape limb bone from the Oligocene of Egypt
    • Fleagle JG, Simons EL, and Conroy GC (1975) Ape limb bone from the Oligocene of Egypt. Science 189:135-137.
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 135-137
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Simons, E.L.2    Conroy, G.C.3
  • 58
    • 0018394732 scopus 로고
    • Kinematics of normal child locomotion - A statistical study based on TV data
    • Foley CD, Quanbury AO, and Steinke T (1979) Kinematics of normal child locomotion - a statistical study based on TV data. J. Biomech. 12:1-6.
    • (1979) J. Biomech. , vol.12 , pp. 1-6
    • Foley, C.D.1    Quanbury, A.O.2    Steinke, T.3
  • 60
    • 38249032021 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial adaptations of the earliest platyrrhine
    • Ford SM (1988) Postcranial adaptations of the earliest platyrrhine. J. Hum. Evol. 17:155-192.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 155-192
    • Ford, S.M.1
  • 61
    • 0001991972 scopus 로고
    • Orangutan adaptation at Tanjung Puting Reserve: Mating and ecology
    • DA Hamburg and ER McCown (eds.): Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings
    • Galdikas BMF (1979) Orangutan adaptation at Tanjung Puting Reserve: mating and ecology. In DA Hamburg and ER McCown (eds.): The Great Apes. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 194-233.
    • (1979) The Great Apes , pp. 194-233
    • Galdikas, B.M.F.1
  • 62
    • 51649155817 scopus 로고
    • Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo
    • Galdikas BMF (1988) Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo. Int. J. Primatol. 9:1-35.
    • (1988) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.9 , pp. 1-35
    • Galdikas, B.M.F.1
  • 64
    • 0000588416 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of positional behavior in three species of tamarin monkeys
    • Garber PA (1991) A comparative study of positional behavior in three species of tamarin monkeys. Primates 32:219-230.
    • (1991) Primates , vol.32 , pp. 219-230
    • Garber, P.A.1
  • 65
    • 0028881454 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior in moustached tamarin monkeys: Effects of habitat on locomotor variability and locomotor stability
    • Garber PA, and Preutz J (1995) Positional behavior in moustached tamarin monkeys: effects of habitat on locomotor variability and locomotor stability. J. Hum. Evol. 28:411-426.
    • (1995) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.28 , pp. 411-426
    • Garber, P.A.1    Preutz, J.2
  • 67
    • 84990134444 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates
    • Gebo DL (1987) Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates. Am. J. Primatol. 13:271-281.
    • (1987) Am. J. Primatol. , vol.13 , pp. 271-281
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 68
    • 0024581337 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor and phylogenetic considerations in anthropoid evolution
    • Gebo DL (1989) Locomotor and phylogenetic considerations in anthropoid evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 18: 201-233.
    • (1989) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 201-233
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 69
    • 0026758323 scopus 로고
    • Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: Implications for hominid evolution
    • Gebo DL (1992a) Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: implications for hominid evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89:29-58.
    • (1992) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.89 , pp. 29-58
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 70
    • 84996067715 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor and postural behavior in Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus
    • Gebo DL (1992b) Locomotor and postural behavior in Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus. Am. J. Primatol. 26:277-290.
    • (1992) Am. J. Primatol. , vol.26 , pp. 277-290
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 71
    • 0003022426 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial anatomy and locomotor adaptation in early African anthropoids
    • DL Gebo (ed.): Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb
    • Gebo DL (1993) Postcranial anatomy and locomotor adaptation in early African anthropoids. In DL Gebo (ed.): Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, pp. 220-234.
    • (1993) Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 220-234
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 72
    • 0029040031 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior in five sympatric Old World Monkeys
    • Gebo DL and Chapman CA (1995) Positional behavior in five sympatric Old World Monkeys. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97:49-76.
    • (1995) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.97 , pp. 49-76
    • Gebo, D.L.1    Chapman, C.A.2
  • 73
    • 0028273165 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial adaptations in the postcranial skeletons of guenons
    • Gebo DL, and Sargis EJ (1994) Terrestrial adaptations in the postcranial skeletons of guenons. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93:341-371.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.93 , pp. 341-371
    • Gebo, D.L.1    Sargis, E.J.2
  • 74
    • 0023411849 scopus 로고
    • Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the foot in early Oligocene anthropoids
    • Gebo DL, and Simons EL (1987) Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the foot in early Oligocene anthropoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 74:83-101.
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.74 , pp. 83-101
    • Gebo, D.L.1    Simons, E.L.2
  • 77
    • 0020656414 scopus 로고
    • Use of the forest canopy by the agile gibbon
    • Basel
    • Gittins SP (1983) Use of the forest canopy by the agile gibbon. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 40:134-144.
    • (1983) Folia Primatol. , vol.40 , pp. 134-144
    • Gittins, S.P.1
  • 78
    • 0002314971 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive diversification of Malagasy strepsirhines
    • Godfrey LR (1988) Adaptive diversification of Malagasy strepsirhines. J. Hum. Evol. 17:93-134.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 93-134
    • Godfrey, L.R.1
  • 79
    • 0003025066 scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve
    • I DeVore (ed.): New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
    • Goodall J (1965) Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve. In I DeVore (ed.): Primate Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 425-473.
    • (1965) Primate Behavior , pp. 425-473
    • Goodall, J.1
  • 80
    • 0020576171 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of human origin from haemoglobins of African apes
    • Goodman M, Braunitzer G, Stangl Z, and Schrank B (1983) Evidence of human origin from haemoglobins of African apes. Nature 303:546-548.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.303 , pp. 546-548
    • Goodman, M.1    Braunitzer, G.2    Stangl, Z.3    Schrank, B.4
  • 82
    • 0014259052 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of the lower limb on the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
    • Grand TI (1968a) The functional anatomy of the lower limb on the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 28:163-182.
    • (1968) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.28 , pp. 163-182
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 84
    • 0000024840 scopus 로고
    • A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding
    • Grand TI (1972) A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding. J. Mammal. 53:198-201.
    • (1972) J. Mammal. , vol.53 , pp. 198-201
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 85
    • 0003096168 scopus 로고
    • Motion economy with the canopy: Four strategies for mobility
    • PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): New York: Columbia University Press
    • Grand TI (1984) Motion economy with the canopy: four strategies for mobility. In PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 54-72.
    • (1984) Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 54-72
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 86
    • 0000321790 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the evolution of the primates. Part II. Phylogeny of recent and extinct anthropoids with special reference to the origin of man
    • Gregory WK (1916) Studies of the evolution of the primates. Part II. Phylogeny of recent and extinct anthropoids with special reference to the origin of man. Bull Am Mus. Nat. Hst. 35:285-355.
    • (1916) Bull Am Mus. Nat. Hst. , vol.35 , pp. 285-355
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 87
    • 0000028954 scopus 로고
    • The origin of man from the anthropoid stem - When and where?
    • Gregory WK (1927a) The origin of man from the anthropoid stem - when and where? Proc. Am Philos. Soc 66:439-463.
    • (1927) Proc. Am Philos. Soc , vol.66 , pp. 439-463
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 88
    • 0012744626 scopus 로고
    • How near is the relationship of man to the chimpanzee-gorilla stock?
    • Gregory WK (1927b) How near is the relationship of man to the chimpanzee-gorilla stock? Q. Rev. Biol. 2:549-560.
    • (1927) Q. Rev. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 549-560
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 89
    • 0004789126 scopus 로고
    • Were the ancestors of man primitive brachiators?
    • Gregory WK (1928a) Were the ancestors of man primitive brachiators? Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 67(2):129-150.
    • (1928) Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. , vol.67 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-150
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 90
    • 1642291563 scopus 로고
    • The upright posture of man: A review of its origin and evolution
    • Gregory WK (1928b) The upright posture of man: a review of its origin and evolution. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc 67(4) 339-377.
    • (1928) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 339-377
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 91
    • 0026045492 scopus 로고
    • The jump as a fast mode of locomotion in arboreal and terrestrial biotopes
    • Gunther MM, Ishida H, Kumakura H, and Nakano Y (1991) The jump as a fast mode of locomotion in arboreal and terrestrial biotopes. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 78:341-372.
    • (1991) Z. Morphol. Anthropol. , vol.78 , pp. 341-372
    • Gunther, M.M.1    Ishida, H.2    Kumakura, H.3    Nakano, Y.4
  • 92
    • 0007682115 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Pithecia pithecia in Peru
    • Happel RE (1982) Ecology of Pithecia pithecia in Peru. J. Hum. Evol. 11:581-590.
    • (1982) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.11 , pp. 581-590
    • Happel, R.E.1
  • 94
    • 0001352063 scopus 로고
    • A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais
    • Harrison T (1986) A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais. J. Hum. Evol. 15:541-583.
    • (1986) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 541-583
    • Harrison, T.1
  • 95
    • 34548664750 scopus 로고
    • New postcranial remains of Victoriapithecus from the middle Miocene of Kenya
    • Harrison T (1989) New postcranial remains of Victoriapithecus from the middle Miocene of Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 18:3-54.
    • (1989) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 3-54
    • Harrison, T.1
  • 97
    • 85056010019 scopus 로고
    • Food transport and the origin of hominid bipedalism
    • Hewes GW (1961) Food transport and the origin of hominid bipedalism. Am. Anthropol. 63:687-710.
    • (1961) Am. Anthropol. , vol.63 , pp. 687-710
    • Hewes, G.W.1
  • 99
    • 1842332047 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological characteristics of vertical climbing in Ateles geoffroyi and Macaca fuscata
    • Basel
    • Hirasaki E, Kumakura H, and Matano S (1993) Kinesiological characteristics of vertical climbing in Ateles geoffroyi and Macaca fuscata. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 61:148-156.
    • (1993) Folia Primatol. , vol.61 , pp. 148-156
    • Hirasaki, E.1    Kumakura, H.2    Matano, S.3
  • 101
    • 0025788395 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior
    • Hunt KD (1991a) Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86: 521-536.
    • (1991) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.86 , pp. 521-536
    • Hunt, K.D.1
  • 102
    • 51249174920 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior in the Hominoidea
    • Hunt KD (1991b) Positional behavior in the Hominoidea Int. J. Primatol. 12:95-118.
    • (1991) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.12 , pp. 95-118
    • Hunt, K.D.1
  • 103
    • 0026567531 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of Pan troglodytes in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania
    • Hunt KD (1992) Positional behavior of Pan troglodytes in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 87:83-105.
    • (1992) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.87 , pp. 83-105
    • Hunt, K.D.1
  • 104
    • 0028188525 scopus 로고
    • Body size effects on vertical climbing among chimpanzees
    • Hunt KD (1994) Body size effects on vertical climbing among chimpanzees. Int. J. Primatol. 15:855-865.
    • (1994) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.15 , pp. 855-865
    • Hunt, K.D.1
  • 105
    • 0000324163 scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny and allometry of African ape manual rays
    • Inouye SE (1992) Ontogeny and allometry of African ape manual rays. J. Hum. Evol. 23:107-138.
    • (1992) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.23 , pp. 107-138
    • Inouye, S.E.1
  • 106
    • 0006921246 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates
    • S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Tokyo: Japan Science Press
    • Ishida H, Kimura T, and Okada M (1975) Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates. In S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Symp. 5th Congr. Int. Primatol. Soc., Tokyo: Japan Science Press, Vol. 3, pp. 459-462.
    • (1975) Symp. 5th Congr. Int. Primatol. Soc. , vol.3 , pp. 459-462
    • Ishida, H.1    Kimura, T.2    Okada, M.3
  • 107
    • 4243231082 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons
    • H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press
    • Ishida H, Kimura T, Okada M, and Yamazaki N (1984) Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons. In H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press, pp. 135-145.
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology , pp. 135-145
    • Ishida, H.1    Kimura, T.2    Okada, M.3    Yamazaki, N.4
  • 109
    • 0015522184 scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzee bipedalism: Cineradiographic analysis and implications for the evolution of gait
    • Jenkins FA (1972) Chimpanzee bipedalism: cineradiographic analysis and implications for the evolution of gait. Science 178:877-879.
    • (1972) Science , vol.178 , pp. 877-879
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 110
    • 0015790393 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy and evolution of the mammalian humeroulnar articulation
    • Jenkins FA (1973) The functional anatomy and evolution of the mammalian humeroulnar articulation. Am. J. Anat. 137:281-298.
    • (1973) Am. J. Anat. , vol.137 , pp. 281-298
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 111
    • 0000941974 scopus 로고
    • Wrist rotation in primates: A critical adaptation for brachiators
    • Jenkins FA (1981) Wrist rotation in primates: a critical adaptation for brachiators. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 48:429-451.
    • (1981) Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.48 , pp. 429-451
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 112
    • 0002812733 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of the wrist in living apes
    • R Tuttle (ed.): The Hague: Mouton Publishers
    • Jenkins FA, and Fleagle JG (1975) Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of the wrist in living apes. In R Tuttle (ed.): Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, pp. 213-227.
    • (1975) Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution , pp. 213-227
    • Jenkins, F.A.1    Fleagle, J.G.2
  • 113
    • 0017850898 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the shoulder in brachiating spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
    • Jenkins FA, Dumbrowski PJ, and Gordon EP (1978) Analysis of the shoulder in brachiating spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 48: 65-75.
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.48 , pp. 65-75
    • Jenkins, F.A.1    Dumbrowski, P.J.2    Gordon, E.P.3
  • 114
    • 0004142120 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Jolly A (1966) Lemur Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1966) Lemur Behavior
    • Jolly, A.1
  • 115
    • 0041963329 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb and pelvic adaptations to vertical climbing and clinging in Megaladapis, a giant subfossil prosimian from Madagascar
    • Jungers WL (1977) Hindlimb and pelvic adaptations to vertical climbing and clinging in Megaladapis, a giant subfossil prosimian from Madagascar. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 20:508-524.
    • (1977) Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.20 , pp. 508-524
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 116
    • 0018070839 scopus 로고
    • The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians
    • Jungers WL (1978) The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 49:303-314.
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.49 , pp. 303-314
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 117
    • 0019262836 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive diversity in subfossil Malagasy prosimians
    • Jungers WL (1980) Adaptive diversity in subfossil Malagasy prosimians. Z. Morph. Anthrop. 77:177-186.
    • (1980) Z. Morph. Anthrop. , vol.77 , pp. 177-186
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 118
    • 0019973460 scopus 로고
    • Lucy's limbs: Skeletal allometry and locomotion in Australopithecus afarensis
    • Jungers WL (1982) Lucy's limbs: skeletal allometry and locomotion in Australopithecus afarensis. Nature 297:676-678.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.297 , pp. 676-678
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 119
    • 0003071401 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of the hominoid locomotor skeleton with special reference to lesser apes
    • H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
    • Jungers WL (1984) Scaling of the hominoid locomotor skeleton with special reference to lesser apes. In H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): The Lesser Apes, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 146-169.
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes , pp. 146-169
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 120
    • 0000101678 scopus 로고
    • Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates
    • WL Jungers (ed.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Jungers WL (1985) Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates. In WL Jungers (ed.): Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 345-381.
    • (1985) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology , pp. 345-381
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 121
    • 0023787533 scopus 로고
    • Lucy's length: Stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1) with implications for other small-bodied hominids
    • Jungers WL (1988) Lucy's length: stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1) with implications for other small-bodied hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 76:227-231.
    • (1988) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.76 , pp. 227-231
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 122
    • 0019305041 scopus 로고
    • Telemetered electromyography of forelimb muscle chains in gibbons (Hylobates lar)
    • Jungers WL, and Stern JT (1980) Telemetered electromyography of forelimb muscle chains in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Science 208:617-619.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 617-619
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 123
    • 51249179948 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary electromyographical analysis of brachiation in gibbon and spider monkey
    • Jungers WL, and Stern JT (1981) Preliminary electromyographical analysis of brachiation in gibbon and spider monkey. Int. J. Primatol. 2:19-33.
    • (1981) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.2 , pp. 19-33
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 124
    • 0000688189 scopus 로고
    • Body proportions, skeletal allometry and locomotion in the Hadar hominids: A reply to Wolpoff
    • Jungers WL, and Stern JT (1983) Body proportions, skeletal allometry and locomotion in the Hadar hominids: a reply to Wolpoff. J. Hum. Evol. 12:673-684.
    • (1983) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 673-684
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 126
    • 0002884475 scopus 로고
    • The extent to which the posterior segments of the body have been transmuted and suppressed in the evolution of man and allied primates
    • Keith A (1903) The extent to which the posterior segments of the body have been transmuted and suppressed in the evolution of man and allied primates. J. Anat. Physiol. 37:18-40.
    • (1903) J. Anat. Physiol. , vol.37 , pp. 18-40
    • Keith, A.1
  • 127
    • 84965243565 scopus 로고
    • Man's posture: Its evolution and disorders
    • Keith A (1923) Man's posture: its evolution and disorders. Br. Med. J. 1:451-54, 499-502, 545-548, 587-590, 624-626, 669-672.
    • (1923) Br. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 451-454
    • Keith, A.1
  • 128
    • 0003374271 scopus 로고
    • The history of the human foot and its bearing on orthopaedic practice
    • Keith A (1929) The history of the human foot and its bearing on orthopaedic practice. J. Bone Joint Surg 11:10-32.
    • (1929) J. Bone Joint Surg , vol.11 , pp. 10-32
    • Keith, A.1
  • 131
    • 9544233149 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking in anthropoid primates
    • S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Tokyo: Japan Science Press
    • Kimura T, Okada M, and Ishida H (1979) Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking in anthropoid primates. In S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Symp. 5th Congr. Int. Primatol. Soc. 3:459-462. Tokyo: Japan Science Press.
    • (1979) Symp. 5th Congr. Int. Primatol. Soc. , vol.3 , pp. 459-462
    • Kimura, T.1    Okada, M.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 132
    • 9544222228 scopus 로고
    • Le système podal de certains Hominidés fossiles du Plio-Pléistocène d'Afrique de l'Est: Etude morpho-dynamique
    • Lamy P (1983) Le système podal de certains Hominidés fossiles du Plio-Pléistocène d'Afrique de l'Est: etude morpho-dynamique. L'Anthropologie 87:435-464.
    • (1983) L'Anthropologie , vol.87 , pp. 435-464
    • Lamy, P.1
  • 133
    • 0022495468 scopus 로고
    • The settlement of the longitudinal plantar arch of some African Plio-Pleistocene hominids: A morphological study
    • Lamy P (1986) The settlement of the longitudinal plantar arch of some African Plio-Pleistocene hominids: a morphological study. J. Hum. Evol. 15:31-46.
    • (1986) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 31-46
    • Lamy, P.1
  • 134
    • 9544245387 scopus 로고
    • Ph D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT
    • Langdom JH (1984) The Miocene Hominoid Foot. Ph D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
    • (1984) The Miocene Hominoid Foot
    • Langdom, J.H.1
  • 135
    • 9544237704 scopus 로고
    • Fossils and the origin of bipedalism
    • Langdon JH (1985) Fossils and the origin of bipedalism. J. Hum. Evol. 14:615-635.
    • (1985) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 615-635
    • Langdon, J.H.1
  • 136
    • 0023705849 scopus 로고
    • Subscapularis function in gibbons and chimpanzees: Implications for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids
    • Larson SG (1988) Subscapularis function in gibbons and chimpanzees: implications for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 76:449-462.
    • (1988) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.76 , pp. 449-462
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 137
    • 0022549246 scopus 로고
    • EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and arboreal locomotion
    • Larson SG, and Stern JT (1986) EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and arboreal locomotion. Am. J. Anat. 176:171-190.
    • (1986) Am. J. Anat. , vol.176 , pp. 171-190
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 138
    • 0024412319 scopus 로고
    • Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): Implications for interpretation of humeral morphology
    • Larson SG, and Stern JT (1989) Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for interpretation of humeral morphology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79:369-377.
    • (1989) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.79 , pp. 369-377
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 139
    • 0024595950 scopus 로고
    • The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality
    • Latimer B, and Lovejoy CO (1989) The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality. Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 78: 369-386.
    • (1989) Am J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.78 , pp. 369-386
    • Latimer, B.1    Lovejoy, C.O.2
  • 140
    • 0025333431 scopus 로고
    • Hallucal tarsometatarsal joint in Australopithecus afarensis
    • Latimer B and Lovejoy CO (1990) Hallucal tarsometatarsal joint in Australopithecus afarensis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:125-133.
    • (1990) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.82 , pp. 125-133
    • Latimer, B.1    Lovejoy, C.O.2
  • 141
    • 0023595309 scopus 로고
    • Talocrural joint in African hominoids: Implications for Australopithecus afarensis
    • Latimer BM, Ohman JC, and Lovejoy CO (1987) Talocrural joint in African hominoids: implications for Australopithecus afarensis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 74:155-175.
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.74 , pp. 155-175
    • Latimer, B.M.1    Ohman, J.C.2    Lovejoy, C.O.3
  • 142
    • 0000058959 scopus 로고
    • The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream area
    • Lawick-Goodall J (1968) The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream area. Animal Behaviour Monographs 1:161-311.
    • (1968) Animal Behaviour Monographs , vol.1 , pp. 161-311
    • Lawick-Goodall, J.1
  • 143
    • 0014488392 scopus 로고
    • The hominoid wrist joint
    • Lewis OJ (1969) The hominoid wrist joint. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 30:251-268.
    • (1969) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.30 , pp. 251-268
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 144
    • 0015182334 scopus 로고
    • The contrasting morphology found in the wrist joints of semi-brachiating monkeys and brachiating apes
    • Basel
    • Lewis OJ (1971) The contrasting morphology found in the wrist joints of semi-brachiating monkeys and brachiating apes. Folia Primatol (Basel) 16:248-256.
    • (1971) Folia Primatol , vol.16 , pp. 248-256
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 145
    • 0001903329 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the hominoid wrist
    • RH Tuttle (ed.): Chicago: Aldine-Atherton
    • Lewis OJ (1972a) Evolution of the hominoid wrist. In RH Tuttle (ed.): The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of the Primates. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, pp. 207-222.
    • (1972) The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of the Primates , pp. 207-222
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 146
    • 0015256052 scopus 로고
    • Osteological features characterizing the wrists of monkeys and apes, with a reconsideration of this region in Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus
    • Lewis OJ (1972b) Osteological features characterizing the wrists of monkeys and apes, with a reconsideration of this region in Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 36:45-58.
    • (1972) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.36 , pp. 45-58
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 147
    • 9544220270 scopus 로고
    • The hominoid wrist joint
    • SL Washburn and P Dolhinow (eds.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
    • Lewis OJ (1972c) The hominoid wrist joint. In SL Washburn and P Dolhinow (eds.). Perspectives on Human Evolution. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 169-191.
    • (1972) Perspectives on Human Evolution , pp. 169-191
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 148
    • 84942108955 scopus 로고
    • The wrist articulations of the Anthropoidea
    • FA Jenkins (ed.): New York: Academic Press
    • Lewis OJ (1974) The wrist articulations of the Anthropoidea. In FA Jenkins (ed.): Primate Locomotion, New York: Academic Press, pp. 143-169.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 143-169
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 150
    • 0002107065 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical review of the locomotor diversity of early hominids
    • CJ Jolly (ed.): New York: St. Martin's Press
    • Lovejoy CO (1978) A biomechanical review of the locomotor diversity of early hominids. In CJ Jolly (ed.): Early Hominids in Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 403-429.
    • (1978) Early Hominids in Africa , pp. 403-429
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1
  • 151
    • 0000373592 scopus 로고
    • The origin of man
    • Lovejoy CO (1981) The origin of man. Science 211: 341-350.
    • (1981) Science , vol.211 , pp. 341-350
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1
  • 152
    • 51249179803 scopus 로고
    • The behavior of wild spectral tarsiers
    • MacKinnon J, and MacKinnon K (1980) The behavior of wild spectral tarsiers. Int. J. Primatol. 1:361-379.
    • (1980) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.1 , pp. 361-379
    • MacKinnon, J.1    MacKinnon, K.2
  • 153
    • 0024263072 scopus 로고
    • DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogeny: Relations of the Hominoidea
    • Marks J, Schmid CW, and Sarich VM (1988) DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogeny: relations of the Hominoidea. J. Hum. Evol 17:769-786.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol , vol.17 , pp. 769-786
    • Marks, J.1    Schmid, C.W.2    Sarich, V.M.3
  • 154
    • 0014977402 scopus 로고
    • Origin of the human hand Am
    • Marzke MW (1971) Origin of the human hand Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 34:61-84.
    • (1971) J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.34 , pp. 61-84
    • Marzke, M.W.1
  • 155
    • 0027957810 scopus 로고
    • Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in Catarrhini
    • Marzke MW, Wullstein KL, and Viegas SF (1994) Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in Catarrhini. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93:229-240.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.93 , pp. 229-240
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Wullstein, K.L.2    Viegas, S.F.3
  • 156
    • 0000547343 scopus 로고
    • Semi-terrestrial adaptations of Kenyapithecus
    • abstract
    • McCrossin ML (1994) Semi-terrestrial adaptations of Kenyapithecus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. [Suppl] 18:142 (abstract).
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. [Suppl] , vol.18 , pp. 142
    • McCrossin, M.L.1
  • 157
    • 0002447571 scopus 로고
    • The common ancestor: A study of the postcranium of Pan paniscus, Australopithecus and other hominids
    • RL Susman (ed.): New York: Plenum Press
    • McHenry HM (1984) The common ancestor: a study of the postcranium of Pan paniscus, Australopithecus and other hominids. In RL Susman (ed.): The Pygmy Chimpanzee. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 201-230.
    • (1984) The Pygmy Chimpanzee , pp. 201-230
    • McHenry, H.M.1
  • 159
    • 0010205407 scopus 로고
    • The wrist of Proconsul africanus and the origin of hominoid postcranial adaptations
    • RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • McHenry HM, and Corruccini RS (1983) The wrist of Proconsul africanus and the origin of hominoid postcranial adaptations. In RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 353-367.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 353-367
    • McHenry, H.M.1    Corruccini, R.S.2
  • 160
    • 0027635706 scopus 로고
    • On plantigrady and quadrupedalism
    • Meldrum DJ (1993) On plantigrady and quadrupedalism. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91:379-381.
    • (1993) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.91 , pp. 379-381
    • Meldrum, D.J.1
  • 161
    • 0016908735 scopus 로고
    • Postural and locomotor behavior of Alouatta palliata on various substrates
    • Basel
    • Mendel F (1976) Postural and locomotor behavior of Alouatta palliata on various substrates. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 26:36-53.
    • (1976) Folia Primatol. , vol.26 , pp. 36-53
    • Mendel, F.1
  • 162
    • 84944486882 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in the primates
    • Miller RA (1932) Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in the primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:1-56.
    • (1932) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.17 , pp. 1-56
    • Miller, R.A.1
  • 163
    • 0345360492 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus
    • Basel
    • Mittermeier RA (1978) Locomotion and posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 30:161-193.
    • (1978) Folia Primatol. , vol.30 , pp. 161-193
    • Mittermeier, R.A.1
  • 164
    • 0023634938 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relations of humans ad African apes from DNA sequences in the ψη-globin region
    • Miyamoto MM, JL Slightom, and M Goodman (1987) Phylogenetic relations of humans ad African apes from DNA sequences in the ψη-globin region. Science 238:369-373.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 369-373
    • Miyamoto, M.M.1    Slightom, J.L.2    Goodman, M.3
  • 165
    • 0016839452 scopus 로고
    • Dryopithecus africanus forelimb
    • Morbeck ME (1975) Dryopithecus africanus forelimb. J. Hum. Evol. 4:39-46.
    • (1975) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 39-46
    • Morbeck, M.E.1
  • 166
    • 0017285743 scopus 로고
    • Problems in reconstruction of fossil anatomy and locomotor behavior: The Dryopithecus elbow complex
    • Morbeck ME (1976) Problems in reconstruction of fossil anatomy and locomotor behavior: the Dryopithecus elbow complex. J. Hum. Evol. 5:223-233.
    • (1976) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 223-233
    • Morbeck, M.E.1
  • 167
    • 0008519297 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior, selective use of habitat substrate and associated non-positional behavior in free-ranging Colobus guereza (Ruppel, 1835)
    • Morbeck ME (1977) Positional behavior, selective use of habitat substrate and associated non-positional behavior in free-ranging Colobus guereza (Ruppel, 1835) Primates 18:35-58.
    • (1977) Primates , vol.18 , pp. 35-58
    • Morbeck, M.E.1
  • 168
    • 0012440296 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the human foot (I)
    • Morton DJ (1922) Evolution of the human foot (I). Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 7:1-52.
    • (1922) Am J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.7 , pp. 1-52
    • Morton, D.J.1
  • 169
    • 0002420902 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the longitudinal arch of the human foot
    • Morton DJ (1924a) Evolution of the longitudinal arch of the human foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. 6:56-90.
    • (1924) J. Bone Joint Surg. , vol.6 , pp. 56-90
    • Morton, D.J.1
  • 170
    • 0012440296 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the human foot (II)
    • Morton DJ (1924b) Evolution of the human foot (II). Am J. Phys. Anthropol 7:1-52.
    • (1924) Am J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.7 , pp. 1-52
    • Morton, D.J.1
  • 171
    • 0347439769 scopus 로고
    • Human origin-correlation of previous studies of primate feet and posture with other morphologic evidence
    • Morton DJ (1927) Human origin-correlation of previous studies of primate feet and posture with other morphologic evidence. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 10: 173-203.
    • (1927) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.10 , pp. 173-203
    • Morton, D.J.1
  • 172
    • 0004068020 scopus 로고
    • New York: Columbia University Press
    • Morton DJ (1935) The Human Foot. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • (1935) The Human Foot
    • Morton, D.J.1
  • 173
    • 84984084905 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the hands in living primates
    • Napier JR (1960) Studies of the hands in living primates. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 134:647-657.
    • (1960) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.134 , pp. 647-657
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 174
    • 0001087524 scopus 로고
    • Fossil hand bones from Olduvai Gorge
    • Napier JR (1962) Fossil hand bones from Olduvai Gorge. Nature 196:409-411.
    • (1962) Nature , vol.196 , pp. 409-411
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 175
    • 0008625701 scopus 로고
    • Brachiation and brachiators
    • J Napier and NA Barnicot (eds.): The Primates
    • Napier JR (1963) Brachiation and brachiators. In J Napier and NA Barnicot (eds.): The Primates, Symp Zool. Soc. Lond. 10:183-195.
    • (1963) Symp Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.10 , pp. 183-195
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 176
    • 0014151497 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion
    • Napier JR (1967) Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 27:333-342.
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.27 , pp. 333-342
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 177
    • 0002012915 scopus 로고
    • The forelimb skeleton and associated remains of Proconsul africanus Br
    • Napier JR, and Davis PR (1959) The forelimb skeleton and associated remains of Proconsul africanus Br. Mus. Nat. Hist., Fossil Mammals of Africa 16:1-69.
    • (1959) Mus. Nat. Hist., Fossil Mammals of Africa , vol.16 , pp. 1-69
    • Napier, J.R.1    Davis, P.R.2
  • 178
    • 0011138649 scopus 로고
    • A field study of the chimpanzee
    • Nissen HW (1931) A field study of the chimpanzee. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 8:1-122.
    • (1931) Comp. Psychol. Monogr. , vol.8 , pp. 1-122
    • Nissen, H.W.1
  • 181
    • 0346161478 scopus 로고
    • The discovery of Tertiary man
    • Osborn HF (1930) The discovery of Tertiary man. Science 77:1-7.
    • (1930) Science , vol.77 , pp. 1-7
    • Osborn, H.F.1
  • 182
    • 0002842722 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in the primate forelimb
    • Oxnard CE (1963) Locomotor adaptations in the primate forelimb. Symp. Zool Soc. Lond. 10:165-182.
    • (1963) Symp. Zool Soc. Lond. , vol.10 , pp. 165-182
    • Oxnard, C.E.1
  • 183
    • 84981814238 scopus 로고
    • The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical: Osteometric and discriminant function techniques
    • Oxnard CE (1967) The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical: osteometric and discriminant function techniques. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26:219-240.
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 219-240
    • Oxnard, C.E.1
  • 184
    • 84936337047 scopus 로고
    • Primate locomotor classifications for evaluating fossils: Their inutility and an alternative
    • S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Tokyo: Japan Science Press
    • Oxnard CE (1974) Primate locomotor classifications for evaluating fossils: their inutility and an alternative. In S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Proceeding of the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society. Tokyo: Japan Science Press, pp. 269-286.
    • (1974) Proceeding of the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society , pp. 269-286
    • Oxnard, C.E.1
  • 186
    • 0025571788 scopus 로고
    • New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo
    • Pilbeam DR, Rose MD, Barry JC, and Ibrahim Shah SM (1990) New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo. Nature 348:237-239.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 237-239
    • Pilbeam, D.R.1    Rose, M.D.2    Barry, J.C.3    Ibrahim Shah, S.M.4
  • 187
    • 29244445179 scopus 로고
    • Body posture and mode of locomotion in fossil primates - Method and example: Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
    • S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Tokyo: Japan Science Press
    • Preuschoft H (1974) Body posture and mode of locomotion in fossil primates - method and example: Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. In S Kondo, M Kawai, A Ehara, and S Kawamura (eds.): Proceedings of Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society. Tokyo: Japan Science Press, pp. 346-359.
    • (1974) Proceedings of Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society , pp. 346-359
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 188
    • 85027475122 scopus 로고
    • A definitional system for the classification of primate locomotion
    • Prost JH (1965) A definitional system for the classification of primate locomotion. Am Anthropol. 67:1198-1214.
    • (1965) Am Anthropol. , vol.67 , pp. 1198-1214
    • Prost, J.H.1
  • 190
    • 9544222737 scopus 로고
    • The positional behavior of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic
    • abstract
    • Remis MJ (1993) The positional behavior of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic. Am. J. Primatol. 30:344 (abstract).
    • (1993) Am. J. Primatol. , vol.30 , pp. 344
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 191
    • 0029083565 scopus 로고
    • Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic
    • Remis MJ (1995) Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97:413-433.
    • (1995) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.97 , pp. 413-433
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 192
    • 0022104068 scopus 로고
    • Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates
    • Reynolds TR (1985) Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:351-362.
    • (1985) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.67 , pp. 351-362
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 193
    • 0023080577 scopus 로고
    • Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals
    • Reynolds TR (1987) Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:101-115.
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.72 , pp. 101-115
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 195
    • 84942119708 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the primate scapula
    • FA Jenkins (ed.): New York: Academic Press
    • Roberts D (1974) Structure and function of the primate scapula. In FA Jenkins (ed.): Primate Locomotion, New York: Academic Press, pp. 171-200.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 171-200
    • Roberts, D.1
  • 196
    • 0001571567 scopus 로고
    • Foraging and social systems of orangutans and chimpanzees
    • PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): New York: Columbia University Press
    • Rodman PS (1984) Foraging and social systems of orangutans and chimpanzees. In PS Rodman and JGH Cant (eds.): Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 134-160.
    • (1984) Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 134-160
    • Rodman, P.S.1
  • 197
    • 0000660093 scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic relationships among Homo, Pan, and Gorilla: A population genetics perspective
    • Rogers J (1993) The phylogenetic relationships among Homo, Pan, and Gorilla: a population genetics perspective. J. Hum. Evol. 25:201-215.
    • (1993) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.25 , pp. 201-215
    • Rogers, J.1
  • 198
    • 0028226432 scopus 로고
    • Levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny
    • Rogers J (1994) Levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94:81-88.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.94 , pp. 81-88
    • Rogers, J.1
  • 199
    • 0001044072 scopus 로고
    • Quadrupedalism in primates
    • Rose MD (1973) Quadrupedalism in primates. Primates 14:337-351.
    • (1973) Primates , vol.14 , pp. 337-351
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 200
    • 0002232213 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of natural populations: Some quantitative results of a field study of Colobus guereza and Cercopithecus aethiops
    • ME Morbeck, H Preuschoft, and N Gomberg (eds.): New York: Gustav Fischer
    • Rose MD (1979) Positional behavior of natural populations: some quantitative results of a field study of Colobus guereza and Cercopithecus aethiops. In ME Morbeck, H Preuschoft, and N Gomberg (eds.): Environment, Behavior, and Morphology. New York: Gustav Fischer, pp. 75-94.
    • (1979) Environment, Behavior, and Morphology , pp. 75-94
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 201
    • 0000722849 scopus 로고
    • Miocene hominoid postcranial morphology: Monkey-like, ape-like, neither or both?
    • RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.). New York: Plenum Press
    • Rose MD (1983) Miocene hominoid postcranial morphology: monkey-like, ape-like, neither or both? In RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.). New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 405-417.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 405-417
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 202
    • 0000525827 scopus 로고
    • Further hominoid postcranial specimens from the Late Miocene Nagri Formation of Pakistan
    • Rose MD (1986) Further hominoid postcranial specimens from the Late Miocene Nagri Formation of Pakistan. J. Hum. Evol. 15:333-367.
    • (1986) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 333-367
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 203
    • 0023692967 scopus 로고
    • Another look at the anthropoid elbow
    • Rose MD (1988a) Another look at the anthropoid elbow J. Hum. Evol. 17:193-224.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 193-224
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 204
    • 0005723363 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the cheiridia
    • JH Schwartz (ed.): Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Rose MD (1988b) Functional anatomy of the cheiridia. In JH Schwartz (ed.): Orang-utan Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 299-310.
    • (1988) Orang-utan Biology , pp. 299-310
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 205
    • 0024531051 scopus 로고
    • New Postcranial specimens of catarrhines from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Pakistan: Descriptions and a discussion of proximal humeral functional morphology in anthropoids
    • Rose MD (1989) New Postcranial specimens of catarrhines from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Pakistan: descriptions and a discussion of proximal humeral functional morphology in anthropoids. J. Hum. Evol. 18:131-162.
    • (1989) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 131-162
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 207
    • 0000595514 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor anatomy of Miocene hominoids
    • DL Gebo (ed.): DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press
    • Rose MD (1993) Locomotor anatomy of Miocene hominoids. In DL Gebo (ed.): Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, pp. 70-95.
    • (1993) Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 70-95
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 208
    • 0026464774 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial specimens of Simiolus enjiessi and other primitive catarrhines from the early Miocene of Lake Turkana, Kenya
    • Rose MD, Leakey MG, Leakey REF, and Walker AC (1992) Postcranial specimens of Simiolus enjiessi and other primitive catarrhines from the early Miocene of Lake Turkana, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 22:171-237.
    • (1992) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.22 , pp. 171-237
    • Rose, M.D.1    Leakey, M.G.2    Leakey, R.E.F.3    Walker, A.C.4
  • 209
    • 0020696514 scopus 로고
    • Tale of tails: Parallelism and prehensibility
    • Rosenberger AL (1983) Tale of tails: parallelism and prehensibility. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60:102-107.
    • (1983) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.60 , pp. 102-107
    • Rosenberger, A.L.1
  • 210
    • 0024894499 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates
    • Rosenberger AL, and Strier KB (1989) Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates. J. Hum Evol. 18:717-750.
    • (1989) J. Hum Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 717-750
    • Rosenberger, A.L.1    Strier, K.B.2
  • 211
    • 0028350288 scopus 로고
    • Molecular evolutionary processes and conflicting gene trees: The hominoid case
    • Ruvolo M (1994) Molecular evolutionary processes and conflicting gene trees: the hominoid case. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94:89-114.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.94 , pp. 89-114
    • Ruvolo, M.1
  • 213
    • 84989462421 scopus 로고
    • DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogeny: A critical analysis
    • Sarich VM, Schmid CW, and Marks J (1989) DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogeny: a critical analysis. Cladistics 5:3-32.
    • (1989) Cladistics , vol.5 , pp. 3-32
    • Sarich, V.M.1    Schmid, C.W.2    Marks, J.3
  • 214
    • 51249180042 scopus 로고
    • The significance of the heel process in anthropoids
    • Sarmiento EE (1983) The significance of the heel process in anthropoids. Int. J. Primatol. 4:127-152.
    • (1983) Int. J. Primatol. , vol.4 , pp. 127-152
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 216
    • 0001878588 scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus and its significance in the origin of the Hominoidea
    • Sarmiento EE (1987) The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus and its significance in the origin of the Hominoidea. Am. Mus. Novitates 2881:1-44.
    • (1987) Am. Mus. Novitates , vol.2881 , pp. 1-44
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 217
    • 51249176825 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint: Its evolutionary and functional implications
    • Sarmiento EE (1988) Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint: its evolutionary and functional implications. Int. J Primatol. 9:281-345.
    • (1988) Int. J Primatol. , vol.9 , pp. 281-345
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 218
    • 0002717627 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas
    • Sarmiento EE (1994) Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas. Am. Mus. Nov. 3091:1-56.
    • (1994) Am. Mus. Nov. , vol.3091 , pp. 1-56
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 221
  • 222
    • 0028947825 scopus 로고
    • Heel contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates
    • Schmitt D and Larson SG (1995) Heel contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96:39-50.
    • (1995) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.96 , pp. 39-50
    • Schmitt, D.1    Larson, S.G.2
  • 223
    • 7144247752 scopus 로고
    • The Muscular System of the Red Howling Monkey
    • Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
    • Schön MA (1968) The Muscular System of the Red Howling Monkey. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, US National Museum Bulletin 273.
    • (1968) US National Museum Bulletin 273
    • Schön, M.A.1
  • 224
    • 0015947238 scopus 로고
    • Wrist mechanism and locomotor behavior of Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus
    • Basel
    • Schön MA, and Ziemer LK (1973) Wrist mechanism and locomotor behavior of Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 20:1-11.
    • (1973) Folia Primatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1-11
    • Schön, M.A.1    Ziemer, L.K.2
  • 225
    • 0021331798 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface
    • Schön Ybarra MA (1984) Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63:65-76.
    • (1984) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.63 , pp. 65-76
    • Schön Ybarra, M.A.1
  • 226
    • 0017919737 scopus 로고
    • Non-metric features in the ulna of Aegyptopithecus, Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix
    • Basel
    • Schön Ybarra MA, and Conroy GC (1978) Non-metric features in the ulna of Aegyptopithecus, Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 29:178-195.
    • (1978) Folia Primatol. , vol.29 , pp. 178-195
    • Schön Ybarra, M.A.1    Conroy, G.C.2
  • 227
    • 0023503940 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior and limb bone adaptations in red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)
    • Basel
    • Schön Ybarra MA, and Schön MA (1987) Positional behavior and limb bone adaptations in red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Folia Primatol. (Basel) 49:70-89
    • (1987) Folia Primatol. , vol.49 , pp. 70-89
    • Schön Ybarra, M.A.1    Schön, M.A.2
  • 228
    • 0001416990 scopus 로고
    • Skeleton of the trunk and limbs of the higher primates
    • Schultz AH (1930) Skeleton of the trunk and limbs of the higher primates. Hum. Biol. 2:303-438.
    • (1930) Hum. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 303-438
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 229
    • 0001075519 scopus 로고
    • Characters common to higher primates and characters specific for man
    • Schultz AH (1936) Characters common to higher primates and characters specific for man. Q. Rev Biol. 11:259-283, 425-455.
    • (1936) Q. Rev Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 259-283
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 230
    • 0001292458 scopus 로고
    • Proportions, variability and asymmetries of the long bones of the limbs and the clavicles in man and apes
    • Schultz AH (1937) Proportions, variability and asymmetries of the long bones of the limbs and the clavicles in man and apes. Hum. Biol. 9:281-328.
    • (1937) Hum. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 281-328
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 231
    • 0000972608 scopus 로고
    • Postembryonic age changes
    • Schultz AH (1956) Postembryonic age changes. Primatologia 1:887-964.
    • (1956) Primatologia , vol.1 , pp. 887-964
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 232
    • 0010160267 scopus 로고
    • Einige Beobachtungen und Masse am Skelett von Oreopithecus
    • Schultz AH (1960) Einige Beobachtungen und Masse am Skelett von Oreopithecus. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 50:136-149.
    • (1960) Z. Morphol. Anthropol. , vol.50 , pp. 136-149
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 233
    • 0002581817 scopus 로고
    • Vertebral column and thorax
    • Schultz AH (1961) Vertebral column and thorax Primatologia 4:1-66.
    • (1961) Primatologia , vol.4 , pp. 1-66
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 234
    • 0001241477 scopus 로고
    • The recent hominoid primates
    • SL Washburn and PC Jay (eds.): New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
    • Schultz AH (1968) The recent hominoid primates. In SL Washburn and PC Jay (eds.): Perspectives on Human Evolution, Vol. 1. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 122-195.
    • (1968) Perspectives on Human Evolution , vol.1 , pp. 122-195
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 236
    • 0344951462 scopus 로고
    • The skeleton of the Hylobatidae and other observations on their morphology
    • DM Rumbaugh (ed.): Basel: Karger
    • Schultz AH (1973) The skeleton of the Hylobatidae and other observations on their morphology. In DM Rumbaugh (ed.): Gibbon and Siamang, Vol. 2. Basel: Karger, pp. 1-54.
    • (1973) Gibbon and Siamang , vol.2 , pp. 1-54
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 238
    • 0007893905 scopus 로고
    • New data on Miocene hominoid humeri from Pakistan and Kenya
    • JG Else and PC Lee (eds). Cambridge University Press
    • Senut B (1986) New data on Miocene hominoid humeri from Pakistan and Kenya. In JG Else and PC Lee (eds). Primate Evolution Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, pp. 151-161.
    • (1986) Primate Evolution Cambridge , pp. 151-161
    • Senut, B.1
  • 239
  • 240
    • 0002904129 scopus 로고
    • Functional morphology of the vertebral column in primates
    • DL Gebo (ed.): DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press
    • Shapiro L (1993) Functional morphology of the vertebral column in primates. In DL Gebo (ed.): Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, pp. 121-149.
    • (1993) Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates , pp. 121-149
    • Shapiro, L.1
  • 241
    • 0027916635 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking ancestors
    • Shea BT, and Inouye SE (1993) Knuckle-walking ancestors. Science 259:293-294.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 293-294
    • Shea, B.T.1    Inouye, S.E.2
  • 242
    • 0021274960 scopus 로고
    • The phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization
    • Sibley CG, and Ahlquist JE (1984) The phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. J. Mol. Evol. 20:2-15.
    • (1984) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.20 , pp. 2-15
    • Sibley, C.G.1    Ahlquist, J.E.2
  • 243
    • 0025232016 scopus 로고
    • DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: A reanalysis of the data
    • Sibley CG, Comstock J, and Ahlquist JE (1990) DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data. J. Mol Evol. 30:202-236.
    • (1990) J. Mol Evol. , vol.30 , pp. 202-236
    • Sibley, C.G.1    Comstock, J.2    Ahlquist, J.E.3
  • 244
    • 0006558877 scopus 로고
    • Fossil evidence relating to the early evolution of primate behavior
    • Simons EL (1962) Fossil evidence relating to the early evolution of primate behavior. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 102:282-295.
    • (1962) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.102 , pp. 282-295
    • Simons, E.L.1
  • 245
    • 84981817934 scopus 로고
    • Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems
    • Simons EL (1967) Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26:241-254.
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 241-254
    • Simons, E.L.1
  • 248
    • 0018858848 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the orang-utan
    • Smith RJ, and Pilbeam DR (1980) Evolution of the orang-utan. Nature 284:447-448.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.284 , pp. 447-448
    • Smith, R.J.1    Pilbeam, D.R.2
  • 250
    • 0002984362 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of pileated gibbons in South-East Thailand
    • H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
    • Srikosamatara S (1984) Ecology of pileated gibbons in South-East Thailand. In H Preuschoft, DJ Chivers, WY Brockelman, and N Creel (eds.): The Lesser Apes Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 242-257.
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes , pp. 242-257
    • Srikosamatara, S.1
  • 251
    • 0002459523 scopus 로고
    • Functional myology of the hip and thigh of cebid monkeys and its implications for the evolution of erect posture
    • Karger, Basel
    • Stern JT (1971) Functional myology of the hip and thigh of cebid monkeys and its implications for the evolution of erect posture. Bibliotheca Primatologica No. 14. Karger, Basel.
    • (1971) Bibliotheca Primatologica No. 14
    • Stern, J.T.1
  • 253
    • 0003050732 scopus 로고
    • Primate locomotion: Some links with evolution and morphology
    • Stern JT, and Oxnard CE (1973) Primate locomotion: some links with evolution and morphology. Primatologia 4:1-93.
    • (1973) Primatologia , vol.4 , pp. 1-93
    • Stern, J.T.1    Oxnard, C.E.2
  • 254
    • 0020966356 scopus 로고
    • The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis
    • Stern JT, and Susman RL (1983) the locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60:279-317.
    • (1983) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.60 , pp. 279-317
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.L.2
  • 255
    • 0001351313 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in Ateles and Lagothrix
    • Stern JT, Wells JP, Vangor AK, and Fleagle JG (1977) Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in Ateles and Lagothrix. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 20:498-507.
    • (1977) Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.20 , pp. 498-507
    • Stern, J.T.1    Wells, J.P.2    Vangor, A.K.3    Fleagle, J.G.4
  • 256
    • 0019287228 scopus 로고
    • An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in atelines and Alouatta: Implications for hominoid evolution
    • Stern JT, Wells JP, Jungers WL, and Vangor AK (1980a) An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in atelines and Alouatta: implications for hominoid evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 52:323-344.
    • (1980) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.52 , pp. 323-344
    • Stern, J.T.1    Wells, J.P.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Vangor, A.K.4
  • 257
    • 0019190120 scopus 로고
    • An electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in atelines and Hylobates, with special reference to the evolution of a pars clavicularis
    • Stern JT, Wells JP, Jungers WL, Vangor AK, and Fleagle JG (1980b) An electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in atelines and Hylobates, with special reference to the evolution of a pars clavicularis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 52:13-26.
    • (1980) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.52 , pp. 13-26
    • Stern, J.T.1    Wells, J.P.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Vangor, A.K.4    Fleagle, J.G.5
  • 258
    • 38249030071 scopus 로고
    • Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades
    • Strasser E (1988) Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades. J. Hum. Evol. 17: 225-246.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 225-246
    • Strasser, E.1
  • 259
    • 0008218224 scopus 로고
    • The foot musculature of the highland gorilla (Gorilla beringei)
    • Straus WL (1930) The foot musculature of the highland gorilla (Gorilla beringei). Q. Rev. Biol. 5:261-317.
    • (1930) Q. Rev. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 261-317
    • Straus, W.L.1
  • 260
    • 0000618228 scopus 로고
    • The riddle of man's ancestry
    • Straus W (1949) The riddle of man's ancestry. Q. Rev Biol. 24:200-223.
    • (1949) Q. Rev Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 200-223
    • Straus, W.1
  • 261
    • 3543046848 scopus 로고
    • Fossil evidence of the evolution of the erect, bipedal posture
    • Straus W (1962) Fossil evidence of the evolution of the erect, bipedal posture. Clin. Orthop. 25:9-19.
    • (1962) Clin. Orthop. , vol.25 , pp. 9-19
    • Straus, W.1
  • 262
    • 84925746851 scopus 로고
    • The classification of Oreopithecus
    • SL Washburn (ed.): Chicago: Aldine Press
    • Straus W (1963) The classification of Oreopithecus. In SL Washburn (ed.): Classification and Human Evolution Chicago: Aldine Press, pp. 146-177.
    • (1963) Classification and Human Evolution , pp. 146-177
    • Straus, W.1
  • 264
    • 0022847199 scopus 로고
    • Age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the Sumatran Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia
    • Basel
    • Sugardjito J, and van Hooff JARAM (1986) Age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the Sumatran Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 47:14-25.
    • (1986) Folia Primatol. , vol.47 , pp. 14-25
    • Sugardjito, J.1    Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M.2
  • 265
    • 0018352832 scopus 로고
    • Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers
    • Susman RL (1979) Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:215-236.
    • (1979) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.50 , pp. 215-236
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 266
    • 0020962115 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the human foot: Evidence from Plio-Pleistocene hominids
    • Susman RL (1983) Evolution of the human foot: evidence from Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Foot Ankle 3:365-376.
    • (1983) Foot Ankle , vol.3 , pp. 365-376
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 267
    • 0003350817 scopus 로고
    • The locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest
    • RL Susman (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Susman RL (1984) The locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest. In RL Susman (eds.): The Pygmy Chimpanzee. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 369-393.
    • (1984) The Pygmy Chimpanzee , pp. 369-393
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 268
    • 0023823450 scopus 로고
    • Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member I, Swartkrans: Fossil evidence for tool behavior
    • Susman RL (1988) Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member I, Swartkrans: fossil evidence for tool behavior. Science 240:781-784.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 781-784
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 269
    • 2942710111 scopus 로고
    • Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids
    • Basel
    • Susman RL, Stern JT, and Jungers WL (1984) Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 43:113-156.
    • (1984) Folia Primatol. , vol.43 , pp. 113-156
    • Susman, R.L.1    Stern, J.T.2    Jungers, W.L.3
  • 270
    • 0002125232 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in the Hadar hominids
    • E Delson (ed): New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
    • Susman RL, Stern JT, and Jungers WL (1985) Locomotor adaptations in the Hadar hominids. In E Delson (ed): Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 184-192.
    • (1985) Ancestors: The Hard Evidence , pp. 184-192
    • Susman, R.L.1    Stern, J.T.2    Jungers, W.L.3
  • 271
    • 0019741272 scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny and the problem of adaptive significance: The case of the earliest primates
    • Basel
    • Szalay FS (1981) Phylogeny and the problem of adaptive significance: the case of the earliest primates. Folia Primatol. (Basel) 36:157-182.
    • (1981) Folia Primatol. , vol.36 , pp. 157-182
    • Szalay, F.S.1
  • 272
    • 0002228561 scopus 로고
    • Morpho-functional analysis of the articular surfaces of the knee joint in primates
    • AB Chiarelli and RS Corruccini (eds.): Berlin: Springer Verlag
    • Tardieu C (1981) Morpho-functional analysis of the articular surfaces of the knee joint in primates. In AB Chiarelli and RS Corruccini (eds.): Primate Evolutionary Biology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 68-80.
    • (1981) Primate Evolutionary Biology , pp. 68-80
    • Tardieu, C.1
  • 274
    • 0021066938 scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary divergence of Old World monkeys and apes
    • Temerin LA, and Cant JGH (1983) The evolutionary divergence of Old World monkeys and apes. Am. Nat. 122:335-351.
    • (1983) Am. Nat. , vol.122 , pp. 335-351
    • Temerin, L.A.1    Cant, J.G.H.2
  • 275
    • 84981807505 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands
    • Tuttle RH (1967) Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26:171-206.
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 171-206
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 276
    • 0014686998 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the problem of human origins
    • Tuttle RH (1969a) Knuckle-walking and the problem of human origins. Science 166:953-961.
    • (1969) Science , vol.166 , pp. 953-961
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 277
    • 0014544886 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea. I. the Hominoidea
    • Tuttle RH (1969b) Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea. I. the Hominoidea. J. Morphol. 128:309-364.
    • (1969) J. Morphol. , vol.128 , pp. 309-364
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 278
    • 0010347687 scopus 로고
    • Postural, propulsive and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes
    • GH Bourne (ed.): Basel: Karger
    • Tuttle RH (1970) Postural, propulsive and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes. In GH Bourne (ed.): The Chimpanzee, Vol. 2. Basel: Karger, pp. 167-253.
    • (1970) The Chimpanzee , vol.2 , pp. 167-253
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 279
    • 0004603119 scopus 로고
    • Functional and evolutionary biology of hylobatid hands and feet
    • DM Rumbaugh (ed.): Basel: Karger
    • Tuttle RH (1972a) Functional and evolutionary biology of hylobatid hands and feet. In DM Rumbaugh (ed.): Gibbon and Siamang. Vol. 1. Basel: Karger, pp. 136-206.
    • (1972) Gibbon and Siamang , vol.1 , pp. 136-206
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 280
    • 4243223261 scopus 로고
    • Relative mass of cheiridial muscles in catarrhine primates
    • R Tuttle (ed.): Chicago: Aldine Atherton
    • Tuttle RH (1972b) Relative mass of cheiridial muscles in catarrhine primates. In R Tuttle (ed.): The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates. Chicago: Aldine Atherton, pp. 262-291
    • (1972) The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates , pp. 262-291
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 281
    • 0001581807 scopus 로고
    • Darwin's apes, dental apes, and the descent of man: Normal science in evolutionary anthropology
    • Tuttle RH (1974) Darwin's apes, dental apes, and the descent of man: normal science in evolutionary anthropology. Curr. Anthropol. 15:389-426
    • (1974) Curr. Anthropol. , vol.15 , pp. 389-426
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 282
    • 0001943135 scopus 로고
    • Parallelism, brachiation, and hominoid phylogeny
    • WP Luckett and FS Szalay (eds): New York: Plenum Press
    • Tuttle RH (1975) Parallelism, brachiation, and hominoid phylogeny. In WP Luckett and FS Szalay (eds): Phylogeny of the Primates, a Multidisciplinary Approach. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 447-480.
    • (1975) Phylogeny of the Primates, a Multidisciplinary Approach , pp. 447-480
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 283
    • 0002435764 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities
    • Tuttle RH (1981) Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 292:89-94.
    • (1981) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] , vol.292 , pp. 89-94
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 284
    • 0002106619 scopus 로고
    • Ape footprints and Laetoli impressions: A response to the SUNY claims
    • PV Tobias (.ed.): New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
    • Tuttle RH (1985) Ape footprints and Laetoli impressions: a response to the SUNY claims. In PV Tobias (.ed.): Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 129-133.
    • (1985) Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future , pp. 129-133
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 286
    • 9544222227 scopus 로고
    • The pitted pattern of Laetoli feet
    • Tuttle RH (1990) The pitted pattern of Laetoli feet. Nat. Hist. 3:60-66.
    • (1990) Nat. Hist. , vol.3 , pp. 60-66
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 287
    • 0003066812 scopus 로고
    • The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla
    • S Kondo (ed.). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
    • Tuttle RH and Watts DP (1985) The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla. In S Kondo (ed.). Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyzes, and Human Bipedalism. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 261-288.
    • (1985) Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyzes, and Human Bipedalism , pp. 261-288
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Watts, D.P.2
  • 288
  • 290
    • 51249175423 scopus 로고
    • Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis
    • Tuttle RH, Webb DM, and Baksh M (1991b) Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis. Hum. Evol. 6:193-200.
    • (1991) Hum. Evol. , vol.6 , pp. 193-200
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Webb, D.M.2    Baksh, M.3
  • 291
    • 0038168309 scopus 로고
    • Functional pre-adaptation to bipedality in non-human, primates
    • abstract
    • Vangor AK (1977) Functional pre-adaptation to bipedality in non-human, primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 47:164-165 (abstract).
    • (1977) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.47 , pp. 164-165
    • Vangor, A.K.1
  • 293
    • 0000820381 scopus 로고
    • Muscle recruitment and the evolution of bipedality: Evidence from telemetered electromyography of spider, woolly and patas monkeys
    • Vangor AK, and JP Wells (1983) Muscle recruitment and the evolution of bipedality: evidence from telemetered electromyography of spider, woolly and patas monkeys. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris, 5:125-135.
    • (1983) Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris , vol.5 , pp. 125-135
    • Vangor, A.K.1    Wells, J.P.2
  • 294
    • 84942090319 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in past and present prosimian primates
    • FA Jenkins (eds.): New York: Academic Press
    • Walker AC (1974) Locomotor adaptations in past and present prosimian primates. In FA Jenkins (eds.): Primate Locomotion. New York: Academic Press, pp. 349-381.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 349-381
    • Walker, A.C.1
  • 296
    • 0002236234 scopus 로고
    • New postcranial fossils of Proconsul africanus and Proconsul nyanzae
    • RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Walker AC, and Pickford M (1983) New postcranial fossils of Proconsul africanus and Proconsul nyanzae. In RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 325-351.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 325-351
    • Walker, A.C.1    Pickford, M.2
  • 297
    • 0024526226 scopus 로고
    • The hunt for Proconsul
    • Walker A, and Teaford M (1989) The hunt for Proconsul. Sci. Am. 260:74-82.
    • (1989) Sci. Am. , vol.260 , pp. 74-82
    • Walker, A.1    Teaford, M.2
  • 298
    • 0027443814 scopus 로고
    • Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae
    • Ward CV (1993) Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 92:291-328.
    • (1993) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.92 , pp. 291-328
    • Ward, C.V.1
  • 299
    • 0002261950 scopus 로고
    • Maxillofacial morphology of Miocene hominoids from Africa and Indo-Pakistan
    • RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Ward SC, and Pilbeam DR (1983) Maxillofacial morphology of Miocene hominoids from Africa and Indo-Pakistan. In RL Ciochon and RS Corruccini (eds.): New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 211-238.
    • (1983) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry , pp. 211-238
    • Ward, S.C.1    Pilbeam, D.R.2
  • 301
    • 84925798312 scopus 로고
    • Behavior and human evolution
    • SL Washburn (ed.): New York: Viking Fund
    • Washburn SL (1963) Behavior and human evolution. In SL Washburn (ed.): Classification and Human Evolution, New York: Viking Fund, pp. 190-203.
    • (1963) Classification and Human Evolution , pp. 190-203
    • Washburn, S.L.1
  • 303
    • 4243583182 scopus 로고
    • Speculations on the problem of man's coming to the ground
    • B Rothblatt (ed.): Chicago University of Chicago Press
    • Washburn SL (1968b) Speculations on the problem of man's coming to the ground. In B Rothblatt (ed.): Changing Perspectives on Man, Chicago University of Chicago Press, pp. 193-206.
    • (1968) Changing Perspectives on Man , pp. 193-206
    • Washburn, S.L.1
  • 304
    • 0041530621 scopus 로고
    • The study of human evolution
    • P Dolhinow and V Sarich (eds.): Boston: Little, Brown
    • Washburn SL (1971) The study of human evolution. In P Dolhinow and V Sarich (eds.): Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology. Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 82-117.
    • (1971) Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology , pp. 82-117
    • Washburn, S.L.1
  • 305
    • 0001790639 scopus 로고
    • Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first mylodont sloth in North America
    • KH Redford and JF Eisenberg (eds.): Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Press
    • Webb SD (1989) Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first mylodont sloth in North America. In KH Redford and JF Eisenberg (eds.): Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy. Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Press, pp. 469-532.
    • (1989) Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy , pp. 469-532
    • Webb, S.D.1
  • 309
    • 0023182930 scopus 로고
    • Hominid footprints at Laetoli: Facts and interpretations
    • White TD, and Suwa G (1987) Hominid footprints at Laetoli: facts and interpretations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:485-514.
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.72 , pp. 485-514
    • White, T.D.1    Suwa, G.2
  • 311
    • 0021690071 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical study of vertical climbing and bipedal walking in gibbons
    • Yamazaki N, and Ishida H (1984) A biomechanical study of vertical climbing and bipedal walking in gibbons J. Hum. Evol. 13:563-571.
    • (1984) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.13 , pp. 563-571
    • Yamazaki, N.1    Ishida, H.2
  • 312
    • 0017912420 scopus 로고
    • Functional morphology of the forelimb joints in the woolly monkey Lagothrix lagotricha
    • Ziemer LK (1978) Functional morphology of the forelimb joints in the woolly monkey Lagothrix lagotricha. Contrib. Primatol. 14:1-130.
    • (1978) Contrib. Primatol. , vol.14 , pp. 1-130
    • Ziemer, L.K.1
  • 313
    • 0008885044 scopus 로고
    • Pygmy chimpanzee morphology and the interpretation of early hominids
    • Zihlman AL (1979) Pygmy chimpanzee morphology and the interpretation of early hominids. S. Afr. J Sci. 75:165-168.
    • (1979) S. Afr. J Sci. , vol.75 , pp. 165-168
    • Zihlman, A.L.1
  • 314
    • 0002783984 scopus 로고
    • Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with comparison to other hominoids
    • RS Susman (ed.): New York: Plenum Press
    • Zihlman AL (1984) Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with comparison to other hominoids. In RS Susman (ed.): The Pygmy Chimpanzee. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 179-200.
    • (1984) The Pygmy Chimpanzee , pp. 179-200
    • Zihlman, A.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.