Immune thrombocytopenia

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 495-520

  Kistangari, Gaurav ^a   McCrae, Keith R ^b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Immune; ITP; Platelets; Splenectomy; Thrombocytopenia; Thrombopoietin

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DANAZOL; DAPSONE; DEXAMETHASONE; ELTROMBOPAG; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PREDNISOLONE; RITUXIMAB; ROMIPLOSTIM; THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; ACNE; AMENORRHEA; ANOREXIA; AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSPEPSIA; EPISTAXIS; FATIGUE; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GINGIVA BLEEDING; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS C; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; HYPERTRICHOSIS; INFUSION RELATED REACTION; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MENORRHAGIA; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SERUM SICKNESS; SIDE EFFECT; SPLENECTOMY; SWEATING; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREMOR; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; WEAKNESS; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC;

HUMANS; PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC;

EID: 84878233365     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: 15581977     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Rodeghiero F., Stasi R., Gernsheimer T., et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood 2009, 113:2386-2393.
2. Stasi R., Newland A.C. ITP: a historical perspective. Br J Haematol 2011, 153(4):437-450.
3. Cuker A., Cines D.B. Immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010, 2010:377-384.
4. Toltl L.J., Nazi I., Jafari R., et al. Piecing together the humoral and cellular mechanisms of immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011, 37(6):631-639.
5. Semple J.W., Provan D., Garvey M.B., et al. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Curr Opin Hematol 2010, 17(6):590-595.
6. McMillan R. Antiplatelet antibodies in chronic immune thrombocytopenia and their role in platelet destruction and defective platelet production. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009, 23(6):1163-1175.
7. Cines D.B., Bussel J.B., Liebman H.A., et al. The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity. Blood 2009, 113:6511-6521.
8. Cines D.B., Liebman H., Stasi R. Pathobiology of secondary immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol 2009, 46:S2-S14.
9. Nugent D., McMillan R., Nichol J.L., et al. Pathogenesis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: increased platelet destruction and/or decreased platelet production. Br J Haematol 2009, 146(6):585-596.
10. Stasi R. Immune thrombocytopenia: pathophysiologic and clinical update. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012, 38(5):454-462.
11. Blanchette V., Bolton-Maggs P. Childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura: diagnosis and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010, 24(1):249-273.
12. Breakey V.R., Blanchette V.S. Childhood immune thrombocytopenia: a changing therapeutic landscape. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011, 37(7):745-755.
13. Liebman H.A. Viral-associated immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2008, 212-218.
14. Rajan S.K., Espina B.M., Liebman H.A. Hepatitis C virus-related thrombocytopenia: clinical and laboratory characteristics compared with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2005, 129(6):818-824.
15. Zhang W., Nardi M.A., Borkowsky W., et al. Role of molecular mimicry of hepatitis C virus protein with platelet GPIIIa in hepatitis C-related immunologic thrombocytopenia. Blood 2009, 113(17):4086-4093.
16. Li Z., Nardi M.A., Karpatkin S. Role of molecular mimicry to HIV-1 peptides in HIV-1 related immunologic thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005, 106:572-576.
17. Nardi M., Tomlinson S., Greco M.A., et al. Complement-independent, peroxide-induced antibody lysis of platelets in HIV-1-related immune thrombocytopenia. Cell 2001, 106:551-561.
18. Liebman H.A. Recognizing and treating secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. Semin Hematol 2009, 46(1 SUPPL 2):S33-S36.
19. Teachey D.T. New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012, 24(1):1-8.
20. Michel M., Chanet V., Dechartres A., et al. The spectrum of Evans syndrome in adults: new insight into the disease based on the analysis of 68 cases. Blood 2009, 114(15):3167-3172.
21. Lipp E., von Felten A., Sax H., et al. Antibodies against platelet glycoproteins and antiphospholipid antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol 1998, 60:282-288.
22. Arnal C., Piette J.C., Leone J., et al. Treatment of severe immune thrombocytopenia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: 59 cases. J Rheumatol 2002, 29(1):75-83.
23. Panitsas F.P., Theodoropoulou M., Kouraklis A., et al. Adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the manifestation of a type-1 polarized immune response. Blood 2004, 103(7):2645-2647.
24. Sakakura M., Wada H., Tawara I., et al. Reduced Cd4+Cd25+ T cells in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res 2007, 120(2):187-193.
25. Bao W., Bussel J.B., Heck S., et al. Improved regulatory T-cell activity in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with thrombopoietic agents. Blood 2010, 116(22):4639-4645.
26. Stasi R., Cooper N., Del P.G., et al. Analysis of regulatory T-cell changes in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura receiving B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab. Blood 2008, 112(4):1147-1150.
27. Roark J.H., Bussel J.B., Cines D.B., et al. Genetic analysis of autoantibodies in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura reveals evidence of clonal expansion and somatic mutation. Blood 2002, 100:1388-1398.
28. Olsson B., Andersson P.O., Jernas M., et al. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward platelets in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nat Med 2003, 9(9):1123-1124.
29. Olsson B., Ridell B., Carlsson L., et al. Recruitment of T cells into bone marrow of ITP patients possibly due to elevated expression of VLA-4 and CX3CR1. Blood 2008, 112(4):1078-1084.
30. Harrington W.J., Minnich V., Hollingsworth J.W., et al. Demonstration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura. J Lab Clin Med 1951, 38:1-8.
31. Shulman N.R., Marder V.J., Weinrach R.S. Similarities between known antiplatelet antibodies and the factor responsible for thrombocytopenia in idiopathic purpura. Physiologic, serologic and isotopic studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965, 124(2):499-542.
32. Dixon R.H., Rosse W.F. Platelet antibody in autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1975, 31(2):129-134.
33. McMillan R. Antiplatelet antibodies in chronic adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura: Assays and epitopes. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003, 25:S57-S61.
34. Cines D.B., Blanchette V.S. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(13):995-1008.
35. Branehog I., Kutti J., Weinfeld A. Platelet survival and platelet production in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Br J Haematol 1974, 27(1):127-143.
36. Ballem P.J., Segal G.M., Stratton J.R., et al. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Evidence of both impaired platelet production and increased platelet clearance. J Clin Invest 1987, 80(1):33-40.
37. Najean Y., Rain J.D., Billotey C. The site of destruction of autologous 111In-labelled platelets and the efficiency of splenectomy in children and adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a study of 578 patients with 268 splenectomies. Br J Haematol 1997, 97(3):547-550.
38. Stratton J.R., Ballem P.J., Gernsheimer T., et al. Platelet destruction in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: kinetics and clearance of indium-111-labeled autologous platelets. J Nucl Med 1989, 30(5):629-637.
39. Clarkson S.B., Bussel J.B., Kimberly R.P., et al. Treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura with an anti-Fc gamma-receptor antibody. N Engl J Med 1986, 314(19):1236-1239.
40. Najaoui A., Bakchoul T., Stoy J., et al. Autoantibody-mediated complement activation on platelets is a common finding in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Eur J Haematol 2012, 88(2):167-174.
41. Houwerzijl E.J., Blom N.R., van der Want J.J., et al. Ultrastructural study shows morphologic features of apoptosis and para-apoptosis in megakaryocytes from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2004, 103(2):500-506.
42. Chang M., Nakagawa P.A., Williams S.A., et al. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) plasma and purified ITP monoclonal autoantibodies inhibit megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. Blood 2003, 102:887-895.
43. McMillan R., Wang L., Tomer A., et al. Suppression of in vitro megakaryocyte production by antiplatelet autoantibodies from adult patients with chronic ITP. Blood 2004, 103:1364-1369.
44. Harker L.A. Thrombokinetics in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1970, 19(1):95-104.
45. Branehog I., Weinfeld A. Platelet survival and platelet production in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) before and during treatment with corticosteroids. Scand J Haematol 1974, 12(1):69-79.
46. Heyns A.P., Badenhorst P.N., Lotter M.G., et al. Platelet turnover and kinetics in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: results with autologous 111In-labeled platelets and homologous 51Cr-labeled platelets differ. Blood 1986, 67(1):86-92.
47. Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin. N Engl J Med 1998, 339(11):746-754.
48. Nichol J.L. Endogenous TPO (eTPO) levels in health and disease: possible clues for therapeutic intervention. Stem Cells 1998, 16(SUPPL 2):165-175.
49. Li S., Wang L., Zhao C., et al. CD8+ T cells suppress autologous megakaryocyte apoptosis in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2007, 139(4):605-611.
50. Fogarty P.F., Segal J.B. The epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Curr Opin Hematol 2007, 14(5):515-519.
51. Zeller B., Rajantie J., Hedlund-Treutiger I., et al. Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the Nordic countries: epidemiology and predictors of chronic disease. Acta Paediatr 2005, 94(2):178-184.
52. Segal J.B., Powe N.R. Prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia: analyses of administrative data. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4(11):2377-2383.
53. Yong M., Schoonen W.M., Li L., et al. Epidemiology of paediatric immune thrombocytopenia in the General Practice Research Database. Br J Haematol 2010, 149(6):855-864.
54. Terrell D.R., Beebe L.A., Vesely S.K., et al. The incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults: A critical review of published reports. Am J Hematol 2010, 85(3):174-180.
55. Neylon A.J., Saunders P.W., Howard M.R., Northern Region Haematology Group, et al. Clinically significant newly presenting autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults: a prospective study of a population-based cohort of 245 patients. Br J Haematol 2003, 122:966-974.
56. Frederiksen H., Schmidt K. The incidence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults increases with age. Blood 1999, 94(3):909-913.
57. Terrell D.R., Beebe L.A., Neas B.R., et al. Prevalence of primary immune thrombocytopenia in Oklahoma. Am J Hematol 2012, 87(9):848-852.
58. Psaila B., Petrovic A., Page L.K., et al. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): study of 40 cases. Blood 2009, 114(23):4777-4783.
59. Kuhne T., Berchtold W., Michaels L.A., et al. Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in children and adults: a comparative prospective observational registry of the Intercontinental Cooperative Immune Thrombocytopenia Study Group. Haematologica 2011, 96(12):1831-1837.
60. Porteilje J.E., Westendorp R.G., Kluin-Nelemans H.C., et al. Morbidity and mortality in adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2001, 97:2549-2554.
61. Norgaard M., Jensen A.O., Engebjerg M.C., et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Blood 2011, 117(13):3514-3520.
62. Mittal S., Blaylock M.G., Culligan D.J., et al. A high rate of CLL phenotype lymphocytes in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2008, 93(1):151-152.
63. Cohen Y.C., Djulbegovic B., Shamai-Lubovitz O., et al. The bleeding risk and natural history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with persistent low platelet counts. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160(11):1630-1638.
64. Cortelazzo S., Finazzi G., Buelli M., et al. High risk of severe bleeding in aged patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1991, 77(1):31-33.
65. Michel M., Rauzy O.B., Thoraval F.R., et al. Characteristics and outcome of immune thrombocytopenia in elderly: results from a single center case-controlled study. Am J Hematol 2011, 86(12):980-984.
66. Kiyomizu K., Kashiwagi H., Nakazawa T., et al. Recognition of highly restricted regions in the β-propeller domain of αIIb by platelet-associated anti-αIIbβ3 autoantibodies in primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012, 120(7):1499-1509.
67. Newton J.L., Reese J.A., Watson S.I., et al. Fatigue in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol 2011, 86(5):420-429.
68. Kuter D.J., Mathias S.D., Rummel M., et al. Health-related quality of life in nonsplenectomized immune thrombocytopenia patients receiving romiplostim or medical standard of care. Am J Hematol 2012, 87(5):558-561.
69. Mathias S.D., Bussel J.B., George J.N., et al. A disease-specific measure of health-related quality of life for use in adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: its development and validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2007, 5:11.
70. Aledort L.M., Hayward C.P., Chen M.G., et al. Prospective screening of 205 patients with ITP, including diagnosis, serological markers, and the relationship between platelet counts, endogenous thrombopoietin, and circulating antithrombopoietin antibodies. Am J Hematol 2004, 76(3):205-213.
71. Sarpatwari A., Bennett D., Logie J.W., et al. Thromboembolic events among adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Haematologica 2010, 95:1167-1175.
72. Severinsen M.T., Engebjerg M.C., Farkas D.K., et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol 2011, 152(3):360-362.
73. Diz-Kucukkaya R., Hacehanefioglu A., Yenerel M., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2001, 98:1760-1764.
74. Neunert C., Lim W., Crowther M., et al. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011, 117(16):4190-4207.
75. Provan D., Stasi R., Newland A.C., et al. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010, 115:168-186.
76. Peerschke E.I., Yin W., Ghebrehiwet B. Complement activation on platelets: implications for vascular inflammation and thrombosis. Mol Immunol 2010, 47(13):2170-2175.
77. Noris P., Klersy C., Zecca M., et al. Platelet size distinguishes between inherited macrothrombocytopenias and immune thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7(12):2131-2136.
78. Barsam S.J., Psaila B., Forestier M., et al. Platelet production and platelet destruction: assessing mechanisms of treatment effect in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011, 117(21):5723-5732.
79. Nurden A.T., Freson K., Seligsohn U. Inherited platelet disorders. Haemophilia 2012, 18(SUPPL 4):154-160. 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02856.x.
80. Balduini C.L., Pecci A., Savoia A. Recent advances in the understanding and management of MYH9-related inherited thrombocytopenias. Br J Haematol 2011, 154(2):161-174.
81. Berndt M.C., Andrews R.K. Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Haematologica 2011, 96(3):355-359.
82. Kuhne T., Imbach P., Bolton-Maggs P.H., et al. Newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood: an observational study. Lancet 2001, 358(9299):2122-2125.
83. Patel V.L., Mahevas M., Lee S.Y., et al. Outcomes 5 years after response to rituximab therapy in children and adults with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012, 119(25):5989-5995.
84. Bussel J.B., Buchanan G.R., Nugent D.J., et al. A randomized, double-blind study of romiplostim to determine its safety and efficacy in children with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011, 118(1):28-36.
85. Kuhne T., Blanchette V., Buchanan G.R., et al. Splenectomy in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective study of 134 children from the Intercontinental Childhood ITP Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007, 49(6):829-834.
86. Mazzucconi M.G., Fazi P., Bernasconi S., et al. Therapy with high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) in previously untreated patients affected by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a GIMEMA experience. Blood 2007, 109:1401-1407.
87. Cheng Y., Wong R.S., Soo Y.O., et al. Initial treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura with high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:831-836.
88. Bae S.H., Ryoo H., Lee W.S., et al. High dose dexamethasone vs conventional dose prednisolone for adults with immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective multicenter phase III trial. Blood 2010, 116. [abstract].
89. Zaja F., Baccarani M., Mazza P., et al. Dexamethasone plus rituximab yields higher sustained response rates than dexamethasone monotherapy in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010, 115(14):2755-2762.
90. Leontyev D., Katsman Y., Branch D.R. Mouse background and IVIG dosage are critical in establishing the role of inhibitory Fcγ receptor for the amelioration of experimental ITP. Blood 2012, 119(22):5261-5264.
91. Cooper N. Intravenous immunoglobulin and anti-RhD therapy in the management of immune thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009, 23(6):1317-1327.
92. Gaines A.R. Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acute hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria following Rh(0)(D) immune globulin intravenous administration for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2005, 106(5):1532-1537.
93. Despotovic J.M., Lambert M.P., Herman J.H., et al. RhIG for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia: consensus and controversy (CME). Transfusion 2012, 52(5):1126-1136.
94. Cooper N., Wolowski B.M., Fodero E.M., et al. Does treatment with intermittent infusion of intravenous anti-D allow a proportion of adults with recently diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura to avoid splenectomy. Blood 2002, 99:1922-1927.
95. George J.N., Kojouri K., Perdue J.J., et al. Management of patients with chronic, refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2000, 37:290-298.
96. Psaila B., Bussel J.B. Refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura: current strategies for investigation and management. Br J Haematol 2008, 143(1):16-26.
97. Arnold D.M., Dentali F., Crowther M.A., et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146(1):25-33.
98. Auger S., Duny Y., Rossi J.F., et al. Rituximab before splenectomy in adults with primary idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a meta-analysis. Br J Haematol 2012, 158(3):386-398.
99. Godeau B., Porcher R., Fain O., et al. Rituximab efficacy and safety in adult splenectomy candidates with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood 2008, 112(4):999-1004.
100. Arnold D.M., Heddle N.M., Carruthers J., et al. A pilot randomized trial of adjuvant rituximab or placebo for nonsplenectomized patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012, 119(6):1356-1362.
101. Provan D., Butler T., Evangelista M.L., et al. Activity and safety profile of low-dose rituximab for the treatment of autoimmune cytopenias in adults. Haematologica 2007, 92(12):1695-1698.
102. Stasi R., Del Poeta G., Evangelista M.L., et al. Response to B-cell depleting therapy with rituximab reverts the abnormalities of T-cell subsets in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2007, 110:2924-2930.
103. Carson K.R., Focosi D., Major E.O., et al. Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(8):816-824.
104. Rodeghiero F. First-line therapies for immune thrombocytopenic purpura: re-evaluating the need to treat. Eur J Haematol SUPPL 2008, (69):19-26.
105. Kojouri K., Vesely S.K., Terrell D.R., et al. Splenectomy for adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review to assess long-term platelet responses, prediction of response, and surgical complications. Blood 2004, 104:2623-2634.
106. Mikhael J., Northridge K., Lindquist K., et al. Short-term and long-term failure of laparoscopic splenectomy in adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients: a systematic review. Am J Hematol 2009, 84(11):743-748.
107. Rodeghiero F., Ruggeri M. Is splenectomy still the gold standard for the treatment of chronic ITP?. Am J Hematol 2008, 83(2):91.
108. Schilling R.F. Estimating the risk for sepsis after splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:187-188.
109. Thomsen R.W., Schoonen W.M., Farkas D.K., et al. Risk for hospital contact with infection in patients with splenectomy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009, 151(8):546-555.
110. Ghanima W., Godeau B., Cines D.B., et al. How I treat immune thrombocytopenia: the choice between splenectomy or a medical therapy as a second-line treatment. Blood 2012, 120(5):960-969.
111. Kuter D.J., Rummel M., Boccia R., et al. Romiplostim or standard of care in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2010, 363(20):1889-1899.
112. Stasi R., Bosworth J., Rhodes E., et al. Thrombopoietic agents. Blood Rev 2010, 24(4-5):179-190.
113. Kuter D.J. Romiplostim. Cancer Treat Res 2011, 157:267-288.
114. Kuter D.J., Bussel J.B., Lyons R.M., et al. Efficacy of romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 371(9610):395-403.
115. Janssens A., Tarantino M.D., Bird R., et al. Final results from a multicenter, international, single arm study evaluating the efficacy and safety of romiplostim in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011, 118. [abstract].
116. Bussel J.B., Pinheiro M.P. Eltrombopag. Cancer Treat Res 2011, 157:289-303.
117. Cheng G., Saleh M.N., Marcher C., et al. Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): a 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet 2011, 377(9763):393-402.
118. Saleh M.N., Cheng G., Bussel J.B., et al. Safety and efficacy of extended treatment with eltrombopag in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia from June 2006 to February 2011. Blood 2011, 118. [abstract].
119. Cuker A., Chiang E.Y., Cines D.B. Safety of the thrombopoiesis-stimulating agents for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. Curr Drug Saf 2010, 5(2):171-181.
120. Imbach P., Crowther M. Thrombopoietin-receptor agonists for primary immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2011, 365(8):734-741.
121. Brynes R.K., Orazi A., Verma S., et al. Evaluation of bone marrow reticulin in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) treated with eltrombopag-data from the EXTEND study. Blood 2011, 118. [abstract].
122. Spahr J.E., Rodgers G.M. Treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia purpura with concurrent intravenous immunoglobulin and platelet transfusion: a retrospective review of 40 patients. Am J Hematol 2008, 83(2):122-125.
123. Gill K.K., Kelton J.G. Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. Semin Hematol 2000, 37:275-283.
124. McCrae K.R. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010, 2010:397-402.
125. Burrows R.F., Kelton J.G. Fetal thrombocytopenia and its relation to maternal thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1463-1466.
126. Lakshmanan S., Cuker A. Contemporary management of primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults. J Thromb Haemost 2012, 10(10):1988-1998.