Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in tourism: Development and validation of an efficient measurement scale in the hospitality industry

Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 365-385

  Martínez, Patricia ^a   Pérez, Andrea ^a   Rodríguez del Bosque, Ignacio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTABRIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Corporate social responsibility; hospitality industry; scale development; sustainable development; tourism sector

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878199021     PISSN: 10548408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10548408.2013.784154     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Adams, C. and Zutshi, A. 2004. Corporate social responsibility: Why business should act responsibly and be accountable. Australian Accounting Review, 14 (3): 31 - 45.
2. Amato, L. H. and Amato, C. H. 2007. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving. Journal of Business Ethics, 72 (3): 229 - 241.
3. Anderson, J. C. and Gerbing, D. W. 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (3): 411 - 423.
4. Aupperle, K., Carroll, A. and Hatfield, J. 1985. An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (2): 446 - 463.
5. Ayuso, S. and Fulana, P. 2002. Turismo sostenible [Sustainable tourism], Madrid,Spain: Rubes.
6. Backhaus, K., Stone, B. and Heiner, K. 2002. Exploring the relationship between corporate social performance and employer attractiveness. Business and Society, 41 (3): 292 - 318.
7. Basil, D., Runte, M., Easwaramoorthy, M. and Barr, C. 2009. Company support for employee volunteering: A national survey of companies in Canada. Journal of Business Ethics, 85: 387 - 399.
8. Baucus, M.S. and Baucus, D.A. 1997. Paying the piper: An empirical examination of longerterm financial consequences of illegal corporate behavior. Acadamy of Management Journal, 40 (1): 129 - 151.
9. Bentler, P. M. 1988. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 7: 238 - 246.
10. Bentler, P. M. 1992. On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112: 400 - 404.
11. Bentler, P. M. 1995. EQS structural equations program manual, Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
12. Bentler, P. M. and Bonnett, D. G. 1980. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 588 - 606.
13. Berens, G., van Riel, C. B. M. and van Rekom, J. 2007. The CSR quality trade-off: When can corporate social responsibility and corporate ability compensate each other?. Journal of Business Ethics, 74 (3): 233 - 252.
14. Bigné, E., Andreu, L., Chumpitaz, R. and Swaen, V. 2005. Percepción de la responsabilidad social corporativa: Un análisis cross-cultural [Perceptions of corporate responsibility: A cross-cultural analysis]. Universia Business Review, 5: 14 - 27.
15. Bigné, E., Andreu, L., Chumpitaz, R. and Swaen, V. 2006. La influencia de la responsabilidad social corporativa en el comportamiento de compra de estudiantes universitarios [The influence of corporate social responsibility on the buying behavior of college students]. Esic Market, 6 (597): 163 - 189.
16. Bigné, E., Font, X. and Andreu, L. 2000. Marketing de destinos turísticos [Tourist destinations marketing], Madrid,Spain: ESIC.
17. Biloslavo, R. and Trnavcevic, A. 2009. Web sites as tools of communication of a green company. Management Decision, 47 (7): 1158 - 1173.
18. Bollen, K. A. and Bollen, K. A. 1989. Structural equations with latent variables, New York, NY: Wiley.
19. Bowen, H. R. 1953. Social responsibilities of the businessman, New York, NY: Harper.
20. Bragdon, J. H. and Marlin, J. A. 1972. Is pollution profitable?. Risk Management, 19: 9 - 18.
21. Brown, T. and Dacin, P. 1997. The company and the product: Corporate associations and consumer product responses. Journal of Marketing, 61 (1): 68 - 84.
22. Campbell, J. L. 2007. Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. The Academy of Management Review, 32 (3): 946 - 967.
23. Carroll, A. B. 1979. A three dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 184: 497 - 505.
24. Carroll, A. B. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34 (4): 39 - 48.
25. Carroll, A. B. 1999. Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business and Society, 38 (3): 268 - 295.
26. Carroll, A. B. 2000. A commentary and an overview of key questions on corporate social performance measurement. Business & Society, 39 (4): 466 - 478.
27. Churchill, G. A. 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (2): 64 - 73.
28. Cizmar, S. and Vlahov, A. 2010. Crisis management in hospitality industry: Case of Croatia. In 5th International Conference Proceedings, An Enterprise Odyssey: From Crisis toProsperity-Challenges for Government and Business,: 1576 - 1592. pp
29. Clarkson, M. 1995. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 20 (1): 92 - 117.
30. Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16: 297 - 334.
31. Davidson, W. N. and Worrell, D. L. 1990. A comparison and test of the use of accounting and stock market data in relating corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Akron Business and Economic Review, 21: 7 - 19.
32. Davis, K. 1973. The case for and against business assumption of social responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16 (2): 312 - 312.
33. Decker, O. S. 2004. Corporate social responsibility and structural change in financial services. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19 (6): 712 - 728.
34. Dejean, F. and Gond, J. P. 2004. La responsabilité sociétale des entreprises: Enjeux stratégiques et méthodologies de recherche [The corporate social responsibility: Strategic issues and research methodologies]. Finance, Contrôle et Stratégie, 7 (1): 5 - 31.
35. D'Humières, P. and Chauveau, A. 2001. Les pionniers de l'entreprise responsable, Paris, France: Éditions d'Organisation. [The pioneers of a responsible company].
36. DLA Piper. (2010). DLA Piper 2010 Europe hospitality outlook survey. Retrieved from http://www.dlapiper.com/files/upload/HL_2010_Survey_Report.pdf (http://www.dlapiper.com/files/upload/HL_2010_Survey_Report.pdf)
37. Drumwright, M. E. 1996. Company advertising with a social dimension: The role of noneconomic criteria. Journal of Marketing, 60: 71 - 87.
38. Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B. and Sen, S. 2007. Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: The role of competitive positioning. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24 (3): 224 - 241.
39. European Commission. 2001. Green paper: Promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility, Brussels, Belgium: Commission of the European Communities.
40. European Commission. 2002. Corporate social responsibility: A business contribution to sustainable development, Luxembourg, Luxembourg: European Commission Directorate General for Employment and Social Affairs. Unit D.I, Industrial Relations and Industrial Change.
41. Faulkner, B., Mascardo, G. and Laws, E. 2000. Tourism in the 21st century: Lessons from experience, London, United Kingdom: Continuum.
42. Focacci, A. 2011. Corporate social responsibility performance assessment by using a linear combination of key indicators. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 6 (2): 183 - 202.
43. Forética. (2011). Informe Forética: Evolución de la responsabilidad social corporativa en las empresas en España [Forética report: Evolution of corporate responsibility in companies in Spain]. Retrieved from http://www.foretica.org/ (http://http://www.foretica.org/)
44. Freedman, M. and Jaggi, B. 1982. Pollution disclosures, pollution performance and economic performance. Omega, 10 (2): 167 - 179.
45. Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach, Boston, MA: Pitman.
46. Freeman, R. E. 2000. Business ethics at the millennium. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10 (1): 169 - 180.
47. Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine, September 13
48. García de los Salmones, M., Crespo, A. and Rodríguez del Bosque, I. 2005. Influence of corporate social responsibility on loyalty and valuation of services. Journal of Business Ethics, 61 (4): 369 - 385.
49. García de los Salmones, M., Rodríguez del Bosque, I. and Herrero, A. 2007. Percepción de comportamiento responsable y costes de cambio como determinantes de la lealtad hacia un servicio [Perception of responsible behavior and switching costs as determinants of loyalty to a service]. Revista Española de Investigación de Marketing ESIC, 11 (1): 97 - 118.
50. Giannarakis, G., Sariannidis, N. and Garefalakis, A. 2011. The content of corporate social responsibility information: The case of Greek telecommunication sector. International Business Research, 4 (3): 33 - 45.
51. Gladwin, T., Kennelly, J. and Krause, T. 1995. Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: Implications for management theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 20 (4): 874 - 907.
52. Godfrey, P. 2005. The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholder wealth: A risk management perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30 (4): 777 - 798.
53. Gray, R., Kouhy, R. and Lavers, S. 1995. Corporate social and environmental reporting: A review of the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 8 (2): 47 - 77.
54. Green Hotelier. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.greenhotelier.org (http://http://www.greenhotelier.org)
55. Green Hotels Association. (2005). Retrieved from: http://www.greenhotels.com/index.php (http://http://www.greenhotels.com/index.php)
56. Greening, D. W. and Turban, D. B. 2000. Corporate social performance as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, 39 (3): 254 - 280.
57. Griffin, J. J. and Mahon, J. F. 1997. The corporate social performance and corporate financial performance debate. Business & Society, 36 (1): 5 - 31.
58. Hair, F., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. and Black, W. 2006. Multivariate data analysis with readings, London, UK: Prentice-Hall.
59. Henderson, J. C. 2007. Corporate social responsibility and tourism: Hotel companies in Phuket, Thailand, after the Indian Ocean tsunami. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26 (1): 228 - 239.
60. Holcomb, J. L., Upchurch, R. S. and Okumus, F. 2007. Corporate social responsibility: What are top hotel companies reporting?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19 (6): 461 - 475.
61. Hung, K. and Petrick, J. F. 2010. Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37 (1): 206 - 228.
62. Jamrozy, U. 2007. Marketing of tourism: A paradigm shift toward sustainability. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1 (2): 117 - 130.
63. Joyner, B. E. and Payne, D. 2002. Evolution and implementation: A study of values, business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 41 (4): 297 - 311.
64. Kakabadse, N. K., Rozuel, C. and Lee-Davies, L. 2005. Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder approach: A conceptual review. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 1 (4): 277 - 302.
65. Keim, G. D. 1978. Corporate social responsibility: An assessment of the enlightened self-interest model. Academy of Management Review, 3 (1): 32 - 39.
66. Kline, R. B. 2005. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
67. Knowles, T., Macmillan, S., Palmer, J., Grabowski, P. and Hashimoto, A. 1999. The development of environmental initiatives in tourism: Responses from the London hotel sector. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1 (4): 255 - 265.
68. Mahoney, L. S. and Thorne, L. 2005. Corporate social responsibility and long-term compensation: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Business Ethics, 57 (3): 241 - 253.
69. Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O. C. 2000. Measuring corporate citizenship in two countries: The case of the United States and France. Journal of Business Ethics, 23 (3): 283 - 297.
70. Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O. 2001. Corporate citizen as a marketing instrument: Concepts, evidence and research directions. European Journal of Marketing, 35 (3-4): 457 - 463.
71. Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O. C. 2003. Nature of corporate responsibilities: Perspectives from American, French, and German consumers. Journal of Business Research, 56 (1): 55 - 67.
72. Maignan, I., Ferrell, O. C. and Hult, G. T. M. 1999. Corporate citizenship: Cultural antecedents and business benefits. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27 (4): 455 - 469.
73. Manaktola, K. and Jauhari, V. 2007. Exploring consumer attitude and behaviour towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19 (5): 364 - 377.
74. Marín, L. and Ruiz, S. 2007. "I need you too!" Corporate identity attractiveness for consumers and the role of social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 71 (3): 245 - 260.
75. McGuire, J., Sundgren, A. and Schneeweis, T. 1988. Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (4): 854 - 872.
76. Mohr, L. A., Webb, D. J. and Harris, K. E. 2001. Do consumers expect companies to be socially responsible?: The impact of corporate social responsibility on buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35 (1): 45 - 72.
77. Mukherji, J. and Mukherji, A. 2002. The relationship among knowledge, opportunity, and ethical perceptions: A cross-national investigation. Teaching Business Ethics, 6 (2): 219 - 243.
78. National Statistics Institute. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ine.es (http://http://www.ine.es)
79. Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L. and Rynes, S. L. 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24 (3): 403 - 441.
80. Panapanaan, V., Linnanen, L., Karvonen, M. and Phan, V. 2003. Roadmapping corporate social responsibility in Finnish companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 44 (2): 133 - 148.
81. Panwar, R., Rinne, T., Hansen, E. and Juslin, H. 2006. Corporate responsibility: Balancing economic, environmental, and social issues in the forest products industry. Forest Products Journal, 56 (2): 4 - 12.
82. Persais, E. 2002. L'écologie comme atout stratégique: Une validation de l'approche ressources par la méthode PLS [Ecology as a strategic asset: A resourch validation approach by PLS method]. Revue Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 5 (3): 195 - 230.
83. Pinkston, T. and Carroll, A. 1994. Corporate citizenship perspectives and foreign direct-investment in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 13 (3): 157 - 169.
84. Rowley, T. and Berman, S. 2000. A brand new brand of corporate social performance. Business & Society, 39 (4): 397 - 418.
85. Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C. B. 2001. Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38 (2): 225 - 243.
86. Sethi, S. P. 1975. Dimensions of corporate social performance: An analytical framework. California Management Review, 17 (3): 58 - 65.
87. Shaw, B. and Post, F. 1993. A moral basis for corporate philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 12 (10): 745 - 751.
88. Singh, J., Garcia de los Salmones Sanchez, M. M. and Rodriguez del Bosque, I. 2008. Understanding corporate social responsibility and product perceptions in consumer markets: A cross-cultural evaluation. Journal of Business Ethics, 80 (3): 597 - 611.
89. Singhapakdi, A., Kraft, K. L., Vitell, S. J. and Rallapalli, K. C. 1995. The perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility on organizational effectiveness: A survey of marketers. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23 (1): 49 - 56.
90. Sotorrío, L. L. and Sánchez, J. L. F. 2010. Corporate social reporting for different audiences: The case of multinational corporations in Spain. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17 (5): 272 - 283.
91. Spencer, B. and Taylor, G. 1987. A within and between analysis of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Akron Business and Economic Review, 18 (3): 7 - 18.
92. Stanwick, P. and Stanwick, S. 1998. The relationship between corporate social performance, and organizational size, financial performance, and environmental performance: An empirical examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 17 (2): 195 - 204.
93. Steenkamp, J. B. and van Trijp, H. C. M. 1991. The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8 (4): 283 - 299.
94. Strand, R. 1983. A systems paradigm of organizational adaptations to the social environment. Academy of Management Review, 8 (1): 90 - 96.
95. Swaen, V. and Chumpitaz, R. 2008. Impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer trust. Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 23 (4): 7 - 33.
96. Swaen, V., Chumpitaz, R., Bigné, E. and Andreu, L. May 2003. Being a socially responsible company: What does it mean for European young consumers?, May, Glasgow, United Kingdom: Paper presented at 32nd European Marketing Academy Conference.
97. Szwajkowski, E. and Figlewicz, R. 1999. Evaluating corporate performance: A comparison of the fortune reputation survey and the Socrates Social Rating database. Journal of Managerial Issues, 11 (2): 137 - 145.
98. Thomas, A. and Simerly, R. 1995. Internal determinants of corporate social performance: The role of top managers. Best Papers Proceedings: Fifty Fifth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management,: 411 - 415. Inpp
99. Timur, S. and Getz, D. 2009. Sustainable tourism development: How do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism?. Sustainable Development, 17 (4): 220 - 232.
100. Tipuric, D. and Lovrincevic, M. 2011. Stakeholder orientation and firm performance: Value generating strategy or sophisticated entrenchment strategy?-Empirical evidence from Croatia. The Business Review, 17 (2): 220 - 229.
101. Tourism Studies Institute. (2011). Tourism indicators. Retrieved from http://www.iet.tourspain.es/paginas/home.aspx?idioma=es-ES (http://http://www.iet.tourspain.es/paginas/home.aspx?idioma=es-ES)
102. Trespalacios, J. A., Vázquez, R. and Bello, L. 2005. Investigación de mercados, Spain: Thomson. [Market research]. Madrid
103. Truscott, R. A., Bartlett, J. L. and Tywoniak, S. A. 2009. The reputation of the corporate social responsibility industry in Australia. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 17 (2): 84 - 91.
104. Turban, D. B. and Greening, D. W. 1996. Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 658 - 672.
105. Turker, D. 2009. Measuring corporate social responsibility: A scale development study. Journal of Business Ethics, 85 (4): 411 - 427.
106. Ullman, J. D. and Uriel, E. 1996. " Structural equation modelling ". In Análisis multivariante aplicado, Edited by: J. Aldás, J. Madrid, Spain: Thomson. InEds.[Applied multivariate analysis]
107. Uriel, E. and Aldás, J. 2005. Análisis multivariado aplicado, Madrid, Spain: Thomson. [Applied multivariate analysis]
108. van Marrewijk, M. 2003. Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics, 44 (2): 95 - 105.
109. Vidal, N. G. and Kozak, R. A. 2008. Corporate responsibility practices in the forestry sector. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 31: 59 - 75.
110. Vitell, S. J., Ramos, E. and Nishihara, C. M. 2010. The role of ethics and social responsibility in organizational success: A spanish perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 91 (4): 467 - 483.
111. Votaw, D. 1972. Genius becomes rare: A confiment on the doctrine of social responsibility. California Management Review, 15 (2): 25 - 32.
112. Waddock, S. and Graves, S. 1997. The corporate social performance: Financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (4): 303 - 319.
113. Walker, M., Heere, B., Parent, M. M. and Drane, D. 2010. Social responsibility and the Olympic Games: The mediating role of consumer attributions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95 (4): 659 - 680.
114. Walsh, J., Weber, K. and Margolis, J. 2003. Social issues and management: Our lost cause found. Journal of Management, 29 (6): 859 - 881.
115. Ward, H., Borregaard, N., & Kapelus, P. (2002). Corporate citizenship: Revisiting the relationship between business, good governance and sustainable development. Retrieved from http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/11034IIED.pdf (http://http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/11034IIED.pdf)
116. Wheeler, D., Colbert, B. and Freeman, R. E. 2003. Focusing on value: Reconciling corporate social responsibility, sustainability and a stakeholder approach in a network world. Journal of General Management, 28 (3): 1 - 28.
117. Whitehouse, L. 2006. Corporate social responsibility: Views from the frontline. Journal of Business Ethics, 63 (3): 279 - 296.
118. Wolfe, R. and Aupperle, K. 1991. " Introduction to corporate social performance: Methods for evaluating an elusive construct ". In Research in corporate social performance and policy, Edited by: Post, J. E. 265 - 268. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. InEd.pp
119. World Tourism Organization. 1997. Yearbook of tourism statistics, vol. 1, Madrid, Spain: Author.
120. World Tourism Organization. (2004). Statements by the World Tourism Organization in relation to sustainable tourism development: Concepts and definitions. Retrieved from http://sdt.unwto.org/en/content/about-us-5 (http://sdt.unwto.org/en/content/about-us-5)
121. World Tourism Organization. (2011). Tourism highlights. Retrieved from http://mkt.unwto.org/en/content/tourism-highlights (http://http://mkt.unwto.org/en/content/tourism-highlights)
122. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2000). Travel & tourism satellite accounting research estimates and forecasts. Retrieved from http://www.wttc.org (http://http://www.wttc.org)