Considerations for numerical modeling of the pulmonary circulation - A review with a focus on pulmonary hypertension

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

Volumn 135, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Kheyfets, V O ^a   O'Dell, W ^b   Smith, T ^c   Reilly, J J ^d   Finol, E A ^a  

^a The University of Texas at San Antonio   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c ALLEGHENY GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL HEMODYNAMICS; COMPUTATIONAL MODELING; COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION; OSCILLATORY SHEAR INDEX; PRESURGICAL PLANNING; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; PULMONARY VASCULATURE; RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES; ACADEMIC RESEARCH; BLOOD FLOW; CLINICAL SETTINGS; COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING; HAEMODYNAMICS; MULTI VARIABLES; PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW; VIRTUAL SIMULATIONS;

BLOOD VESSELS; DIAGNOSIS; NUMERICAL MODELS; PATHOLOGY; RESEARCH; STRESSES; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTATION THEORY;

HEMODYNAMICS;

ADENOSINE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTACYCLIN; TREPROSTINIL;

COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; LUNG ARTERY PRESSURE; LUNG BLOOD FLOW; LUNG BLOOD VESSEL; LUNG CIRCULATION; LUNG HEMODYNAMICS; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; LUNG WEDGE PRESSURE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; COMPLIANCE (PHYSICAL); COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEMODYNAMICS; LUNG; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE;

COMPLIANCE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; LUNG;

EID: 84878068877     PISSN: 01480731     EISSN: 15288951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4024141     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Su, Z., and Hunter., K. S., and Shandas, R., 2012, "Impact of Pulmonary Vascular Stiffness and Vasodilator Treatment in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: 21 Patient-Specific Fluid-Structure Interaction Studies," Comput. Meth. Prog. Biomed., 108(2), pp. 617-628.
2. De Leval, M. R., Dubini, G., Migliavacca, F., Jalali, H., Camporini, G., Redington, A., and Pietrabissa, R., 1996, "Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Design of Surgical Procedures: Application to the Study of Competitive Flows in Cavopulmonary Connections," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 111(3), pp. 502-513. (Pubitemid 26087713)
3. Taylor, C. A., Steinman, D. A., 2010, "Image-Based Modeling of Blood Flow and Vessel Wall Dynamics: Applications, Methods and Future Directions," Sixth International Bio-Fluid Mechanics Symposium and Workshop, March 28-30, 2008 Pasadena, CA, (Ann. Biomed. Eng., 38(3), pp. 1188-1203).
4. Taylor, C. A., Figueroa, C. A., 2009, "Patient-Specific Modeling of Cardiovascular Mechanics," Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 11, pp. 109-134.
5. Hunter, K. S., and Feinstein., J. A., Ivy, D. D., and Shandas, R., 2010, "Computational Simulation of the Pulmonary Arteries and Its Role in the Study of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension," Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol., 30(1-2), pp. 63-69.
6. Khamdaeng, T., Luo, J., Vappou, J., Terdtoon, P., Konofagou, E. E., 2012, "Arterial Stiffness Identification of the Human Carotid Artery Using the Stress-Strain Relationship In Vivo," Ultrasonics, 52(3), pp. 402-411.
7. Resnick, N., Yahav, H., Shay-Salit, A., Shushy, M., Schubert, S., Zilberman, L. C., and Wofovitz, E., 2003, "Fluid Shear Stress and the Vascular Endothelium: For Better and for Worse," Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 81(3), pp. 177-199. (Pubitemid 36551198)
8. Ando, J., and Yamamoto, K., 2011, "Effects of Shear Stress and Stretch on Endothelial Function," Antioxid. Redox. Signal., 15(5), pp. 1389-1403.
9. Depaola, N., Gimbrone, M. A. Jr., Davies, P. F., and Dewey, C. F., Jr., 1992, "Vascular Endothelium Responds to Fluid Shear Stress Gradients," Arterios-cler. Thromb., 12(11), pp. 1254-1257.
10. Kakisis, J. D., and Liapis., C. D., Sumpio, B. E., 2004, "Effects of Cyclic Strain on Vascular Cells," Endothelium, 11(1), pp. 17-28. (Pubitemid 38455852)
11. Toda, M., Yamamoto, K., Shimizu, N., Obi, S., Kumagaya, S., Igarashi, T., Kamiya, A., and Ando, J., 2008, "Differential Gene Responses in Endothelial Cells Exposed to a Combination of Shear Stress and Cyclic Stretch," J. Bio-technol., 133(2), pp. 239-244. (Pubitemid 350266898)
12. Haga, M., Chen, A., Gortler, D., Dardik, A., Sumpio, B. E., 2003, "Shear Stress and Cyclic Strain May Suppress Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells by Different Pathways," Endothelium, 10(3), pp. 149-157. (Pubitemid 37270742)
13. Rabinovitch, M., 2008, "Molecular Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," J. Clin. Invest., 118(7), pp. 2372-2379. (Pubitemid 351949764)
14. Tian, L., and Lammers., S. R., Kao, P. H., Albietz, J. A., and Stenmark., K. R., Qi, H. J., Shandas, R., and Hunter, K. S., 2012, "Impact of Residual Stretch and Remodeling on Collagen Engagement in Healthy and Pulmonary Hypertensive Calf Pulmonary Arteries at Physiological Pressures," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 40(7), pp. 1419-1433.
15. Humphrey, J. D., 2008, "Mechanisms of Arterial Remodeling in Hypertension: Coupled Roles of Wall Shear and Intramural Stress," Hypertension, 52(2), pp. 195-200.
16. Wang, Z., Chesler, N. C., 2011, "Pulmonary Vascular Wall Stiffness: An Important Contributor to the Increased Right Ventricular Afterload With Pulmonary Hypertension," Pulm. Circ., 1(2), pp. 212-223.
17. Fourie, P. R., and Coetzee., A. R., Bolliger, C. T., 1992, "Pulmonary Artery Compliance: Its Role in Right Ventricular-Arterial Coupling," Cardiovasc. Res., 26(9), pp. 839-844.
18. Scott-Drechsel, D., Su, Z., Hunter, K., Li, M., Shandas, R., and Tan, W., 2012, "A New Flow Co-Culture System for Studying Mechanobiology Effects of Pulse Flow Waves," Cytotechnology, 64(6), pp. 649-666.
19. Huang, W., and Yen., R. T., Mclaurine, M., and Bledsoe, G., 1996, "Morphometry of the Human Pulmonary Vasculature," J. Appl. Physiol., 81(5), pp. 2123-2133. (Pubitemid 26384541)
20. Huang, W., Zhou, Q., Gao, J., and Yen, R. T., 2011, "A Continuum Model for Pressure-Flow Relationship in Human Pulmonary Circulation," Mol. Cell Biomech., 8(2), pp. 105-122.
21. Nauser, T. D., Stites, S. W., 2001, "Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension," Am. Fam. Physician, 63(9), pp. 1789-1798.
22. Hatano, S., and Strasser, T., 1975, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: Report on a WHO Meeting, Geneva, 15-17 October 1973, World Health Organization, Geneva.
23. Ap, F., 2001, "Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension," Clin. Chest Med., 22(3), pp. 385-391.
24. Simonneau, G., and Robbins., I. M., Beghetti, M., Channick, R. N., Delcroix, M., and Denton., C. P., Elliott, C. G., Gaine, S. P., Gladwin, M. T., Jing, Z. C., Krowka, M. J., Langleben, D., Nakanishi, N., and Souza, R., 2009, "Updated Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 54(1 Suppl), pp. S43-S54.
25. Badesch, D. B., and Champion., H. C., Sanchez, M. A., Hoeper, M. M., and Loyd., J. E., Manes, A., Mcgoon, M., Naeije, R., Olschewski, H., Oudiz, R. J., and Torbicki, A., 2009, "Diagnosis and Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 54(1 Suppl), pp. S55-S66.
26. Mclaughlin, V. V., and Archer., S. L., Badesch, D. B., Barst, R. J., and Farber., H. W., Lindner, J. R., Mathier, M. A., Mcgoon, M. D., Park, M. H., Rosenson, R. S., Rubin, L. J., Tapson, V. F., Varga, J., 2009, "ACCF/AHA 2009 Expert Consensus Document on Pulmonary Hypertension: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 53(17), pp. 1573-1619.
27. Rubin, L. J., 2002, "Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension: The Evolution From Vasodilators to Antiproliferative Agents," Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 166(10), pp. 1308-1309. (Pubitemid 35292694)
28. Sitbon, O., Humbert, M., Jais, X., Ioos, V., and Hamid., A. M., Provencher, S., Garcia, G., Parent, F., Herve, P., and Simonneau, G., 2005, "Long-Term Response to Calcium Channel Blockers in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," Circulation, 111(23), pp. 3105-3111. (Pubitemid 40847788)
29. Mclaughlin, V. V., 2002, "Survival in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: The Impact of Epoprostenol Therapy," Circulation, 106(12), pp. 1477-1482.
30. Galie, N., and Ghofrani., H. A., Torbicki, A., Barst, R. J., and Rubin., L. J., Badesch, D., Fleming, T., Parpia, T., Burgess, G., Branzi, A., Grimminger, F., Kurzyna, M., and Simonneau, G., 2005, "Sildenafil Use in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Study Sildenafil Citrate Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," N. Engl. J. Med., 353(20), pp. 2148-2157. (Pubitemid 41653106)
31. Agarwal, R., and Gomberg-Maitland, M., 2011, "Current Therapeutics and Practical Management Strategies for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," Am. Heart J., 162(2), pp. 201-213.
32. Clapp, L. H., Finney, P., Turcato, S., Tran, S., and Rubin., L. J., and Tinker, A., 2002, "Differential Effects of Stable Prostacyclin Analogs on Smooth Muscle Proliferation and Cyclic Amp Generation in Human Pulmonary Artery," Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 26(2), pp. 194-201. (Pubitemid 34107873)
33. Hoendermis, E. S., 2011, "Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: An Update," Neth. Heart J., 19(12), pp. 514-522.
34. Benza, R. L., and Miller., D. P., Gomberg-Maitland, M., Frantz, R. P., and Foreman., A. J., Coffey, C. S., Frost, A., Barst, R. J., Badesch, D. B., Elliott, C. G., Liou, T. G., and Mcgoon, M. D., 2010, "Predicting Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights From the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (Reveal)," Circulation, 122(2), pp. 164-172.
35. Lee, W. T., Ling, Y., Pepke-Zeba, J., Peacock, A. J., Johnson, M. K., 2012, "Predicting Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the UK," Eur Respir J., 40(3), pp. 604-611.
36. Agarwal, R., and Gomberg-Maitland, M., 2012, "Prognostication in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," Heart Fail. Clin., 8(3), pp. 373-383.
37. Galie, N., Palazzini, M., and Manes, A., 2010, "Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: From the Kingdom of the Near-Dead to Multiple Clinical Trial Meta-Analyses," Eur. Heart J., 31(17), pp. 2080-2086.
38. O'Callaghan, D. S., and Humbert, M., 2012, "A Critical Analysis of Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," Eur. Respir. Rev., 21(125), pp. 218-222.
39. Mcgoon, M., Gutterman, D., Steen, V., Barst, R., and Mccrory., D. C., Fortin, T. A., and Loyd, J. E., 2004, "Screening, Early Detection, and Diagnosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines," Chest, 126, pp. 14S-34S. (Pubitemid 38932340)
40. Tang, B. T., and Fonte., T. A., Chan, F. P., Tsao, P. S., and Feinstein., J. A., Taylor, C. A., 2011, "Three-Dimensional Hemodynamics in the Human Pulmonary Arteries Under Resting and Exercise Conditions," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 39(1), pp. 347-358.
41. Rich, S., D'alonzo, G. E., Dantzker, D. R., and Levy, P. S., 1985, "Magnitude and Implications of Spontaneous Hemodynamic Variability in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension," Am. J. Cardiol., 55(1), pp. 159-163. (Pubitemid 15152542)
42. Mcgoon, M. D., Kane, G. C., 2009, "Pulmonary Hypertension - Diagnosis and Management," Mayo Clin. Proc., 84(2), pp. 191-207.
43. Dalen, J. E., Bone, R. C., 1996, "Is It Time to Pull the Pulmonary Artery Catheter?," JAMA, 276(11), pp. 916-918. (Pubitemid 26301613)
44. Yock, P. G., Popp, R. L., 1984, "Noninvasive Estimation of Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure by Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Tricuspid Regurgitation," Circulation, 70(4), pp. 657-662. (Pubitemid 14020664)
45. Fakhri, A. A., Hughes-Doichev, R. A., Biederman, R. W., and Murali, S., 2012, "Imaging in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics and Right Ventricular Structure and Function," Heart Fail. Clin., 8(3), pp. 353-372.
46. Rudski, L. G., and Lai., W. W., Afilalo, J., Hua, L., Handschumacher, M. D., Chandrasekaran, K., and Solomon., S. D., Louie, E. K., and Schiller, N. B., 2010, "Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a Registered Branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, " J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 23(7), pp. 685-713.
47. Fisher, M. R., and Forfia., P. R., Chamera, E., Housten-Harris, T., Champion, H. C., and Girgis., R. E., Corretti, M. C., and Hassoun, P. M., 2009, "Accuracy of Doppler Echocardiography in the Hemodynamic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension," Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 179(7), pp. 615-621.
48. Roberts, J. D., Forfia, P. R., 2011, "Diagnosis and Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Disease by Doppler Echocardiography," Pulm. Circ., 1(2), pp. 160-181.
49. López-Candales, A., Rajagopalan, N., Saxena, N., Gulyasy, B., Edelman, K., and Bazaz, R., 2006, "Right Ventricular Systolic Function Is Not the Sole Determinant of Tricuspid Annular Motion.," Am. J. Cardiol., 98(7), pp. 973-977. (Pubitemid 44402271)
50. Kjaergaard, J., and Iversen., K. K., Akkan, D., Møller, J. E., Køber, L. V., Torp-Pedersen, C., and Hassager, C., 2009, "Predictors of Right Ventricular Function as Measured by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Heart Failure," Cardiovasc. Ultra., 7(51), pp.
51. Formaggia, L., Lamponi, D., and Quarteroni, A., 2003, "One-Dimensional Models for Blood Flow in Arteries," J. Eng. Math., 47(3), pp. 251-276. (Pubitemid 38136069)
52. Olufsen, M. S., and Peskin., C. S., Kim, W. Y., Pedersen, E. M., Nadim, A., and Larsen, J., 2000, "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Blood Flow in Arteries With Structured-Tree Outflow Conditions," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 28(11), pp. 1281-1299. (Pubitemid 32872598)
53. Olufsen, M. S., and Nadim, A., 2004, "On Deriving Lumped Models for Blood Flow and Pressure in the Systemic Arteries," Math. Biosci. Eng., 1(1), pp. 61-80.
54. Olufsen, M. S., 2000, "A One-Dimensional Fluid Dynamic Model of the Systemic Arteries," Stud. Health Technol. Info., 71, pp. 79-98. (Pubitemid 33320143)
55. Johnson, D. A., and Rose., W. C., Edwards, J. W., Naik, U. P., Beris, A. N., 2011, "Application of 1D Blood Flow Models of the Human Arterial Network to Differential Pressure Predictions," J. Biomech., 44(5), pp. 869-876.
56. Olufsen, M. S., 1999, "Structured Tree Outflow Condition for Blood Flow in Larger Systemic Arteries," Am. J. Physiol., 276(1), pp. H257-H268. (Pubitemid 29065645)
57. Vignon-Clementel, I. E., Marsden, A. L., Feinstein, J. A., 2010, "A Primer on Computational Simulation in Congenital Heart Disease for the Clinician," Prog. Ped. Cardiol., 30(1-2), pp. 3-13.
58. Box, F. M., Van Der Geest, R. J., Rutten, M. C., and Reiber, J. H., 2005, "The Influence of Flow, Vessel Diameter, and Non-Newtonian Blood Viscosity on the Wall Shear Stress in a Carotid Bifurcation Model for Unsteady Flow," Invest. Radiol., 40(5), pp. 277-294. (Pubitemid 40571683)
59. Xiang, J., Tremmel, M., Kolega, J., Levy, E. I., and Natarajan., S. K., and Meng, H., 2011, "Newtonian Viscosity Model Could Overestimate Wall Shear Stress in Intracranial Aneurysm Domes and Underestimate Rupture Risk," J. Neuro-interv. Surg., 4(5), pp. 351-357.
60. Tawhai, M., Clark, A., Donovan, G., and Burrowes, K., 2011, "Computational Modeling of Airway and Pulmonary Vascular Structure and Function: Development of a Lung Physiome," Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 39(4), pp. 319-336.
61. Boyd, J., and Buick., J. M., and Green, S., 2007, "Analysis of the Casson and Carreau-Yasuda Non-Newtonian Blood Models in Steady and Oscillatory Flows Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method," Phys. Fluid., 19(9), pp. 093103.
62. Abraham, F., Behr, M., and Heinkenschloss, M., 2005, "Shape Optimization in Steady Blood Flow: A Numerical Study of Non-Newtonian Effects," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 8(2), pp. 127-137.
63. Merrill, E. W., 1969, "Rheology of Blood," Physiol. Rev., 49(4), pp. 863-888. Available at: http://web.mit.edu/andrew3/Public/Papers/1969/ Merrill/1969-PhYSIOLOCIICAL%20REVIEWEs-Rheology%20of%20Blood-Merrill.pdf
64. O'Dell, W. G., 2012, "Automatic Segmentation of Tumor-Laden Lung Volumes From the LIDC Database," SPIE, 8315(1), p. 831531.
65. Buelow, T., Wiemker, R., Blaffert, T., Lorenz, C., and Renisch, S., 2005, "Automatic Extraction of the Pulmonary Artery Tree From Multi-Slice CT Data," Medical Imaging 2005: Physiology, Function, and Structure from Medical Images, Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 730-740. (Pubitemid 41146218)
66. Shikata, H., Mclennan, G., Hoffman, E. A., and Sonka, M., 2009, "Segmentation of Pulmonary Vascular Trees From Thoracic 3D CT Images," J. Biomed. Imag., 2009, pp. 1-11.
67. Kaftan, J. N., and Kiraly., A. P., Bakai, A., Das, M., Novak, C. L., and Aach, T., 2008, "Fuzzy Pulmonary Vessel Segmentation in Contrast Enhanced CT Data," Medical Imaging 2008: Image Processing; Proceedings of the SPIE, 6914, p. 69141Q.
68. Van Dongen, E., and Van Ginneken, B., 2010, "Automatic Segmentation of Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic CT Scans With Local Thresholding and Airway Wall Removal," 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, pp. 668-671.
69. Ebrahimdoost, Y., and Qanadli., S. D., Nikravanshalmani, A., Ellis, T. J., and Shojaee., Z. F., and Dehmeshki, J., 2011, "Automatic Segmentation of Pulmonary Artery (PA) in 3D Pulmonary CTA Images," 17th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), pp. 1-5.
70. Burrowes, K. S., and Hunter., P. J., Tawhai, M. H., 2005, "Anatomically Based Finite Element Models of the Human Pulmonary Arterial and Venous Trees Including Supernumerary Vessels," J. Appl. Physiol., 99(2), pp. 731-738. (Pubitemid 41061172)
71. Horsfield, K., 1978, "Morphometry of the Small Pulmonary Arteries in Man," Circ. Res., 42(5), pp. 593-597. (Pubitemid 8353139)
72. Tu, J., and Yeoh., G. H., and Liu, C., 2008, Computational Fluid Dynamics - a Practical Approach, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA.
73. Spiegel, M., 2011, "Patient-Specific Cerebral Vessel Segmentation With Application in Hemodynamic Simulation," Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
74. Prakash, S., Ethier, C. R., 2001, "Requirements for Mesh Resolution in 3D Computational Hemodynamics," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 123(2), pp. 134-144. (Pubitemid 32381703)
75. Bove, E. L., De Leval, M. R., Migliavacca, F., Guadagni, G., and Dubini, G., 2003, "Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Evaluation of Hemodynamic Performance of Cavopulmonary Connections After the Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 126(4), pp. 1040-1047. (Pubitemid 37305687)
76. Antiga, L., Ene-Iordache, B., and Remuzzi, A., 2003, "Computational Geometry for Patient-Specific Reconstruction and Meshing of Blood Vessels From MR and CT Angiography," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., 22(5), pp. 674-684.
77. Steinman, D. A., Hoi, Y., Fahy, P., Morris, L., and Walsh., M. T., Aristokleous, N., Anayiotos, A., Papaharilaou, Y., Arzani, A., Shadden, S., Berg, P., Janiga, G., Bols, J., Segers, P., Bressloff, N. W., Cibis, M., Gijsen, F. H., Cito, S., Pallarés, J., Browne, L. D., Costelloe, J. A., Lynch, A. G., Degroote, J., Vierendeels, J., Fu, W., Qiao, A., Hodis, S., Kallmes, D. F., Kalsi, H., Long, Q., Kheyfets, V. O., Finol, E. A., Kono, K., Malek, A. M., Lauric, A., Menon, P. G., Pekkan, K., Moghadam, M. E., Marsden, A. L., Oshima, M., Katagiri, K., Peiffer, V., Mohamied, Y., Sherwin, S. J., Schaller, J., Goubergrits, L., Usera, G., Mendina, M., Valen-Sendstad, K., Habets, D. F., Xiang, J., Meng, H., Yu, Y., Karniadakis, G. E., Shaffer, N., and Loth, F., 2013, "Variability of CFD Solutions for Pressure and Flow in a Giant Aneurysm: The SBC2012 CFD Challenge," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 135(2), p. 021016.
78. Nielsen, P. M. F., and Wittek, A., 2012, Computational Biomechanics for Medicine: Deformation and Flow, Springer, New York.
79. Boutsianis, E., Gupta, S., Boomsma, K., and Poulikakos, D., 2008, "Boundary Conditions by Schwarz-Christoffel Mapping in Anatomically Accurate Hemodynamics," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 36(12), pp. 2068-2084.
80. Ponzini, R., Lemma, M., Morbiducci, U., Montevecchi, F. M., and Redaelli, A., 2008, "Doppler Derived Quantitative Flow Estimate in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Computational Multiscale Model for the Evaluation of the Current Clinical Procedure," Med. Eng. Phys., 30(7), pp. 809-816.
81. Pekkan, K., and Dasi., L. P., De Zelicourt, D., Sundareswaran, K. S., and Fogel., M. A., Kanter, K. R., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2009, "Hemodynamic Performance of Stage-2 Univentricular Reconstruction: Glenn Vs. Hemi-Fontan Templates," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 37(1), pp. 50-63.
82. Antiga, L., Piccinelli, M., Botti, L., Ene-Iordache, B., Remuzzi, A., Steinman, D. A., 2008, "An Image-Based Modeling Framework for Patient-Specific Computational Hemodynamics," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 46(11), pp. 1097-1112.
83. Kauczor, H. U., Ley-Zaporozhan, J., and Ley, S., 2009, "Imaging of Pulmonary Pathologies: Focus on Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 6(5), pp. 458-463.
84. Zamir, M., 2000, The Physics of Pulsatile Flow, Springer-Verlag, New York.
85. Womersley, J. R., 1955, "Method for the Calculation of Velocity, Rate of Flow and Viscous Drag in Arteries When the Pressure Gradient Is Known," J. Physiol., 127(3), pp. 553-563.
86. Morgan, V. L., and Roselli., R. J., Lorenz, C. H., 1998, "Normal Three-Dimensional Pulmonary Artery Flow Determined by Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 26(4), pp. 557-566. (Pubitemid 128609655)
87. Miyasaka, K., and Takata, M., 1993, "Flow Velocity Profile of the Pulmonary Artery Measured by the Continuous Cardiac Output Monitoring Catheter," Can. J. Anaesth., 40(2), pp. 183-187. (Pubitemid 23094722)
88. Clipp, R. B., Steele, B. N., 2009, "Impedance Boundary Conditions for the Pulmonary Vasculature Including the Effects of Geometry, Compliance, and Respiration," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 56(3), pp. 862-870.
89. Grinberg, L., Karniadakis, G. E., 2008, "Outflow Boundary Conditions for Arterial Networks With Multiple Outlets," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 36(9), pp. 1496-1514.
90. Morbiducci, U., Gallo, D., Massai, D., Consolo, F., Ponzini, R., Antiga, L., Bignardi, C., Deriu, M. A., and Redaelli, A., 2010, "Outflow Conditions for Image-Based Hemodynamic Models of the Carotid Bifurcation: Implications for Indicators of Abnormal Flow," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 132(9), p. 091005.
91. Vignon-Clementel, I. E., Figueroa, C. A., and Jansen., K. E., Taylor, C. A., 2006, "Outflow Boundary Conditions for Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Blood Flow and Pressure in Arteries," Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 195, pp. 3776-3796.
92. Botnar, R., Rappitsch, G., Scheidegger, M. B., Liepsch, D., Perktold, K., and Boesiger, P., 2000, "Hemodynamics in the Carotid Artery Bifurcation: A Comparison Between Numerical Simulations and In Vitro MRI Measurements," J. Biomech., 33(2), pp. 137-144. (Pubitemid 30009830)
93. VR Academic Research, Release 14.0, Help System, Coupled Field Analysis Guide, ANSYS, Inc, Canonsburg, PA.
94. Horsfield, K., Woldenberg, M. J., 1989, "Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of Branches in the Human Pulmonary Arterial Tree," Anat Rec, 223(3), pp. 245-251. (Pubitemid 19066454)
95. Orlando, W., Shandas, R., and Degroff, C., 2006, "Efficiency Differences in Computational Simulations of the Total Cavo-Pulmonary Circulation With and Without Compliant Vessel Walls," Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 81(3), pp. 220-227.
96. Hunter, K. S., and Lanning., C. J., Chen, S. Y., Zhang, Y., Garg, R., and Ivy., D. D., and Shandas, R., 2006, "Simulations of Congenital Septal Defect Closure and Reactivity Testing in Patient-Specific Models of the Pediatric Pulmonary Vasculature: A 3D Numerical Study With Fluid-Structure Interaction," ASME, J. Biomech. Eng., 128(4), pp. 564-572. (Pubitemid 44187316)
97. Kung, E., and Taylor, C., 2011, "Development of a Physical Windkessel Module to Re-Create In Vivo Vascular Flow Impedance for In Vitro Experiments," Cardiovasc. Eng. Tech., 2(1), pp. 2-14.
98. Westerhof, N., Lankhaar, J.-W., and Westerhof, B., 2009, "The Arterial Wind-kessel," Med. Bio. Eng. Comput., 47(2), pp. 131-141.
99. Vignon-Clementel, I. E., Figueroa, C. A., and Jansen., K. E., Taylor, C. A., 2010, "Outflow Boundary Conditions for 3D Simulations of Non-Periodic Blood Flow and Pressure Fields in Deformable Arteries," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 13(5), pp. 625-640.
100. Pahlevan, N. M., Amlani, F., Hossein Gorji, M., Hussain, F., and Gharib, M., 2011, "A Physiologically Relevant, Simple Outflow Boundary Model for Truncated Vasculature," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 39(5), pp. 1470-1481.
101. Formaggia, L., Lamponi, D., Tuveri, M., and Veneziani, A., 2006, "Numerical Modeling of 1D Arterial Networks Coupled With a Lumped Parameters Description of the Heart," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 9(5), pp. 273-288.
102. Van Den Bos, G. C., Westerhof, N., and Randall, O. S., 1982, "Pulse Wave Reflection: Can It Explain the Differences Between Systemic and Pulmonary Pressure and Flow Waves? A Study in Dogs," Circ. Res., 51(4), pp. 479-485. (Pubitemid 12034487)
103. Steele, B. N., and Olufsen., M. S., Taylor, C. A., 2007, "Fractal Network Model for Simulating Abdominal and Lower Extremity Blood Flow During Resting and Exercise Conditions," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 10(1), pp. 39-51.
104. Spilker, R. L., and Feinstein., J. A., Parker, D. W., Reddy, V. M., Taylor, C. A., 2007, "Morphometry-Based Impedance Boundary Conditions for Patient-Specific Modeling of Blood Flow in Pulmonary Arteries," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 35(4), pp. 546-559. (Pubitemid 46448161)
105. Bazilevs, Y., and Hsu., M. C., Benson, D. J., Sankaran, S., and Marsden, A. L., 2009, "Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction: Methods and Application to a Total Cavopulmonary Connection," Comput. Mech., 45(1), pp. 77-89.
106. Figueroa, C. A., Vignon-Clementel, I. E., Jansen, K. E., Hughes, T. J. R., and Taylor, C. A., 2006, "A Coupled Momentum Method for Modeling Blood Flow in Three-Dimensional Deformable Arteries," Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 195(41-43), pp. 5685-5706. (Pubitemid 44177275)
107. Zhou, J., Fung, Y. C., 1997, "The Degree of Nonlinearity and Anisotropy of Blood Vessel Elasticity," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94(26), pp. 14255-14260. (Pubitemid 28041360)
108. Kim, J., and Baek, S., 2011, "Circumferential Variations of Mechanical Behavior of the Porcine Thoracic Aorta During the Inflation Test," J. Bio-mech., 44(10), pp. 1941-1947.
109. Sacks, M. S., 2000, "Biaxial Mechanical Evaluation of Planar Biological Materials," J. Elast., 61(1-3), pp. 199-246. (Pubitemid 32723829)
110. Sacks, M. S., and Sun, W., 2003, "Multiaxial Mechanical Behavior of Biological Materials," Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 5, pp. 251-284. (Pubitemid 40125313)
111. Lammers, S. R., and Kao., P. H., Qi, H. J., Hunter, K., Lanning, C, Albietz, J., Hofmeister, S., Mecham, R., Stenmark, K. R., and Shandas, R., 2008, "Changes in the Structure-Function Relationship of Elastin and Its Impact on the Proximal Pulmonary Arterial Mechanics of Hypertensive Calves," Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 295(4), pp. H1451-H1459.
112. Sacks, M. S., 2003, "Incorporation of Experimentally-Derived Fiber Orientation Into a Structural Constitutive Model for Planar Collagenous Tissues," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 125(2), pp. 280-287. (Pubitemid 36506143)
113. Genovese, K., and Lee., Y. U., Humphrey, J. D., 2011, "Novel Optical System for In Vitro Quantification of Full Surface Strain Fields in Small Arteries: II. Correction for Refraction and Illustrative Results," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 14(3), pp. 227-237.
114. Genovese, K., and Lee., Y. U., Humphrey, J. D., 2011, "Novel Optical System for In Vitro Quantification of Full Surface Strain Fields in Small Arteries: I. Theory and Design," Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 14(3), pp. 213-225.
115. Kao, P. H., and Lammers., S. R., Tian, L., Hunter, K., Stenmark, K. R., Shandas, R., Qi, H. J., 2011, "A Microstructurally Driven Model for Pulmonary Artery Tissue," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 133(5), p. 051002.
116. Quaini, A., Canic, S., Glowinski, R., Igo, S., and Hartley., C. J., Zoghbi, W., and Little, S., 2012, "Validation of a 3D Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction Model Simulating Flow Through an Elastic Aperture," J. Biomech., 45(2), pp. 310-318.
117. Zhu, Y., and Granick, S., 2002, "Limits of the Hydrodynamic No-Slip Boundary Condition," Phys. Rev. Lett., 88(10), p. 106102.
118. Bukac, M., Canic, S., Glowinski, R., Tambaca, J., and Quaini, A., 2013, "Fluid-Structure Interaction in Blood Flow Capturing Non-Zero Longitudinal Structure Displacement," J. Comput. Phys., 235, pp. 515-541.
119. Formaggia, L., and Gerbeau., J. F., Nobile, F., and Quarteroni, A., 2001, "On the Coupling of 3D and 1D Navier-Stokes Equations for Flow Problems in Compliant Vessels," Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 191(6-7), pp. 561-582. (Pubitemid 34004491)
120. Zarins, C. K., and Zatina., M. A., Giddens, D. P., Ku, D. N., and Glagov, S., 1987, "Shear Stress Regulation of Artery Lumen Diameter in Experimental Athe-rogenesis," J. Vasc. Surg., 5(3), pp. 413-420. (Pubitemid 17040159)
121. Kleinstreuer, C, 2006, Biofluid Dynamics - Principles and Selected Applications, CRC Press; Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
122. Miyamoto, S., Nagaya, N., Satoh, T., Kyotani, S., Sakamaki, F., Fujita, M., Nakanishi, N., and Miyatake, K., 2000, "Clinical Correlates and Prognostic Significance of Six-Minute Walk Test in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Comparison With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing," Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 161(2), pp. 487-492. (Pubitemid 30129457)
123. Sotelo, J. A., Bachler, P., Chabert, S., Hurtado, D., Irarrazaval, P., Tejos, C, and Uribe, S., 2012, "Normal Values of Wall Shear Stress in the Pulmonary Artery From 4D Flow Data," J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson., 14(1 Suppl), p. W66.
124. Chien, S., 2008, "Effects of Disturbed Flow on Endothelial Cells," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 36(4), pp. 554-562.
125. Hunter, K. S., and Lee., P. F., Lanning, C. J., Ivy, D. D., and Kirby., K. S., Claussen, L. R., Chan, K. C, and Shandas, R., 2008, "Pulmonary Vascular Input Impedance Is a Combined Measure of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Stiffness and Predicts Clinical Outcomes Better Than Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Alone in Pediatric Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension," Am. Heart J., 155(1), pp. 166-174. (Pubitemid 350234769)
126. Christophe, J. J., Ishikawa, T., Imai, Y., Takase, K., Thiriet, M., and Yamaguchi, T., 2012, "Hemodynamics in the Pulmonary Artery of a Patient With Pneumothorax," Med. Eng. Phys., 34(6), pp. 725-732.
127. De Leval, M. R., Dubini, G., Migliavacca, F., Jalali, H., Camporini, G., Redington, A., and Pietrabissa, R., 1996, "Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Design of Surgical Procedures: Application to the Study of Competitive Flows in Cavo-Pulmonary Connections," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 111(3), pp. 502-513. (Pubitemid 26087713)
128. Rodes-Cabau, J., Domingo, E., Roman, A., Majo, J., Lara, B., Padilla, F., Anivarro, I., Angel, J., Tardif, J. C, and Soler-Soler, J., 2003, "Intravascular Ultrasound of the Elastic Pulmonary Arteries: A New Approach for the Evaluation of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension," Heart, 89(3), pp. 311-315.
129. Henk, C. B., Schlechta, B., Grampp, S., Gomischek, G., Klepetko, W., and Mostbeck, G. H., 1998, "Pulmonary and Aortic Blood Flow Measurements in Normal Subjects and Patients After Single Lung Transplantation at 0.5 T Using Velocity Encoded Cine MRI," Chest, 114(3), pp. 771-779. (Pubitemid 28433739)