Development of alteration rinds by oxidative weathering processes in Beacon Valley, Antarctica, and implications for Mars

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 115, Issue , 2013, Pages 137-161

  Salvatore, M R ^a   Mustard, J F ^a   Head, J W ^a   Cooper, R F ^a   Marchant, D R ^b   Wyatt, M B ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALOG MODEL; CHEMICAL ALTERATION; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS; GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; MARS; OXIDATION; PLANETARY LANDFORM; PLANETARY SURFACE; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

ANTARCTICA; BEACON VALLEY; EAST ANTARCTICA; MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS;

EID: 84877915483     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Adams J.B., Smith M.O., Gillespie A.R. Imaging spectroscopy: interpretation based on spectral mixture analysis. Remote Geochemical Analysis: Elemental and Mineralogical Composition 1993, 145-166. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. C.M. Pieters, P.A. Englert (Eds.).
2. Allen C.C., Conca J.L. Weathering of basaltic rocks under cold, arid conditions: Antarctica and Mars. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1991, 21:711-717.
3. Bandfield J.L., Hamilton V.E., Christensen P.R. A global view of martian surface compositions from MGS-TES. Science 2000, 287:1626-1630.
4. Bao H., Marchant D.R. Quantifying sulfate components and their variations in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111. 10.1029/2005JD006669.
5. Bao H., Barnes J.D., Sharp Z.D., Marchant D.R. Two chloride sources in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. 10.1029/2007JD008703.
6. Bédard J.H.J., Marsh B.D., Hersum T.G., Naslund H.R., Mukasa S.B. Large-scale mechanical redistribution of orthopyroxene and plagioclase in the Basement Sill, Ferrar Dolerites, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: petrological, mineral-chemical and field evidence for channelized movement of crystals and melt. J. Petrol. 2007, 48:2289-2326.
7. Bibring J.-P., Langevin Y., Gendrin A., Gondet B., Poulet F., Berthé M., Soufflot A., Arvidson R., Mangold N., Mustard J., Drossart P. Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science 2005, 307:1576-1581. the OMEGA Team.
8. Bish D.L., Post J.E. Quantitative mineralogical analyses using the Rietveld full-pattern fitting method. Am. Mineral. 1993, 78:932-942.
9. Bishop J.L., Murad E., Dyar M.D. The influence of octahedral and tetrahedral cation substitution on the structure of smectites and serpentines as observed through infrared spectroscopy. Clay Miner. 2002, 37:617-628.
10. Bockheim J.G. Landform and soil development in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: a regional synthesis. Arc. Antarc. Alp. Res. 2002, 34:308-317.
11. Burkhard D.J.M., Müller-Sigmund H. Surface alteration of basalt due to cation-migration. Bull. Volcanol. 2007, 69:319-328.
12. Campbell I.B., Claridge G.G.C. Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment 1987, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 406 pp.
13. Chadwick O.A., Derry L.A., Vitousek P.M., Huebert B.J., Hedin L.O. Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 1999, 397:491-497.
14. Chevrier V., Mathé P.-E., Gunnlaugsson H.P. Magnetic study of an Antarctic weathering profile on basalt: implications for recent weathering on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 244:501-514.
15. Christensen P.R., Bandfield J.L., Hamilton V.E., Howard D.A., Lane M.D., Piatek J.L., Ruff S.W., Stefanov W.L. A thermal emission spectral library of rock-forming minerals. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:9735-9739.
16. Christensen P.R., Bandfield J.L., Smith M.D., Hamilton V.E., Clark R.N. Identification of a basaltic component on the martian surface from Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:9609-9621.
17. Christensen P.R., Bandfield J.L., Hamilton V.E., Ruff S.W., Kieffer H.H., Titus T.N., Malin M.C., Morris R.V., Lane M.D., Clark R.L., Jakosky B.M., Mellon M.T., Pearl J.C., Conrath B.J., Smith M.D., Clancy R.T., Kuzmin R.O., Roush T., Mehall G.L., Gorelick N., Bender K., Murray K., Dason S., Greene E., Silverman S., Greenfield M. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: investigation description and surface science results. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:23823-23871.
18. Claridge G.G.C., Campbell I.B. The salts in Antarctic soils, their distribution and relationship to soil processes. Soil Sci. 1977, 123:377-384.
19. Clark R.N. Spectroscopy of rocks and minerals, and principles of spectroscopy. Remote sensing for the Earth Sciences 1999, vol. 3:3-58. John Wiley & Sons, New York, (Chapter 1). A.N. Rencz (Ed.).
20. Clark R.N., King T.V.V., Klejwa M., Swayze G.A., Vergo N. High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:12653-12680.
21. Cook G.B., Cooper R.F. Iron concentration and the physical process of dynamic oxidation in an alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass. Am. Mineral. 2000, 85:397-406.
22. Cooper R.F. On being a student of thermodynamics: trust your eyes; use your imagination. Elements 2010, 6:282-283.
23. Cooper R.F., Fanselow J.B., Poker D.B. The mechanism of oxidation of a basaltic glass: chemical diffusion of network-modifying cations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:3252-3265.
24. 2+-bearing aluminosilicate (basaltic) melt. Science 1996, 274:1173-1176.
25. Denton G.H., Sugden D.E., Marchant D.R., Hall B.L., Wilch T.I. East Antarctic Ice Sheet sensitivity to Pliocene climate change from a Dry Valleys perspective. Geograf. Annal. 1993, 75A:155-204.
26. Doran P.T., Dana G.L., Hastings J.T., Wharton R.A. McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER): LTER automatic weather network (LAWN). Antarct. J. US 1995, 30:276-280.
27. Dorn R. Desert rock coatings. Geomorphology of Desert Environments 2009, 153-186. Springer. second ed. A.J. Parsons, A.D. Abrahams (Eds.).
28. Dyar M.D. Precision and interlaboratory reproducibility of measurements of the Moessbauer effect in minerals. Am. Mineral. 1984, 69:1127-1144.
29. Ehlmann B. L., Bish D. L., Ruff S. W. and Mustard J. F. (in press) Mineralogy and chemistry of altered Icelandic basalts: application to clay mineral detection and understanding aqueous environments on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. doi:. doi:10.1029/2012JE004156.
30. Elliot D.H., Fleming T.H. Occurrence and dispersal of magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica. Gondwana Res. 2004, 7(1):223-237.
31. Farmer V.C. The Infrared Spectra of Minerals 1974, Mineral. Soc., London, 539 pp.
32. Feely K.C., Christensen P.R. Quantitative compositional analysis using thermal emission spectroscopy: application to igneous and metamorphic rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:24195-24210.
33. Fehlner F.P., Mott N.F. Low-temperature oxidation. Oxid. Met. 1970, 2(1):59-99.
34. Fischer E.M., Pieters C.M. The continuum slope of Mars: bidirectional reflectance investigations and applications to Olympus Mons. Icarus 1993, 102:185-202.
35. Fountain A.G., Nylen T.H., Monaghan A., Basagic H.J., Bromwich D. Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Int. J. Climatol. 2009, 10.1002/joc.1933.
36. Gellert R., Rieder R., Brückner J., Clark B.C., Dreibus G., Klingelhöfer G., Lugmair G., Ming D.W., Wänke H., Yen A., Zipfel J., Squyres S.W. Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS): results from Gusev crater and calibration report. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111. 10.1029/2005JE002555.
37. Gillespie A.R. Spectral mixture analysis of multispectral thermal infrared images. Remote Sens. Environ. 1992, 42:137-145.
38. Glasby G.P., McPherson J.G., Kohn B.P., Johnston J.H., Freeman A.G., Tricker M.J. Desert varnish in Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. NZ J. Geol. Geophys. 1981, 24:389-397.
39. Gleadow A.J.W., Fitzgerald P.G. Uplift history and structure of the Transantarctic Mountains: new evidence from fission track dating of basement apatites in the Dry Valleys area, southern Victoria Land. EPSL 1987, 82:1-14.
40. Glotch T.D., Morris R.V., Christensen P.R., Sharp T.G. Effect of precursor mineralogy on the thermal infrared emission spectra of hematite: application to Martian hematite mineralization. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109. 10.1029/2003JE002224.
41. Granger H.C., Raup R.B. Geology of the uranium deposits in the Dripping Spring Quartzite, Gila County, Arizona. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1969, 595:106.
42. Gunn B.M. Differentiation in Ferrar Dolerites. NZ J. Geol. Geophys. 1962, 5:820-863.
43. Gunn B.M. Layered intrusions in the Ferrar dolerites, Antarctica. Mineral. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 1963, 1:124-133.
44. Gunn B.M. K/Rb and K/Ba ratios in Antarctic and New Zealand tholeiites and alkali basalts. J. Geophys. Res. 1965, 70:6241-6247.
45. Gunn B.M. Modal and element variation in Antarctic tholeiites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1966, 30:881-920.
46. Hamilton V.E. Thermal infrared (vibrational) spectroscopy of Mg-Fe olivines: a review and applications to determining the composition of planetary surfaces. Chem. Erde 2010, 70:7-33.
47. Hamilton V.E., Ruff S.W. Distribution and characteristics of Adirondack-class basalt as observed by Mini-TES in Gusev crater, Mars and its possible volcanic source. Icarus 2012, 218(2):917-949.
48. Hamilton V.E. Thermal infrared spectroscopy of the pyroxene mineral series. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105(E4):9701-9716.
49. Harvey R.P. The Ferrar Dolerite: An Antarctic analog for martian basaltic lithologies and weathering process. Wkshp. Martian Highlands Moj. Des. Analogs 2001, (abstract 4012).
50. Haskin L.A., Wang A., Jolliff B.L., McSween H.Y., Clark B.C., Des Marais D.J., McLennan S., Tosca N.J., Hurowitz J.A., Farmer J.D., Yen A., Squyres S.W., Arvidson R.E., Klingelhöfer G., Schröder C., de Souza P.A., Ming D.W., Gellert R., Zipfel J., Brückner J., Bell J.F., Herkenhoff K., Christensen P.R., Ruff S., Blaney D., Gorevan S., Cabrol N.A., Crumpler L., Grant J., Soderblom L. Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater. Nature 2005, 436:66-69.
51. Hausrath E.M., Navarre-Sitchler A.K., Sak P.B., Steefel C.I., Brantley S.L. Basalt weathering rates on Earth and the duration of liquid water on the plains of Gusev crater, Mars. Geology 2008, 36:67-70.
52. Head J.W., Kreslavsky M.A., Marchant D.R. Pitted rock surfaces on Mars: a mechanism of formation by transient melting of snow and ice. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116. 10.1029/2011JE003826.
53. 39Ar geochronology. EPSL 1994, 121:19-41.
54. Herd C.D.K., Borg L.E., Jones J.H., Papike J.J. Oxygen fugacity and geochemical variations in the martian basalts: implications for martian basalt petrogenesis and the oxidation state of the upper mantle of Mars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:2025-2036.
55. Hillier S. Accurate quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by XRD: comparison of a Rietveld and a reference intensity ratio (RIR) method and the importance of sample preparation. Clay Miner. 2000, 35:291-302.
56. Hurowitz J.A., McLennan S.M., Tosca N.J., Arvidson R.E., Michalski J.R., Ming D.W., Schröder C., Squyres S.W. In situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering of rocks and soils on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111. 10.1029/2005JE002515.
57. Karunatillake S., Squyres S.W., Taylor G.J., Keller J.M., Gasnault O., Evans L.G., Reedy R.C., Starr R., Boynton W., Janes D.M., Kerry K.E., Dohm J.M., Sprague A.L., Hahn B.C., Hamara D. Composition of northern low-albedo regions of Mars: insights from the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111. 10.1029/2006JE002675.
58. Koeppen W.C., Hamilton V.E. Global distribution, composition, and abundance of olivine on the surface of Mars from thermal infrared data. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. 10.1029/2007JE002984.
59. Kowalewski D.E., Marchant D.R., Swanger K.M., Head J.W. Modeling vapor diffusion within cold and dry supraglacial tills of Antarctica: implications for the preservation of ancient ice. Geomorphology 2010, 126:159-173.
60. Kowalewski D.E., Marchant D.R., Head III J.W. and Jackson D.W. (in review) Modeling the effects of thermal contraction-crack polygons on sublimation of buried glacier ice, Antarctica. Perm. Peri. Proc.
61. Kyle P.R., Elliot D.H., Sutter J.F. Jurassic Ferrar Supergroup tholeiites from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, and their relationship to the initial fragmentation of Gondwana. Gondwana Five (Proc. Intl. Gond. Symp., 5) 1981, 283-287. Rotterdam, Balkema, Wellington, New Zealand. M.M. Cresswell, P. Vella (Eds.).
62. Lane M.D. Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. Am. Mineral. 2007, 92:1-18.
63. Lasaga A.C. Chemical kinetics of water-rock interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:4009-4025.
64. Levy J.S., Marchant D.R., Head J.W. Distribution and origin of patterned ground on Mullins Valley debris-covered glacier, Antarctica: the roles of ice flow and sublimation. Antarct. Sci. 2006, 18:385-397.
65. Liu T., Broecker W.S. How fast does rock varnish grow?. Geology 2000, 28:183-186.
66. Manning J.R. Diffusion kinetics and mechanisms in simple crystals. Geochemical Transport and Kinetics 1973, 3-13. Carnegie Institution of Washington, (Publication 634). A.W. Hofmann, B.J. Giletti, H.S. Yoder, R.A. Yund. (Eds.).
67. Marchant D.R., Denton G.H. Miocene and Pliocene paleoclimate of the Dry Valleys region, southern Victoria Land: a geomorphological approach. Mar. Micropaleo 1996, 27:253-271.
68. Marchant D.R., Head J.W. Antarctic dry valleys: microclimate zonation, variable geomorphic processes, and implications for assessing climate change on Mars. Icarus 2007, 192:187-222.
69. Marchant D.R., Lewis A.R., Phillips W.M., Moore E.J., Souchez R.A., Denton G.H., Sugden D.E., Potter N., Landis G.P. Formation of patterned ground and sublimation till over Miocene glacier ice in Beacon Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2002, 114:718-730.
70. Marchant D.R., Phillips W.M., Fastook J.L., Head III J.W., Schaefer J.M., Shean D.E. and Kowalewski D.E. (2007), Dating the world's oldest debris-covered glacier: Implications for interpreting viscous-flow features on Mars. LPSC 38. #1895 (abstr.).
71. Marsh B. A magmatic mush column Rosetta Stone: the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Eos 2004, 85:497-508.
72. McAdam A. C. (2008) Martian weathering processes: Terrestrial analog and theoretical modeling studies. Ph. D. thesis, Arizona State Univ. 254 pp.
73. McElroy C.T. and Rose G. (1987) Geology of the Beacon Heights area, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In New Zeal. Geol. Surv., Misc. Map Series 15.
74. McSween H.Y., Arvidson R.E., Bell J.F., Blaney D., Cabrol N.A., Christensen P.R., Clark B.C., Crisp J.A., Crumpler L.S., Des Marais D.J., Farmer J.D., Gellert R., Ghosh A., Gorevan S., Graff T., Grant J., Haskin L.A., Herkenhoff K.E., Johnson J.R., Jolliff B.L., Klingelhoefer G., Knudson A.T., McLennan S., Milam K.A., Moersch J.E., Morris R.V., Rieder R., Ruff S.W., de Souza P.A.Jr., Squyres S.W., Wänke H., Wang A., Wyatt M.B., Yen A., Zipfel J. Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater. Science 2004, 305:842-845.
75. McSween H.Y., Wyatt M.B., Gellert R., Bell J.F., Morris R.V., Herkenhoff K.E., Crumpler L.S., Milam K.A., Stockstill K.R., Tornabene L.L., Arvidson R.E., Bartlett P., Blaney D., Cabrol N.A., Christensen P.R., Clark B.C., Crisp J.A., Des Marais D.J., Economou T., Farmer J.D., Farrand W., Ghosh A., Golombek M., Gorevan S., Greeley R., Hamilton V.E., Johnson J.R., Joliff B.L., Klingelhöfer G., Knudson A.T., McLennan S., Ming D., Moersch J.E., Rieder R., Ruff S.W., Schröder C., de Souza P.A., Squyres S.W., Wänke H., Wang A., Yen A., Zipfel J. Characterization and petrologic interpretation of olivine-rich basalts at Gusev crater, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111. 10.1029/2005JE002477.
76. Michalski J.R., Kraft M.D., Sharp T.G., Williams L.B., Christensen P.R. Mineralogical constraints on the high-silica martian surface component observed by TES. Icarus 2005, 174:161-177.
77. Minitti M.E., Hamilton V.E. A search for basaltic-to-intermediate glasses on Mars: assessing martian crustal mineralogy. Icarus 2010, 210:135-149.
78. Minitti M.E., Weitz C.M., Lane M.D., Bishop J.L. Morphology, chemistry, and spectral properties of Hawaiian rock coatings and implications for Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. 10.1029/2006JE002839.
79. 4), goethite (α-FeOOH), and lepidochrosite (γ-FeOOH). J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90:3126-3144.
80. Morris R.V., Klingelhöfer G., Bernhardt B., Schröder C., Rodionov D.S., de Souza P.A., Yen A., Gellert R., Evlanov E.N., Foh J., Kankeleir E., Gütlich P., Ming D.W., Renz F., Wdowiak T., Squyres S.W., Arvidson R.E. Mineralogy at Gusev crater from the Mössbauer Spectrometer on the Spirit Rover. Science 2004, 305:833-836.
81. Morris R.V., Klingelhofer G., Schroder C., Rodionov D.S., Yen A., Ming D.W., de Souza Jr.P.A., Fleischer I., Wdowiak T., Gellert R., Bernhardt B., Evlanov E.N., Zubkov B., Foh J., Bonnes U., Kankeleit E., Gutlich P., Renz F., Squyres S.W. and Arvidson R.E. (2006) Mossbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. J. Geophys. Res. 111. doi:10.1029/2005JE00258.
82. Murray R. W., Miller D. J. and Kryc K. A. (2000), Analysis of major and trace elements in rocks, sediments, and interstitial waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Texas A&M University, ODP Technical Note 29, 21 pp.
83. Mustard J.F., Pieters C.M. Photometric phase functions of common geologic minerals and applications to quantitative analysis of mineral mixture reflectance spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:13619-13634.
84. Mustard J.F., Poulet F., Gendrin A., Bibring J.-P., Langevin Y., Gondet B., Mangold N., Bellucci G., Altieri F. Olivine and pyroxene diversity in the crust of Mars. Science 2005, 307:1594-1597.
85. Mustard J.F., Murchie S.L., Pelkey S.M., Ehlmann B.L., Milliken R.E., Grant J.A., Bibring J.-P., Poulet F., Bishop J., Noe Dobrea.E., Roach L., Seelos F., Arvidson R.E., Wiseman S., Green R., Hash C., Humm D., Malaret E., McGovern J.A., Seelos K., Clancy T., Clark R., Des Marais D., Izenberg N., Knudson A., Langevin Y., Martin T., McGuire P., Morris R., Robinson M., Roush T., Smith M., Swayze G., Taylor H., Titus T., Wolff M. Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM instrument. Nature 2008, 454:305-309.
86. Nesbitt H.W., Markovics G. Weathering of granodioritic crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:1653-1670.
87. Nesbitt H.W., Wilson R.E. Recent chemical weathering of basalts. Am. J. Sci. 1992, 292:740-777.
88. Owen T. The composition and early history of the atmosphere of Mars. Mars 1992, 818-833. The University of Arizona Press, Tuscon & London. H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
89. Pieters C.M. Strength of mineral absorption features in the transmitted component of near-infrared reflected light: first results from RELAB. J. Geophys. Res. 1983, 88:9534-9544.
90. Ramsey M.S., Christensen P.R. Mineral abundance determination: quantitative deconvolution of thermal emission spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:577-596.
91. Rogers A. D. and Christensen P. R. (2007) Surface mineralogy of martian low-albedo regions from MGS-TES data: Implications for upper crustal evolution and surface alteration. J. Geophys. Res. 112. doi:10.1029/2006JE002727.
92. Rignot E., Hallet B. and Fountain A. (2002) Rock glacier surface motion in Beacon Valley, Antarctica, from synthetic-aperture radar interferometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(12). doi:10.1029/2001GL013494.
93. Ruff S.W. Spectral evidence for zeolite in the dust on Mars. Icarus 2004, 168(1):131-143.
94. Ruff S.W., Christensen P.R. Basaltic andesite, altered basalt, and a TES-based search for smectite clay minerals on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL029602.
95. Ruff S.W., Christensen P.R., Barbera P.W., Anderson D.L. Quantitative thermal emission spectroscopy of minerals: a laboratory technique for measurement and calibration. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:14889-14913.
96. Sak P.B., Fisher D.M., Gardner T.W., Murphy K., Brantley S.L. Rates of weathering rind formation on Coasta Rican basalt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:1453-1472.
97. Salvatore M. R., Wyatt M. B., Mustard J. F. and Head J. W. (2011a) Development of alteration rinds on the Ferrar Dolerite of the Antarctic Dry Valleys: Initial characterization. LPSC 42. #1479 (abstr.).
98. Salvatore M. R., Wyatt M. B., Mustard J. F., Head J. W. and Marchant D. R. (2010a) Near-infrared spectral diversity of the Ferrar Dolerite in Beacon Valley, Antarctica: Implications for martian climate & surface compositions. LPSC 41. #1533 (abstr.).
99. Salvatore M.R., Mustard J.F., Wyatt M.B., Murchie S.L. Definitive evidence of Hesperian basalt in Acidalia and Chryse planitiae. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115. 10.1029/2009JE003519.
100. Salvatore M. R., Wyatt M. B., Mustard J. F., Head III J. W., Cooper R. F. and Marchant D. R. (2011b) Constraining the chemical alteration of rock surfaces of the Ferrar Dolerite in Beacon Valley, Antarctica. In Intl. Symp. Antarct. Earth Sci. 11, abstract PO8.6.
101. Salvatore M.R., Mustard J.F., Head J.W., Cooper R.F., Marchant D.R. Widespread alteration of the Ferrar Dolerite in Beacon Valley, Antarctica. AGU Fall Mtg. 2011, abstract P31C-1717.
102. Schaefer M., Baur H., Denton G.H., Ivy-Ochs S., Marchant D.R., Schluchter C., Wieler R. The oldest ice on Earth in Beacon Valley, Antarctica: New evidence from surface exposure dating. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 179(1):91-99.
103. Schmalzried H. Internal and external oxidation of nonmetallic compounds and solid solutions (I). Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87:551-558.
104. Schwerdtfeger W. Weather and climate of the Antarctic 1984, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 327 pp.
105. Shannon R., Prewitt C. Effective ionic radii in oxides and fluorides. Acta Cryst. 1969, B25:925-946.
106. Singer R.B., McCord T.B., Clark R.N., Adams J.B., Huguenin R.L. Mars surface composition from reflectance spectroscopy: a summary. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, 84:8415-8426.
107. Singer R.B. Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedo soils and dust on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87:10159-10168.
108. Skok J.R., Mustard J.F., Murchie S.L., Wyatt M.B., Ehlmann B.L. Spectrally distinct ejecta in Syrtis Major, Mars: evidence for environmental change at the Hesperian-Amazonian boundary. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115. 10.1029/2009JE003338.
109. 2+-bearing calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate glass: the effect of molecular structure on chemical diffusion and reaction-morphology. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2000, 278:145-163.
110. Staiger J.W., Marchant D.R., Shaefer J.M., Oberholzer P., Johnson J.V., Lewis A.R., Swanger K.M. Plio-Pleistocene history of Ferrar Glacier, Antarctica: implications for climate and ice sheet stability. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 243:489-503.
111. Sugden D.E., Marchant D.R., Potter N., Souchez R., Denton G.H., Swisher C.C., Tison J.-L. Preservation of Miocene glacier ice in East Antarctica. Nature 1995, 376:412-416.
112. Talkington R.W., Mayewski P.A., Gaudette H.E. Geochemical and glacio-geomorphic implications of basalt weathering in the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica. Geol. Mag. 1982, 119:553-566.
113. Vandenberghe R.E., DeGrave E., de Bakker P.M.A. On the methodology of the analysis of Mössbauer spectra. Hyperfine Interact. 1994, 83:29-49.
114. Viles H.A. Ecological perspectives on rock surface weathering: towards a conceptual model. Geomorphology 1995, 13:21-35.
115. Wilson M.J. Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: processes, products, and rates. Clay Miner. 2004, 39:233-266.
116. Wyatt M. B., Horodyskyj U. N., Kelley K. A. and Neal K. M. (2008), Comparisons of TIR and LA-ICP-MS derived bulk chemistries for natural surfaces of igneous rocks. LPSC 39. #2105 (abstr.).
117. Wyatt M.B., McSween H.Y. Spectral evidence for weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite in the northern lowlands of Mars. Nature 2002, 417:263-266.
118. Wyatt M.B., Hamilton V.E., McSween H.Y., Christensen P.R., Taylor L.A. Analysis of terrestrial and Martian volcanic compositions using thermal emission spectroscopy: 1. Determination of mineralogy, chemistry, and classification strategies. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(E7):14711-14732.