Composition of northern low-albedo regions of Mars: Insights from the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 112, Issue 3, 2007, Pages

  Karunatillake, Suniti ^a   Squyres, Steven W ^a   Taylor, G Jeffrey ^b   Keller, John M ^c   Gasnault, Olivier ^d   Evans, Larry G ^e   Reedy, Robert C ^f   Starr, Richard D ^g   Boynton, William V ^c   Janes, Daniel M ^c   Kerry, Kristopher E ^c   Dohm, James M ^c   Sprague, Ann L ^c   Hahn, Brian C ^h   Hamara, Dave ^c  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^d IRAP   (France)

^e Computer Sciences Corporation ^*  (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^g CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA   (United States)

^h STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; BASALT; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CORRELATION; GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETRY; IGNEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY; MANTLE SOURCE; MARS; MINERALOGY; TERRAIN;

EID: 34249883543     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JE002675     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Baker, V. R., R. G. Strom, V. C. Gulick, J. S. Kargel, G. Komatsu, and V. S. Kale (1991), Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars, Nature, 352(6336), 589-594, doi:10.1038/352589a0.
2. Baker, V. R., S. Maruyama, and J. M. Dohm (2002), A theory for the geological evolution of Mars and related synthesis (GEOMARS), Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33, Abstract 1586.
3. Bandfield, J. L., V. E. Hamilton, and P. R. Christensen (2000), A global view of Martian surface compositions from MGS-TES, Science, 287(5458), 1626-1630, doi:10.1126/science.287.5458.1626.
4. Bibring, J. P., et al. (2005), Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations, Science, 307(5715), 1576-1581, doi:10.1126/science.1108806.
5. Borg, L. E., and D. S. Draper (2003), A petrogenetic model for the origin and compositional variation of the Martian basaltic meteorites, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 38(12), 1713-1731.
6. Borg, L. E., L. E. Nyquist, H. Weissman, C.-Y. Shih, and Y. Reese (2003), The age of Dar al Gani 476 and the differentiation history of the Martian meteorites inferred from their radiogenic isotopic systematics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67(18), 3519-3536, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00094-2.
7. Boynton, W. V., et al. (1992), Science applications of the Mars Observer gamma ray spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E5), 7681-7698.
8. Boynton, W. V., et al. (2004), The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer instrument suite, Space Sci. Rev., 110(1-2), 37-83, doi:10.1023/ B:SPAC.0000021007.76126.15.
9. Brandon, A. D., R. J. Walker, J. W. Morgan, and G. G. Goles (2000), Re-Os isotopic evidence for early differentiation of the Martian mantle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64(23), 4083-4095, doi:10.1016/ S0016-7037(00)00482-8.
10. Brenan, J. M., H. F. Shaw, F. J. Ryerson, and D. L. Phinney (1995), Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900°C and 2.0 GPa: Constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59(16), 3331-3350, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00215-L.
11. Christensen, P. R. (1986), The spatial distribution of rocks on Mars, Icarus, 68(2), 217-238, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(86)90020-5.
12. Christensen, P. R. (1988), Global albedo variations on Mars: Implications for active aeolian transport, deposition, and erosion, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B7), 7611-7624.
13. Christensen, P. R., and M. C. Malin (1988), High resolution thermal imaging of Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XIX, 180-181.
14. Christensen, P. R., and S. W. Ruff (2004), Formation of the hematite-bearing unit in Meridiani Planum: Evidence for deposition in standing water, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E08003, doi:10.1029/ 2003JE002233.
15. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2005), The igneous diversity of Mars: Evidence for magmatic evolution analogous to Earth, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1273.
16. Clark, B. C., et al. (2005), Chemistry and mineralogy of outcrops at Meridiani Planum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240(1), 73-94, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.040.
17. Cohen, J., and P. Cohen (1983), Applied Multiple Regression/ Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., L. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N. J.
18. Connerney, J. E. P., et al. (1999), Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars, Science, 284(5415), 794-798, doi:10.1126/ science.284.5415.794.
19. Daux, V., J. L. Crovisier, C. Hemond, and J. C. Petit (1994), Geochemical evolution of basaltic rocks subjected to weathering: Fate of the major elements, rare earth elements, and thorium, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58(22), 4941-4954, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90223-2.
20. Dohm, J. M., et al. (2001a), Latent outflow activity for western Tharsis, Mars: Significant flood record exposed, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E6), 12,301-12,314.
21. Dohm, J. M., J. C. Ferris, V. R. Baker, R. C. Anderson, T. M. Hare, R. G. Strom, N. G. Barlow, K. L. Tanaka, J. E. Klemaszewski, and D. H. Scott (2001b), Ancient drainage basin of the Tharsis region, Mars: Potential source for outflow channel systems and putative oceans or paleolakes, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E12), 32,943-32,958.
22. Dreibus, G., E. Jagoutz, B. Spettel, and H. Wänke (1996), Phosphate-mobilization on Mars? Implication from leach experiments on SNCs, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVII, 323-324.
23. Drever, J. I. (1997), Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Surface and Groundwater Environments, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N. J.
24. Elkins-Tanton, L. T., P. C. Hess, and E. M. Parmentier (2005a), Possible formation of ancient crust on Mars through magma ocean processes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E12S01, doi:10.1029/2005JE002480.
25. Elkins-Tanton, L. T., S. E. Zaranek, E. M. Parmentier, and P. C. Hess (2005b), Early magnetic field and magmatic activity on Mars from magma ocean overturn, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236(1-2), 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.044.
26. Evans, L. G., R. C. Reedy, R. D. Starr, K. E. Kerry, and W. V. Boynton (2006), Analysis of gamma ray spectra measured by Mars Odyssey, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2005JE002657, in press.
27. Fairén, A. G., and J. M. Dohm (2004), Age and origin of the lowlands of Mars, Icarus, 168(2), 277-284, doi:10.1016 /j.icarus.2003.11.025.
28. Fairén, A. G., J. Ruiz, and F. Anguita (2002), An origin for the linear magnetic anomalies on Mars through accretion of terranes: Implications for dynamo timing, Icarus, 160(1), 220-223, doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6942.
29. Fairén, A. G., J. M. Dohm, V. R. Baker, M. A. de Pablo, J. Ruiz, J. C. Ferris, and R.C. Anderson (2003), Episodic flood inundations of the northern plains of Mars, Icarus, 165(1), 53-67, doi:10.1016/ S0019-1035(03)00144-1.
30. Fairén, A. G., D. C. Fernández-Remolar, J. M. Dolan, V. R. Baker, and R. Amils (2004), Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars, Nature, 431(7007), 423-426, doi:10.1038 /nature02911.
31. Göbel, E., I. M. Mills, and A. J. Wallard (Eds.) (2006), The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed., pp. 130-135, Bur. Int. des Poids et Mesures, Paris.
32. Golombek, M. P., R. A. Cook, H. J. Moore, and T. J. Parker (1997), Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site, J. Geophys. Res., 102(E2), 3967-3988.
33. Golombek, M. P., et al. (2003), Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8072, doi:10.1029/ 2003JE002074.
34. Golombek, M. P., et al. (2005), Assessment of Mars Exploration Rover landing site predictions, Nature, 436(7047), 44-48, doi:10.1038/ nature03600.
35. Greeley, R., and J. E. Guest (1987), Geologic map of the eastern equatorial region of Mars, 1:15000000, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser., Map I-1802-A.
36. 2O-rich fluid component in the generation of primitive basaltic andesites and andesites from the Mt. Shasta region, N California, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 142(4), 375-396.
37. Grove, T. L., L. T. Elkins-Tanton, S. W. Parman, N. Chatterjee, O. Müntener, and G. A. Gaetani (2003), Fractional crystallization and mantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 145(5), 515-533, doi:10.1007/ s00410-003-0448-z.
38. Haining, R. (2003), Spatial Data Analysis: Theory and Practice, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
39. Hartmann, W. K., J. Anguita, M. A. de la Casa, D. C. Berman, and E. V. Ryan (2001), Martian cratering 7: The role of impact gardening, Icarus, 149(1), 37-53, doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6532.
40. Hawkesworth, C., S. Turner, D. Peate, F. McDermott, and P. van Calsteren (1997), Elemental U and Th variations in island are rocks: Implications for U-series isotopes, Chem. Geol., 139(1-4), 207-221, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00036-3.
41. Herd, C. D. K. (2003), The oxygen fugacity of olivine-phyric Martian basalts and the components within the mantle and crust of Mars, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 38(12), 1793-1805.
42. Honnorez, J. J. (1981), The aging of the oceanic crust at low temperature, in The Oceanic Lithosphere, vol. 7, The Sea, edited by C. Emiliani, pp. 525-587, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
43. Hurowitz, J. A., S. M. McLennan, N. J. Tosca, R. E. Arvidson, J. R. Michalski, D. W. Ming, C. Schröder, and S. W. Squyres (2006), In situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering of rocks and soils on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E02S19, doi:10.1029/2005JE002515.
44. Jochum, K. P., and S. P. Verma (1996), Extreme enrichment of Sb, T1 and other trace elements in altered MORB, Chem. Geol., 130(3-4), 289-299, doi:10.1016/0009-2541(96)00014-9.
45. Keller, J., et al. (2006), Equatorial and midlatitude distribution of chlorine measured by Mars Odyssey GRS, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E03S08, doi:10.1029/2006JE002679.
46. McLennan, S. M. (2003), Sedimentary silica on Mars, Geology, 31(4), 315-318, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031:0315:SSOM;2.0.CO;2.
47. McLennan, S. M., et al. (2005), Provenance and diagenesis ofthe evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240(1), 95-121, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.041.
48. McSween, H. Y., Jr., T. L. Grove, and M. B. Wyatt (2003), Constraints on the composition and petrogenesis of the Martian crust, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5135, doi:10.1029/2003JE002175.
49. Mills, I., T. Cvitaš K. Homann, N. Kallay, and K. Kuchitsu (Eds.) (1993), Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC, Physical Chemistry Division), Comm. on Physicochem. Symbols, Terminol, and Units, 2nd ed., pp. 5, 44, 47, 59-62, 77, and 83, Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass.
50. Minitti, M. E., and M. J. Rutherford (2000), Genesis of the Mars Pathfinder "sulfur-free" rock from SNC parental liquids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64(14), 2535-2547, doi:10.1016 /S0016-7037(00)00366-5.
51. Minitti, M. E., J. F. Mustard, and M. J. Rutherford (2002), Effects of glass content and oxidation on the spectra of SNC-like basalts: Applications to Mars remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E5), 5030, doi:10.1029/2001JE001518.
52. Moore, H. J., and J. Keller (1991), Surface-material maps of Viking landing sites on Mars, in Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program Report, vol. 2005, edited by T. A. Maxwell pp. 160-162, NASA, Washington, D.C.
53. Nesbitt, H. W., and G. Markovics (1997), Weathering of granodioritic crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61(8), 1653-1670, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00031-8.
54. Nesbitt, H. W., and R. E. Wilson (1992), Recent chemical-weathering of basalts, Am. J. Sci., 292(10), 740-777.
55. Nimmo, F., and D. J. Stevenson (2000), Influence of early plate tectonics on the thermal evolution and magnetic field of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 105(E5), 11,969-11,980.
56. Patino, L. C., M. A. Velbel, J. R. Price, and J. A. Wade (2003), Trace element mobility during spheroidal weathering of basalts and andesites in Hawaii and Guatemala, Chem. Geol., 202(3-4), 343-364, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.01.002.
57. Pitas, I. (2000), Digital Image Processing Algorithms and Applications, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
58. Press, S. J. (1982), Applied Multivariate Analysis: Using Bayesian and Frequentist Methods of Inference, 2nd ed., Krieger, Melbourne, Fla.
59. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery (2002), Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
60. Rawlings, J. O., S. G. Pantula, and D. A. Dickey (1998), Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool, Springer Texts in Statistics, 2nd ed., Springer, New York.
61. Rieder, R., R. Gellert, J. Brckner, G. Klingelhöfer, G. Dreibus, A. Yen, and S. W. Squyres (2003), The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8066, doi:10.1029/2003JE002150.
62. Rieder, R., et al. (2004), Chemistry of rocks and soils at Meridiani Planum from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, Science, 306(5702), 1746-1749, doi:10.1126/science.1104358.
63. Rogers, A. D. (2005), Spatial and stratigraphic variations in Martain surface mineralogy determined from orbital thermal infrared data: Implications for upper crustal evolution and alteration, dissertation, Ariz. State Univ., Tempe.
64. Rudnick, R. L. (1995), Making continental crust, Nature, 378(6557), 571-578, doi:10.1038/378571a0.
65. Ruff, S. W. (2003), Basaltic andesite or weathered basalt: A new assessment, in Sixth International Conference on Mars, Abstract 3258, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex.
66. Scott, D. H., and K. L. Tanaka (1986), Geologic map of the western equatorial region of Mars, 1:15000000, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest Ser., Map 1-1802-A.
67. Sleep, N. H. (1994), Martian plate tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 99(E3), 5639-5655.
68. Squyres, S. W., and L. G. Evans (1992), Effects of material mixing on planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E9), 14,701-14,715.
69. Staudigel, H., T. Plank, B. White. and H.-U. Schmincke (1996), Geochemical fluxes during seafloor alteration of the basaltic upper crust: DSDP sites 417 and 418, in Subduction: Top to Bottom, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 96, edited by G. E. Bebout et al., pp. 19-38, AGU, Washington, D. C.
70. Stolper, E., and S. Newman (1994), The role of water in the petrogenesis of Mariana trough magmas, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 121(3-4), 293-325, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90074-4.
71. Sullivan, R., et al. (2005), Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site, Nature, 436(7047), 58-61, doi:10.1038/nature03641.
72. Tanaka, K. L., M. Chapman, and D. H. Scott (1992), Geologic map of the Elysium region of Mars, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser., Map I-2147.
73. Tanaka, K. L., J. A. Skinner Jr., T. M. Hare, T. Joyal, and A. Wenker (2003), Resurfacing history of the northern plains of Mars based on geologic mapping of Mars Global Surveyor data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E4), 8043, doi:10.1029/2002JE001908.
74. Tanaka, K. L., J. A. Skinner, and T. M. Hare (2005), Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars, 1:15000000, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser., Map 2888.
75. Taylor, G. J., et al. (2006a), Variations in K/Th on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2006JE002676, in press.
76. Taylor, G. J., et al. (2006b), Bulk composition and early differentiation of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/ 2005JE002645, in press.
77. Taylor, S. R., and S. M. McLennan (1985), The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass.
78. Tosca, N. J., S. M. McLennan, B. C. Clark, J. P. Grotzinger, J. A. Hurowitz, A. H. Knoll, C. Schröder, and S. W. Squyres (2005), Geochemical modeling of evaporation processes on Mars: Insight from the sedimentary record at Meridiani Planum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240(1), 125-151, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.042.
79. Upton, G. J. G., and B. Fingleton (1985), Spatial Data Analysis by Example: Point Pattern and Quantitative Data, Wiley Ser Probab. Math. Stat., vol. 1, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
80. Wänke, H., J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder, and I. Ryabchikov (2001), Chemical composition of rocks and soils at the Pathfinder site, Space Sci. Rev., 96(1-4), 317-330, doi:10.1023 /A:1011961725645.
81. Wyatt, M. B., and H. Y. McSween (2002), Spectral evidence for weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite in the northern lowlands of Mars, Nature, 417(6886), 263-266, doi:10.1038/417263.
82. Yen, A. S., et al. (2005), An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of Martian soils, Nature, 436(7047), 49-54, doi:10.1038/nature03637.