Brain stimulation methods to treat tobacco addiction

Brain Stimulation

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 221-230

  Wing, Victoria C ^a,b   Barr, Mera S ^a,b   Wass, Caroline E ^a,b   Lipsman, Nir ^c   Lozano, Andres M ^c   Daskalakis, Zafiris J ^a,b   George, Tony P ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoking; Cranial electrostimulation (CES); Deep brain stimulation (DBS); Nicotine; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE;

BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CRANIAL ELECTROSTIMULATION; HUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOKING; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT DURATION;

DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY; HUMANS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 84877786939     PISSN: 1935861X     EISSN: 18764754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.06.008     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. CDC Tobacco use among middle and high school students-United States, 2000-2009 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 33 2010 1063 1068
2. CDC Targeting tobacco use: the nation's leading cause of death 2011 Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Georgia
3. J. Mackay, and M. Eriksen The tobacco atlas 2002 The World Health Organization Geneva
4. M.G. Goldstein, R.S. Niaura, C. Willey, A. Kazura, W. Rakowski, and J. DePue An academic detailing intervention to disseminate physician-delivered smoking cessation counseling: smoking cessation outcomes of the physicians counseling smokers project Preventive Medicine 36 2003 185 196
5. R. Maddison, V. Roberts, C. Bullen, H. McRobbie, Y. Jiang, and H. Prapavessis Design and conduct of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to enhance smoking-cessation outcomes with exercise: the Fit2Quit study Mental Health and Physical Activity 3 2010 92 101
6. S.H. Zhu, V. Stretch, M. Balabanis, B. Rosbrook, G. Sadler, and J.P. Pierce Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: effects of single-session and multiple-session interventions Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 64 1 1996 202 211
7. R.D. Hurt, D.P.L. Sachs, E.D. Glover, K.P. Offord, J.A. Johnston, and L.C. Dale A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation New England Journal of Medicine 337 17 1997 1195 1202
8. C. Silagy, D. Mant, G. Fowler, and M. Lodge Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation The Lancet 343 8890 1994 139 142
9. P. Tønnesen, S. Tonstad, A. Hjalmarson, F. Lebargy, P.I. Van Spiegel, and A. Hider A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 1-year study of bupropion SR for smoking cessation Journal of Internal Medicine 254 2 2003 1365 2796
10. D. Gonzales, S.I. Rennard, M. Nides, C. Oncken, S. Azoulay, and C.B. Billing Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial The Journal of the American Medical Association 296 1 2006 47 55
11. D.E. Jorenby, J.T. Hays, N.A. Rigotti, S. Azoulay, E.J. Watsky, and K.E. Williams Efficacy of varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 296 1 2006 56 63
12. C. Oncken, D. Gonzales, M. Nides, S. Rennard, E. Watsky, and C.B. Billing Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation Archieves of Internal Medicine 166 15 2006 1571 1577
13. A.J. Garvey, R.E. Bliss, J.L. Hitchcock, J.W. Heinold, and B. Rosner Predictors of smoking relapse among self-quitters: a report from the normative aging study Addictive Behaviors 17 4 1992 367 377
14. S.L. Kenford, M.C. Fiore, D.E. Jorenby, S.S. Smith, D. Wetter, and T.B. Baker Predicting smoking cessation. Who will quit with and without the nicotine patch Journal of the American Medical Association 271 8 1994 589 594
15. J.R. Hughes, J. Keely, and S. Naud Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers Addiction 99 1 2004 29 38
16. T.M. Piasecki Relapse to smoking Clinical Psychology Review 26 2 2006 196 215
17. S. Tonstadt, P. Tonnesen, P. Hajek, K.E. Williams, C.B. Billing, and K.R. Reeves Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association 296 1 2006 64 71
18. J.P. Changeux, D. Bertrand, P.J. Corringer, S. Dehaene, S. Edelstein, and C. Lena Brain nicotinic receptors: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement Brain Research - Brain Research Reviews 26 2-3 1998 198 216
19. S. Wonnacott, J. Irons, C. Rapier, B. Thorne, and G.G. Lunt Presynaptic modulation of transmitter release by nicotinic receptors Progress in Brain Research 79 1989 157 163
20. G. Di Chiara Role of dopamine in the behavioural actions of nicotine related to addiction European Journal of Pharmacology 393 1-3 2000 295 314
21. N.D. Volkow, and T.K. Li Drug addiction: the neurobiology of behaviour gone awry Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 12 2004 963 970
22. G.F. Koob The neurobiology of addiction: a neuroadaptational view relevant for diagnosis Addiction 101 Suppl. 1 2006 23 30
23. M. Bortolomasi, A. Minelli, G. Fuggetta, M. Perini, S. Comencini, and A. Fiaschi Long-lasting effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depressed patients Psychiatry Research 150 2 2007 181 186
24. P.B. Fitzgerald, T.L. Brown, N.A. Marston, Z.J. Daskalakis, A. De Castella, and J. Kulkarni Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Archives of General Psychiatry 60 10 2003 1002 1008
25. R.E. Hoffman, K.A. Hawkins, R. Gueorguieva, N.N. Boutros, F. Rachid, and K. Carroll Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication-resistant auditory hallucinations Archieve of General Psychiatry 60 1 2003 49 56
26. M. Johann, R. Wiegand, A. Kharraz, G. Bobbe, G. Sommer, and G. Hajak [Transcranial magnetic stimulation for nicotine dependence] Psychiatrische Praxis 30 Suppl. 2 2003 S129 S131
27. P. Eichhammer, M. Johann, A. Kharraz, H. Binder, D. Pittrow, and N. Wodarz High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases cigarette smoking Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64 8 2003 951 953
28. R. Amiaz, D. Levy, D. Vainiger, L. Grunhaus, and A. Zangen Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption Addiction 104 4 2009 653 660
29. J.A. Camprodon, J. Martinez-Raga, M. Alonso-Alonso, M.C. Shih, and A. Pascual-Leone One session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the right prefrontal cortex transiently reduces cocaine craving Drug Alcohol Depend 86 1 2007 91 94
30. E. Politi, E. Fauci, A. Santoro, and E. Smeraldi Daily sessions of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex gradually reduce cocaine craving American Journal on Addictions 17 4 2008 345 346
31. D. De Ridder, S. Vanneste, S. Kovacs, S. Sunaert, and G. Dom Transient alcohol craving suppression by rTMS of dorsal anterior cingulate: an fMRI and LORETA EEG study Neuroscience Letters 496 1 2011 5 10
32. B.R. Mishra, S.H. Nizamie, B. Das, and S.K. Praharaj Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alcohol dependence: a sham-controlled study Addiction 105 1 2010 49 55
33. M.S. Barr, F. Farzan, V.C. Wing, T.P. George, P.B. Fitzgerald, and Z.J. Daskalakis Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and drug addiction International Review of Psychiatry 23 5 2011 454 466
34. M.S. Barr, P.B. Fitzgerald, F. Farzan, T.P. George, and Z.J. Daskalakis Transcranial magnetic stimulation to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of substance use disorders Current Drug Abuse Reviews 1 3 2008 328 339
35. T. Burt, S.H. Lisanby, and H.A. Sackeim Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacolgy 5 1 2002 73 103
36. H.M. Haraldsson, F. Ferrarelli, N.H. Kalin, and G. Tononi Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the investigation and treatment of schizophrenia: a review Schizophrenia Research 71 1 2004 1 16
37. A. Post, and M.E. Keck Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about the neurobiological mechanisms? Journal of Psychiatry Research 35 4 2001 193 215
38. D. Ben-Shachar, R.H. Belmaker, N. Grisaru, and E. Klein Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces alterations in brain monoamines Journal of Neural Transmission 104 2-3 1997 191 197
39. A. Conca, S. Koppi, P. Konig, E. Swoboda, and N. Krecke Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a novel antidepressive strategy? Neuropsychobiology 34 4 1996 204 207
40. A.A. Gershon, P.N. Dannon, and L. Grunhaus Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression American Journal of Psychiatry 160 5 2003 835 845
41. M.E. Keck, T. Welt, M.B. Muller, A. Erhardt, F. Ohl, and N. Toschi Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system Neuropharmacology 43 1 2002 101 109
42. A. Erhardt, I. Sillaber, T. Welt, M.B. Muller, N. Singewald, and M.E. Keck Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell of morphine-sensitized rats during abstinence Neuropsychopharmacology 29 11 2004 2074 2080
43. J. Trippe, A. Mix, S. Aydin-Abidin, K. Funke, and A. Benali Theta burst and conventional low-frequency rTMS differentially affect GABAergic neurotransmission in the rat cortex Exp Brain Res 199 3-4 2009 411 421
44. Z.J. Daskalakis, B. Moller, B.K. Christensen, P.B. Fitzgerald, C. Gunraj, and R. Chen The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical inhibition in healthy human subjects Experimental Brain Research 174 3 2006 403 412
45. E.M. Khedr, J.C. Rothwell, M.A. Ahmed, O.A. Shawky, and M. Farouk Modulation of motor cortical excitability following rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation Clinical Neurophysiology 118 1 2007 140 145
46. B. Takano, A. Drzezga, M. Peller, I. Sax, M. Schwaiger, and L. Lee Short-term modulation of regional excitability and blood flow in human motor cortex following rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation Neuroimage 23 3 2004 849 859
47. S.H. Jung, J.E. Shin, Y.S. Jeong, and H.I. Shin Changes in motor cortical excitability induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of different stimulation durations Clinical Neurophysiology 119 1 2008 71 79
48. A.P. Strafella, T. Paus, J. Barrett, and A. Dagher Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus Journal of Neuroscience 21 15 2001 RC157
49. S.S. Cho, and A.P. Strafella rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates dopamine release in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex PLoS One 4 8 2009 e6725
50. A.M. Speer, T.A. Kimbrell, E.M. Wassermann, J.D. Repella, M.W. Willis, and P. Herscovitch Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients Biological Psychiatry 48 12 2000 1133 1141
51. C. Eisenegger, V. Treyer, E. Fehr, and D. Knoch Time-course of "off-line" prefrontal rTMS effects-a PET study Neuroimage 42 1 2008 379 384
52. V.C. Wing, I. Bacher, B. Wu, Z.J. Daskalakis, and T.P. George High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces tobacco craving in schizophrenia Schizophrenia Research 139 2012 264 266
53. J.E. Rose, F.J. McClernon, B. Froeliger, F.M. Behm, X. Preud'homme, and A.D. Krystal Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the superior frontal gyrus modulates craving for cigarettes Biological Psychiatry 70 8 2011 794 799
54. T. Hayashi, H.K. Ji, A. Strafella, B. Pike, and A. Dagher A role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-cue induced neural response Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow 27 1 2007 BP17-04W
55. F. Fregni, S. Freedman, and A. Pascual-Leone Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques Lancet Neurology 6 2 2007 188 191
56. M.F. Gilula Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia Expert Review of Medical Devices 4 4 2007 489 495
57. D.L. Kirsch, and R.B. Smith The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of chronic pain: a review NeuroRehabilitation 14 2 2000 85 94
58. F.A. Alling, B.D. Johnson, and E. Elmoghazy Cranial electrostimulation (CES) use in the detoxification of opiate-dependent patients Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7 3 1990 173 180
59. M. Gunther, and K.D. Phillips Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment of depression Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Ment Health Services 48 11 2010 37 42
60. M.A. Patterson, J. Firth, and R. Gardiner Treatment of drug, alcohol and nicotine addiction by neuroelectric therapy: analysis of results over 7 years Journal of Bioelectricity 3 1&2 1984 193 221
61. D.R. Jasinski, J.T. Sullivan, M. Testa, and K.L. Preston Withdrawal symptoms by transcranial electrostimulation therapy (TCET) L. Harris, Problems of drug dependence 1991: Proceedings of the 53rd annual scientific meeting 1992 The committee on problems of Drug Dependence Inc. Research Monograph 119 Rockville, MD 329
62. W.B. Pickworth, R.V. Fant, M.F. Butschky, A.L. Goffman, and J.E. Henningfield Evaluation of cranial electrostimulation therapy on short-term smoking cessation Biological Psychiatry 42 2 1997 116 121
63. A.J. Georgiou, C.P. Spencer, G.K. Davies, and J. Stamp Electrical stimulation therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking Journal of Substance Abuse 10 3 1998 265 274
64. E. Scheuer Effectiveness of neuroelectric therapy in inducing smoking cessation. Society for research on nicotine and tobacco, Europe 2004 Taylor & Francis Tubingen, Germany
65. A.R. White, H. Rampes, J.P. Liu, L.F. Stead, and J. Campbell Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 2011 CD000009
66. P. Gariti, M. Auriacombe, R. Incmikoski, A.T. McLellan, L. Patterson, and V. Dhopesh A randomized double-blind study of neuroelectric therapy in opiate and cocaine detoxification Journal of Substance Abuse 4 3 1992 299 308
67. M. Gossop, B. Bradley, J. Strang, and P. Connell The clinical effectiveness of electrostimulation vs oral methadone in managing opiate withdrawal British Journal of Psychiatry 144 1984 203 208
68. L.J. Bindman, O.C. Lippold, and J.W. Redfearn Relation between the size and form of potentials evoked by sensory stimulation and the background electrical activity in the cerebral cortex of the rat Journal of Physiology 171 1964 1 25
69. L.J. Bindman, O.C. Lippold, and J.W. Redfearn The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects Journal of Physiology 172 1964 369 382
70. M.A. Nitsche, L.G. Cohen, E.M. Wassermann, A. Priori, N. Lang, and A. Antal Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008 Brain Stimul 1 3 2008 206 223
71. M.A. Nitsche, M.S. Nitsche, C.C. Klein, F. Tergau, J.C. Rothwell, and W. Paulus Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex Clinical Neurophysiology 114 4 2003 600 604
72. M.A. Nitsche, and W. Paulus Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation Journal of Physiology 527 Pt 3 2000 633 639
73. G. Been, T.T. Ngo, S.M. Miller, and P.B. Fitzgerald The use of tDCS and CVS as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation Brain Research Reviews 56 2 2007 346 361
74. F. Fregni, P.S. Boggio, M.A. Nitsche, S.P. Rigonatti, and A. Pascual-Leone Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression Depress Anxiety 23 8 2006 482 484
75. M.A. Nitsche, D. Liebetanz, A. Antal, N. Lang, F. Tergau, and W. Paulus Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation- technical, safety and functional aspects Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology 56 2003 255 276
76. M.A. Nitsche, K. Fricke, U. Henschke, A. Schlitterlau, D. Liebetanz, and N. Lang Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans Journal of Physiology 553 Pt 1 2003 293 301
77. M.A. Nitsche, C. Lampe, A. Antal, D. Liebetanz, N. Lang, and F. Tergau Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex European Journal of Neuroscience 23 6 2006 1651 1657
78. F. Fregni, P.S. Boggio, M.A. Nitsche, M.A. Marcolin, S.P. Rigonatti, and A. Pascual-Leone Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation Bipolar Disorders 8 2 2006 203 204
79. F. Fregni, P.S. Boggio, M.C. Santos, M. Lima, A.L. Vieira, and S.P. Rigonatti Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders 21 10 2006 1693 1702
80. P.S. Boggio, N. Sultani, S. Fecteau, L. Merabet, T. Mecca, and A. Pascual-Leone Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study Drug and Alcohol Dependence 92 1-3 2008 55 60
81. F. Fregni, P. Liguori, S. Fecteau, M.A. Nitsche, A. Pascual-Leone, and P.S. Boggio Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69 1 2008 32 40
82. F. Fregni, F. Orsati, W. Pedrosa, S. Fecteau, F.A. Tome, and M.A. Nitsche Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates the desire for specific foods Appetite 51 1 2008 34 41
83. R.L. Goldman, J.J. Borckardt, H.A. Frohman, P.M. O'Neil, A. Madan, and L.K. Campbell Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) temporarily reduces food cravings and increases the self-reported ability to resist food in adults with frequent food craving Appetite 56 3 2011 741 746
84. G. Beeli, G. Casutt, T. Baumgartner, and L. Jancke Modulating presence and impulsiveness by external stimulation of the brain Behavioral and Brain Function 4 2008 33
85. P.S. Boggio, S. Zaghi, A.B. Villani, S. Fecteau, A. Pascual-Leone, and F. Fregni Modulation of risk-taking in marijuana users by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) Drug and Alcohol Dependence 112 3 2010 220 225
86. S. Fecteau, D. Knoch, F. Fregni, N. Sultani, P. Boggio, and A. Pascual-Leone Diminishing risk-taking behavior by modulating activity in the prefrontal cortex: a direct current stimulation study Journal of Neuroscience 27 46 2007 12500 12505
87. S. Fecteau, A. Pascual-Leone, D.H. Zald, P. Liguori, H. Theoret, and P.S. Boggio Activation of prefrontal cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation reduces appetite for risk during ambiguous decision making Journal of Neuroscience 27 23 2007 6212 6218
88. P.S. Boggio, P. Liguori, N. Sultani, L. Rezende, S. Fecteau, and F. Fregni Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving Neuroscience Letters 463 1 2009 82 86
89. K. Ostergaard, N. Sunde, and E. Dupont Effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations Movement Disorders 17 4 2002 693 700
90. M.C. Rodriguez-Oroz, J.A. Obeso, A.E. Lang, J.L. Houeto, P. Pollak, and S. Rehncrona Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up Brain 128 Pt 10 2005 2240 2249
91. W.M. Schupbach, N. Chastan, M.L. Welter, J.L. Houeto, V. Mesnage, and A.M. Bonnet Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: a 5 year follow up Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 76 12 2005 1640 1644
92. H.S. Mayberg, A.M. Lozano, V. Voon, H.E. McNeely, D. Seminowicz, and C. Hamani Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression Neuron 45 5 2005 651 660
93. S.H. Kennedy, P. Giacobbe, S.J. Rizvi, F.M. Placenza, Y. Nishikawa, and H.S. Mayberg Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: follow-up after 3 to 6 years American Journal of Psychiatry 168 5 2011 502 510
94. L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari, N. Baup, M.L. Welter, and D. Fontaine Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder The New England Journal of Medicine 359 20 2008 2121 2134
95. B.D. Greenberg, L.A. Gabriels, D.A. Malone Jr., A.R. Rezai, G.M. Friehs, and M.S. Okun Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience Molecular Psychiatry 15 1 2010 64 79
96. D.G. Kilpatrick The ethics of disaster research: a special section Journal of Traumatic Stress 17 5 2004 361 362
97. A.W. Laxton, D.F. Tang-Wai, M.P. McAndrews, D. Zumsteg, R. Wennberg, and R. Keren A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease Annals of Neurology 68 4 2010 521 534
98. T.E. Schlaepfer, and K. Lieb Deep brain stimulation for treatment of refractory depression Lancet 366 9495 2005 1420 1422
99. T. Witjas, C. Baunez, J.M. Henry, M. Delfini, J. Regis, and A.A. Cherif Addiction in Parkinson's disease: impact of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation Movement Disorders 20 8 2005 1052 1055
100. G. Gao, X. Wang, S. He, W. Li, Q. Wang, and Q. Liang Clinical study for alleviating opiate drug psychological dependence by a method of ablating the nucleus accumbens with stereotactic surgery Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81 1-4 2003 96 104
101. B.M. Stelten, L.H. Noblesse, L. Ackermans, Y. Temel, and V. Visser-Vandewalle The neurosurgical treatment of addiction Neurosurg Focus 25 1 2008 E5
102. G. Dieckmann, and H. Schneider Influence of stereotactic hypothalamotomy on alcohol and drug addiction Applied Neurophysiology 41 1-4 1978 93 98
103. A.D. Lawrence, A.H. Evans, and A.J. Lees Compulsive use of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease: reward systems gone awry? Lancet Neurology 2 10 2003 595 604
104. J. Kuhn, D. Lenartz, W. Huff, S. Lee, A. Koulousakis, and J. Klosterkoetter Remission of alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: valuable therapeutic implications? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 78 10 2007 1152 1153
105. J. Kuhn, T.O. Grundler, R. Bauer, W. Huff, A.G. Fischer, and D. Lenartz Successful deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in severe alcohol dependence is associated with changed performance monitoring Addiction Biology 16 4 2011 620 623
106. U.J. Muller, V. Sturm, J. Voges, H.J. Heinze, I. Galazky, and M. Heldmann Successful treatment of chronic resistant alcoholism by deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens: first experience with three cases Pharmacopsychiatry 42 6 2009 288 291
107. M.B. Henderson, A.I. Green, P.S. Bradford, D.T. Chau, D.W. Roberts, and J.C. Leiter Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens reduces alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats Neurosurgical Focus 29 2 2010 E12
108. C.M. Knapp, L. Tozier, A. Pak, D.A. Ciraulo, and C. Kornetsky Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens reduces ethanol consumption in rats Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 92 3 2009 474 479
109. F.M. Vassoler, H.D. Schmidt, M.E. Gerard, K.R. Famous, D.A. Ciraulo, and C. Kornetsky Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in rats Journal of Neuroscience 28 35 2008 8735 8739
110. H.Y. Liu, J. Jin, J.S. Tang, W.X. Sun, H. Jia, and X.P. Yang Chronic deep brain stimulation in the rat nucleus accumbens and its effect on morphine reinforcement Addiction Biology 13 1 2008 40 46
111. R.A. Wise The role of reward pathways in the development of drug dependence Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35 1-2 1987 227 263
112. J. Kuhn, R. Bauer, S. Pohl, D. Lenartz, W. Huff, and E.H. Kim Observations on unaided smoking cessation after deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens European Addiction Research 15 4 2009 196 201
113. M. Mantione, W. van de Brink, P.R. Schuurman, and D. Denys Smoking cessation and weight loss after chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: therapeutic and research implications: case report Neurosurgery 66 1 2010 E218 [discussion E]
114. R. Chen, C. Gerloff, J. Classen, E.M. Wassermann, M. Hallett, and L.G. Cohen Safety of different inter-train intervals for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and recommendations for safe ranges of stimulation parameters Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 105 6 1997 415 421
115. M.A. Nitsche, D. Liebetanz, N. Lang, A. Antal, F. Tergau, and W. Paulus Safety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans Clinical Neurophysiology 114 11 2003 2220 2222 author reply 2-3
116. S. Rossi, M. Hallett, P.M. Rossini, and A. Pascual-Leone Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research Clinical Neurophysiology 120 12 2009 2008 2039
117. M. De Biasi, and J.A. Dani Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine Annual Review of Neuroscience 34 2011 105 130
118. D. McBride, S.P. Barrett, J.T. Kelly, A. Aw, and A. Dagher Effects of expectancy and abstinence on the neural response to smoking cues in cigarette smokers: an fMRI study Neuropsychopharmacology 31 12 2006 2728 2738
119. S.J. Wilson, M.A. Sayette, and J.A. Fiez Prefrontal responses to drug cues: a neurocognitive analysis Nature Neuroscience 7 3 2004 211 214
120. R. Uher, D. Yoganathan, A. Mogg, S.V. Eranti, J. Treasure, and I.C. Campbell Effect of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on food craving Biological Psychiatry 58 10 2005 840 842
121. A. Pascual-Leone, J. Valls-Sole, E.M. Wassermann, and M. Hallett Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex Brain 117 Pt 4 1994 847 858
122. A. Berardelli, M. Inghilleri, J.C. Rothwell, S. Romeo, A. Curra, and F. Gilio Facilitation of muscle evoked responses after repetitive cortical stimulation in man Experimental Brain Research 122 1 1998 79 84
123. Y.Z. Huang, M.J. Edwards, E. Rounis, K.P. Bhatia, and J.C. Rothwell Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex Neuron 45 2 2005 201 206
124. S.F. Cooke, and T.V. Bliss Plasticity in the human central nervous system Brain 129 Pt 7 2006 1659 1673
125. A.E. Rorie, and W.T. Newsome A general mechanism for decision-making in the human brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 2 2005 41 43
126. D. Knoch, L.R.R. Gianotti, A. Pascual-Leone, V. Treyer, M. Regard, and M. Hohmann Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior Journal of Neuroscience 26 24 2006 6469 6472
127. T. Rouaud, S. Lardeux, N. Panayotis, D. Paleressompoulle, M. Cador, and C. Baunez Reducing the desire for cocaine with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 3 2010 1196 1200
128. F. Bandini, A. Primavera, M. Pizzorno, and L. Cocito Using STN DBS and medication reduction as a strategy to treat pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism & Related Disorder 13 6 2007 369 371
129. A. Zangen, Y. Roth, B. Voller, and M. Hallett Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil Clinical Neurophysiology 116 4 2005 775 779
130. N.H. Naqvi, and A. Bechara The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making Brain Structure and Function 214 5-6 2010 435 450
131. N.H. Naqvi, D. Rudrauf, H. Damasio, and A. Bechara Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking Science 315 5811 2007 531 534
132. B. Forget, A. Pushparaj, and B. Le Foll Granular insular cortex inactivation as a novel therapeutic strategy for nicotine addiction Biological Psychiatry 68 3 2010 265 271
133. P.B. Fitzgerald, T.L. Brown, and Z.J. Daskalakis The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neurosciences research Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 105 5 2002 324 340
134. A.M. Speer, M.W. Willis, P. Herscovitch, M. Daube-Witherspoon, J.R. Shelton, and B.E. Benson Intensity-dependent regional cerebral blood flow during 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in healthy volunteers studied with H215O positron emission tomography: II. Effects of prefrontal cortex rTMS Biological Psychiatry 54 8 2003 826 832
135. F. Fregni, P.S. Boggio, M.C. Lima, M.J. Ferreira, T. Wagner, and S.P. Rigonatti A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury Pain 122 1-2 2006 197 209
136. V.C. Wing, C.E. Wass, D.W. Soh, and T.P. George A review of neurobiological vulnerability factors and treatment implications for comorbid tobacco dependence in schizophrenia Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 248 1 2012 89 106