External adjustment sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding: An application to coronary stent outcomes, Pennsylvania 2004-2008

Health Services Research

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1191-1214

  Huesch, Marco D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

confounding by indication; selection biases; Unmeasured confounding

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; BARE METAL STENT; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY STENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; FEMALE; GREENLAND; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STENT THROMBOSIS; UNITED STATES;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COMORBIDITY; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DRUG-ELUTING STENTS; FEMALE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MEDICARE; PATIENT DISCHARGE; PENNSYLVANIA; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STENTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84877619655     PISSN: 00179124     EISSN: 14756773     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12013     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abbott, J., V. Dawn, R. Matthew, M. Nakamura, H. A. Cohen, F. Selzer, Kip, K. E., Vlachos, H. A., Wilensky, R. L., and, Williams, D. O., 2007. " Unrestricted Use of Drug-Eluting Stents Compared with Bare-Metal Stents in Routine Clinical Practice: Findings from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50: 2029-36.
2. Austin, P. C., 2008. " Primer on Statistical Interpretation or Methods Report Card on Propensity-Score Matching in the Cardiology Literature from 2004 to 2006: A Systematic Review." Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 1: 62-7.
3. Basu, A., J. J. Heckman, S. Navarro-Lozano, and, S. Urzua,. 2007. " Use of Instrumental Variables in the Presence of Heterogeneity and Self-Selection: An Application to Treatments of Breast Cancer Patients." Health Economics 16: 1133-57.
4. Bhatt, D. L., M. T. Roe, E. D. Peterson, Y. Li, A. Y. Chen, R. A. Harrington, et al. 2004. " Utilization of Early Invasive Management Strategies for High-Risk Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative." Journal of the American Medical Association 292: 2096-104.
5. Bhattacharya, J., A. Shaikh, and, E. Vytlacil,. 2008. " Treatment Effect Bounds: An Application to Swan-Ganz Catheterization." American Economic Review 98: 351-6.
6. Block, P. C., E. D. Peterson, R. Krone, K. Kesler, E. Hannan, G. T. O'Connor, and, K. Detre,. 1998. " Identification of Variables Needed to Risk Adjust Outcomes of Coronary Interventions: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Efficient Data Collection." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 32: 275-82.
7. Brookhart, M. A., and, S. Schneeweiss,. 2007. " Preference-Based Instrumental Variable Methods for the Estimation of Treatment Effects: Assessing Validity and Interpreting Results." International Journal of Biostatics [accessed on October 25, 2012]. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2719903/
8. Brookhart, M. A., P. S. Wang, D. H. Solomon, and, S. Schneeweiss,. 2006. " Evaluating Short-Term Drug Effects Using a Physician-Specific Prescribing Preference as an Instrumental Variable." Epidemiology 17 (3): 268-75.
9. Brookhart, M. A., T. Stürmer, R. J. Glynn, J. Rassen, and, S. Schneeweiss,. 2010. " Confounding Control in Healthcare Database Research: Challenges and Potential Approaches." Medical Care 48 (6): S114-20.
10. Cabral, M. D. B., and, R. R. Luiz,. 2007. " Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounders Using an Electronic Spreadsheet." Revista de Saude Publica 41 (3): 446-52.
11. Chiba, T., 2012. " Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding of Attributable Fraction." Epidemiology 23 (1): 175-6.
12. Cornfield, J., W. Haenszel, E. C. Hammond, A. M. Lilienfeld, M. B. Shimkin, and, E. L. Wynder,. 1954. "Smoking and Lung Cancer: Recent Evidence and a Discussion of Some Questions." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 22: 173-203. Reprinted." International Journal of Epidemiology 2009 (38): 1175-91.
13. Cox, H. C., and, S. Greenfield,. 2009. " Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Report from the Institute of Medicine." Annals of Internal Medicine 151: 203-5.
14. Douglas, P. S., J. M. Brennan, K. J. Anstrom, et al. 2009. " Clinical Effectiveness of Coronary Stents in Elderly Persons: Results from 262,700 Medicare Patients in the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53: 1629-41.
15. Dreyer, N. A., S. R. Tunis, M. Berger, D. Ollendorf, P. Mattox, and, R. E. Gliklich, 2010. " Why Observational Studies Should Be among the Tools Used in Comparative Effectiveness Research." Health Affairs (Millwood) 29 (10): 1818-25.
16. Eisenberg, M. J., 2004. " Drug-Eluting Stents: Some Bare Facts." Lancet 364: 1466-7.
17. Eisenstein, E. L., K. J. Anstrom, D. F. Kong, L. K. Shaw, R. H. Tuttle, D. B. Mark, et al. 2007. " Clopidogrel Use and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation." Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (2): 159-68.
18. Federspiel, J. J., S. C. Stearns, B. C. Sheridan, J. J. Kuritzky, L. P. D'Arcy, D. J. Crespin, T. S. Carey, and, J. S. Rossi,. 2012. " Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Rapidly Adopted Cardiovascular Technology with Administrative Data: The Case of Drug-Eluting Stents for Acute Coronary Syndromes." American Heart Journal 164 (2): 207-14.
19. Fox, K. A., F. A. Anderson, O. H. Dabbous, P. G. Steg, J. L. Lopez-Sendon, F. Van de Werf, et al. 2007. " Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Do Patients Undergo Intervention on the Basis of Their Risk Characteristics? The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)." Heart 93: 177-82.
20. Greenland, S., 1996. " Basic Methods for Sensitivity Analysis of Biases." International Journal of Epidemiology 25: 1107-16.
21. Groenwold, R. H. H., A. W. Hoes, and, E. Hak,. 2007. " Confounding in Publications of Observational Intervention Studies." European Journal of Epidemiology 22 (7): 413-5.
22. Harris, K. M., and, D. K. Remler,. 1998. " Who Is the Marginal Patient? Understanding Instrumental Variables Estimates of Treatment Effects." Health Services Research 33: 1337-60.
23. Huesch, M. D., 2011. " Long-Term Follow-Up Outcomes after Medicare Managed Care of Coronary Disease." Medical Care 50 (1): 18-26.
24. Ko, D. T., M. Mamdani, and, D. A. Alter,. 2004. " Lipid-Lowering Therapy with Statins in High-Risk Elderly Patients: The Treatment-Risk Paradox." Journal of the American Medical Association 291: 1864-70.
25. Ko, D. T., J. S. Ross, Y. Wang, and, H. M. Krumholz,. 2010. " Determinants of Cardiac Catheterization Use in Older Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction." Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 3: 54-62.
26. Korn, M. A., and, E. Baumrind,. 1998. " Clinician Preferences and the Estimation of Causal Treatment Differences." Statistical Science 13 (3): 209-35.
27. Landrum, M. B., and, J. Z. Ayanian,. 2001. " Causal Effect of Ambulatory Specialty Care on Mortality Following Myocardial Infarction: A Comparison of Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Analyses." Health Services Outcomes Research and Method 2: 221-45.
28. Lash, T. L., M. P. Fox, and, A. K. Fin,. 2009. Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data, 1st Edition. New York: Springer.
29. Leon, M. B., D. J. Allocco, K. D. Dawkins, and, D. S. Baim,. 2009. " Late Clinical Events after Drug-Eluting Stents: The Interplay between Stent-Related and Natural History-Driven Events." Journal of the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Interventions 2: 504-12.
30. Luiz, R. R., and, M. D. B. Cabral,. 2010. " Sensitivity Analysis for an Unmeasured Confounder: A Review of Two Independent Methods." Revista Brasileira Epidemiologica 13 (2): 188-98.
31. Malenka, D. J., J. S. Skinner, and, F. L. Lucas,. 2009. " Outcomes in the Era of Bare-Metal Stents versus the Era of Drug-Eluting Stents-Reply." Journal of the American Medical Association 301: 34.
32. Malenka, D. J., A. V. Kaplan, F. L. Lucas, S. M. Sharp, and, J. S. Skinner,. 2008. " Outcomes Following Coronary Stenting in the Era of Bare-Metal versus the Era of Drug-Eluting Stents." Journal of the American Medical Association 299: 2868-76.
33. McClellan, M., B. J. McNeil, and, J. P. Newhouse,. 1994. " Does More Intensive Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly Reduce Mortality? Analysis Using Instrumental Variables." Journal of the American Medical Association 272: 859-66.
34. Melikian, N., and, W. Wijns,. 2008. " Drug-Eluting Stents: A Critique." Heart 94: 145-52.
35. Moses, J. W., M. B. Leon, J. J. Popma, et al. 2003. " Sirolimus-Eluting Stents versus Standard Stents in Patients with Stenosis in a Native Coronary Artery." New England Journal of Medicine 349: 1315-23.
36. Normand, S. L. T., 2008. " Some Old and Some New Statistical Tools for Outcomes Research." Circulation 118: 872-84.
37. Ong, A. T. L., E. P. McFadden, E. Regar, P. P. T. de Jaegere, R. T. van Domburg, and, P. W. Serruys,. 2005. " Late Angiographic Stent Thrombosis Events with Drug-Eluting Stents." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45: 2088-92.
38. Pfisterer, M., H. P. Brunner-LaRocca, P. Buser, et al. 2006. " Late Clinical Events after Clopidogrel Discontinuation May Limit the Benefit of Drug-Eluting Stents." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48: 2584-91.
39. Psaty, B. M., and, D. S. Siscovick,. 2010. " Minimizing Bias Due to Confounding by Indication in Comparative Effectiveness Research: The Importance of Restriction." Journal of the American Medical Association 304: 897-8.
40. Psaty, B. M., T. D. Koepsell, D. Lin, N. S. Weiss, et al. 1999. " Assessment and Control for Confounding by Indication in Observational Studies." Journal of the American Geriatric Society 47: 749-54.
41. Rosenbaum, P. R., 1987. " Sensitivity Analysis for Certain Permutation Inferences in Matched Observational Studies." Biometrika 74 (1): 13-26.
42. Rosenbaum, P. R., 1991. " Discussing Hidden Bias in Observational Studies." Annals of Internal Medicine 115 (11): 901-5.
43. Rothman, K. J., 1990. " No Adjustments Are Needed for Multiple Comparisons." Epidemiology 1: 43-6.
44. Rothman, K. J., S. Greenland, and, T. L. Lash,. 2008. Modern Epidemiology, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
45. Rubin, D. B., 1997. " Estimating Effects from Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores." Annals of Internal Medicine 17: 363-74.
46. Ryan, J., W. Linde-Zwirble, L. Engelhart, L. Cooper, and, D. J. Cohen,. 2009. " Temporal Changes in Coronary Revascularization Procedures, Outcomes, and Costs in the Bare-Metal Stent and Drug-Eluting Stent Eras: Results from the US Medicare." Circulation 119: 952-61.
47. Salas, M., A. Hotman, and, B. H. Stricker,. 1999. " Confounding by Indication: An Example of Variation in the Use of Epidemiologic Terminology." American Journal of Epidemiology 149: 981-3.
48. Schneeweiss, S., 2006. " Sensitivity Analysis and External Adjustment for Unmeasured Confounders in Epidemiologic Database Studies of Therapeutics." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15 (5): 291-303.
49. Schneeweiss, S., R. J. Glynn, J. Avorn, and, D. H. Solomon,. 2005. " A Medicare Database Review Found That Physician Preferences Increasingly Outweighed Patient Characteristics as Determinants of First-Time Prescriptions for COX-2 Inhibitors." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 58 (1): 98-102.
50. Schneeweiss, S., J. D. Seeger, J. Landon, and, A. M. Walker,. 2008. " Aprotinin during Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting and Risk of Death." New England Journal of Medicine 358: 771-83.
51. Shuchman, M., 2006. " Trading Restenosis for Thrombosis? New Questions about Drug-Eluting Stents." New England Journal of Medicine 355: 1949-52.
52. Smith Jr, S. C., T. E. Feldman, J. W. Jr, Hirshfeld, et al. 2006. " ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47: e1-121.
53. Staiger, D. O., and, J. H. Stock,. 1997. " Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments." Econometrica 65: 557-86.
54. Stone, G. W., S. G. Ellis, D. A. Cox, et al. 2004. " A Polymer-Based, Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease." New England Journal of Medicine 350: 221-31.
55. Stukel, T. A., E. S. Fisher, D. E. Wennberg, D. A. Alter, D. J. Gottlieb, and, M. J. Vermeulen,. 2007. " Analysis of Observational Studies in the Presence of Treatment Selection Bias: Effects of Invasive Cardiac Management on AMI Survival Using Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Methods." Journal of the American Medical Association 297: 278-85.
56. Sy, R. W., P. G. Bannon, M. S. Bayfield, C. Brown, and, L. Kritharides,. 2009. " Survivor Treatment Selection Bias and Outcomes Research: A Case Study of Surgery in Infective Endocarditis." Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2: 469-74.
57. Venkitachalam, L., Y. Lei, J. M. Stolker, E. M. Mahoney, A.P. Amin, J. B. Lindsey, K. F. Kennedy, M. J. Pencina, J. J. Lopez, N. S. Kleiman, and, D. J. Cohen,. 2011. " Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Liberal Versus Selective Drug-Eluting Stent Use: Insights from Temporal Analysis of the Multicenter Evaluation of Drug Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events (EVENT) Registry." Circulation. Available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/08/13/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.978593.full.pdf+html [accessed on October 25, 2012].
58. Wang, P. S., S. Schneeweiss, J. Avorn, M. A. Fischer, H. Mogun, D. H. Solomon, and, M. A. Brookhart,. 2005. " Risk of Death in Elderly Users of Conventional vs. Atypical Antipsychotic Medications." New England Journal of Medicine 353 (22): 2335-41.