Reconstructing the evolution and biogeographic history of tribe Cardueae (compositae)

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 100, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 867-882

  Barres, Laia ^a   Sanmartín, Isabel ^b   Anderson, Cajsa Lisa ^b,e   Susanna, Alfonso ^a   Buerki, Sven ^b,c   Galbany Casals, Mercè ^d   Vilatersana, Roser ^a  

^a INSTITUT BOTÀNIC DE BARCELONA IBB CSIC ICUB   (Spain)

^b CSIC   (Spain)

^c JODRELL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bayes DIVA; Bering land bridge; Biogeography; Cardueae; Carduoideae; Himalayan uplift; Mediterranean basin; Molecular dating

Indexed keywords

BAYESIAN ANALYSIS; BERINGIA; COLONIZATION; DATING METHOD; DICOTYLEDON; DISPERSAL; DIVERGENCE; FOSSIL RECORD; HIMALAYAN OROGENY; MARKOV CHAIN; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; OLIGOCENE; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLIOCENE; RECONSTRUCTION; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY; UPLIFT; VICARIANCE;

ARTICLE; ASTERACEAE; BAYES-DIVA; BERING LAND BRIDGE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CARDUEAE; CARDUOIDEAE; DEMOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; HIMALAYAN UPLIFT; MEDITERRANEAN BASIN; MOLECULAR DATING; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY;

BAYES-DIVA; BERING LAND BRIDGE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CARDUEAE; CARDUOIDEAE; HIMALAYAN UPLIFT; MEDITERRANEAN BASIN; MOLECULAR DATING;

ASTERACEAE; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; DEMOGRAPHY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY;

MEDITERRANEAN REGION;

EID: 84877247082     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200058     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. AKAIKE, H. 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In B. N. Petrov and F. Csáki [eds.], Second International Symposium on Information Theory, 267-281. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
2. ANDERBERG, A. A., F. GHAHREMANINEJAD, and M. KÄLLERSJÖ. 2007. The enigmatic genus Dipterocome. Compositae Newsletter 45: 23-36.
3. BARREDA, V., L. PALAZZESI, M. C. TELLERÍA, L. KATINAS, AND J. V. CRISCI. 2010a. Fossil pollen indicates an explosive radiation of basal Asteracean lineages and allied families during Oligocene and Miocene times in the Southern Hemisphere. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 160: 102-110.
4. BARREDA, V. D., L. PALAZZESI, L. KATINAS, J. V. CRISCI, M. C. TELLERÍA, K. BREMER, M. G. PASSALA, et al. 2012. An extinct Eocene taxon of the daisy family (Asteraceae): Evolutionary, ecological and biogeographical implications. Annals of Botany 109: 127-134.
5. BARREDA, V. D., L. PALAZZESI, M. C. TELLERÍA, L. KATINAS, J. V. CRISCI, K. BREMER, M. G. PASSALIA, et al. 2010b. Eocene Patagonia fossils of the daisy family. Science 329: 1621.
6. BENTHAM, G. 1873. Compositae. In G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker [eds.], Genera plantarum, 162-533. Lovell Reeve, London, UK.
7. BERGH, N. G., and H. P. Linder. 2009. Cape diversifi cation and repeated outof-southern-Africa dispersal in paper daisies (Asteraceae-Gnaphalieae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51: 5-18.
8. BRITTON, T., C. L. ANDERSON, D. JACQUET, S. LUNDQVIST, and K. BREMER. 2007. Estimating divergence times in large phylogenetic trees. Systematic Biology 56: 741-752.
9. BUERKI, S., F. FOREST, N. ALVAREZ, J. A. A. NYLANDER, N. ARRIGO, and I. SANMARTÍN. 2011. An evaluation of new parsimony-based versus parametric inference methods in biogeography: A case study using the globally distributed plant family Sapindaceae. Journal of Biogeography 38: 531-550.
10. CABRERA, A. L. 1977. Mutisieae-Systematic review. In V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner [eds.], The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, 1039-1066. Academic Press, London, UK.
11. CASSINI, H. 1819. Sur la familie des Synanthérées, contenant les caractères des tribus. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 88: 189-204.
12. CULLINGS, K. W. 1992. Design and testing of a plant-specifi c PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies. Molecular Ecology 1: 233-240.
13. DE GRAVE, J., M. M. BUSLOV, and P. VAN DEN HAUTE. 2007. Distant effects of India-Eurasia convergence and Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in Central Asia: Constraints from apatite fi ssion-track thermochronology. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29: 188-204.
14. DERCOURT, J., L. P. Z ONENSHAIN, L. E. R ICOU, V. G. K AZMIN, X. LE PICHON, A. L. KNIPPER, C. GRANDJACQUET, et al. 1986. Geological evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias. Tectonophysics 123: 241-315.
15. DOYLE, J. J., and E. E. DICKSON. 1987. Preservation of plant samples for DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Taxon 36: 715-722.
16. DRUMMOND, A. J., and A. RAMBAUT. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 214.
17. DUGGEN, S., K. HOERNLE, P. VAN DEN BOGAARD, L. RUPKE, and J. P. MORGAN. 2003. Deep roots of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature 422: 602-606.
18. ELDENÄS, P., M. KÄLLERSJÖ, and A. A. ANDERBERG. 1999. Phylogenetic placement and circumscription of tribes Inuleae s. str. and Plucheeae (Asteraceae): Evidence from sequences of chloroplast gene ndhF. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 50-58.
19. ESPÍNDOLA, A., S. BUERKI, M. BEDALOV, P. KÜPFER, and N. ALVAREZ. 2010. New insights into the phylogenetics and biogeography of Arum (Araceae): Unravelling its evolutionary history. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 14-32.
20. FARRIS, J. S., M. KÄLLERSJÖ, A. G. KLUGE, and C. BULT. 1995a. Testing signifi cance of incongruence. Cladistics 10: 315-319.
21. FARRIS, J. S., M. KÄLLERSJÖ, A. G. KLUGE, and C. BULT. 1995b. Constructing a signifi cance test for incongruence. Systematic Biology 44: 570-572.
22. FAY, M. F., C. BAYER, W. S. ALVERSON, A. Y. D E BRUIJN, and M. W. CHASE. 1998. Plastid rbcL sequence data indicate a close affi nity between Diegodendron and Bixa. Taxon 47: 43-50.
23. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1978. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Systematic Zoology 27: 401-410.
24. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Confi dence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
25. Fernández-Palacios, J. M., L. DE NASCIMENTO, R. OTTO, J. D. DELGADO, E. García-Del-Rey, J. R. ARÉVALO, and R. J. WHITTAKER. 2011. A reconstruction of Palaeo-Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests. Journal of Biogeography 38: 226-246.
26. FUNK, V. A., A. SUSANNA, T. F. STUESSY, and H. ROBINSON. 2009. Classifi cation of Compositae. In V. A. Funk, A. Susanna, T. F. Stuessy, and R. J. Bayer [eds.], Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae, 171-189. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria.
27. Garcia-Jacas, N., M. Galbany-Casals, K. ROMASCHENKO, and A. SUSANNA. 2008. On the conflicting generic delineation in the Onopordum group (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae): A combined nuclear and plastid molecular approach. Australian Systematic Botany 21: 301-311.
28. Garcia-Jacas, N., T. GARNATJE, A. SUSANNA, and R. VILATERSANA. 2002. Tribal and subtribal delimitation and phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 51-64.
29. Garcia-Jacas, N., A. SUSANNA, T. GARNATJE, and R. VILATERSANA. 2001. Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Annals of Botany 87: 503-515.
30. Garcia-Jacas, N., A. SUSANNA, and R. ILARSLAN. 1996. Aneuploidy in the Centaureinae (Compositae): is n = 7 the end of the series? Taxon 45: 39-42.
31. García-Talavera, F. 1997. Las Canarias orientales y la vecina costa africana en el Holoceno. Eres 7: 55-63.
32. GARNATJE, T., S. GARCIA, and M. A. CANELA. 2007. Genome size variation from a phylogenetic perspective in the genus Cheirolophus Cass. (Asteraceae): Biogeographic implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution 264: 117-134.
33. GOLOBOFF, P. A., J. S. FARRIS, and K. NIXON. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
34. GREUTER, W. 2006-2009. Compositae (pro parte majore). In W. Greuter and E. von Raab-Straube [eds.], Compositae: Euro+Med Plantbase- the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Website http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html [accessed 30 October 2009].
35. HÄFFNER, E., and F. H. HELLWIG. 1999. Phylogeny of the tribe Cardueae (Compositae) with emphasis on the subtribe Carduinae: An analysis based on ITS sequence data. Willdenowia 29: 27-39.
36. HALL, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
37. HARRISON, T. M., P. COPELAND, W. S. F. KIDD, and A. YIN. 1992. Raising Tibet. Science 255: 1663-1670.
38. HIDALGO, O., N. Garcia-Jacas, T. GARNATJE, and A. SUSANNA. 2006. Phylogeny of Rhaponticum (Asteraceae, Cardueae-Centaureinae) and related genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data: Taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Annals of Botany 97: 705-714.
39. HIPP, A. L., J. C. HALL, and K. J. SYTSMA. 2004. Congruence versus phylogenetic accuracy: Revisiting the incongruence length difference test. Systematic Biology 53: 81-89.
40. HOFFMANN, O. 1894. Compositae. In A. Engler, and K. Prantl [eds.], Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 324-333. Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany.
41. INDA, L. A., J. G. Segarra-Moragues, J. MULLER, P. M. PETERSON, and P. CATALÁN. 2008. Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 932-957.
42. KELCH, D. G., and B. G. BALDWIN. 2003. Phylogeny and ecological radiation of New World thistles (Cirsium, Cardueae-Compositae) based on ITS and ETS rDNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 12: 141-151.
43. KIM, K. J., K. S. C HOI, and R. K. J ANSEN. 2005. Two chloroplast DNA inversions originated simultaneously during the early evolution of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22: 1783-1792.
44. KIM, K. J., and R. K. JANSEN. 1995. ndhF sequence evolution and the major clades in the sunflower family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 10379-10383.
45. LIDÉN, M., T. FUKUHARA, J. RYLANDER, and B. OXELMAN. 1997. Phylogeny and classifi cation of Fumariaceae with emphasis on Dicentra s. l., based on the plastid gene rps16 intron. Plant Systematics and Evolution 206: 411-420.
46. López-Vinyallonga, S., I. M EHREGAN, N. Garcia-Jacas, O. TSCHERNEVA, A. SUSANNA, and J. W. KADEREIT. 2009. Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae). Taxon 58: 153-171.
47. López-Vinyallonga, S., K. ROMASCHENKO, A. SUSANNA, and N. GARCIAJACAS. 2011. Systematics of the Arctioid group: Disentangling Arctium and Cousinia (Cardueae, Carduinae). Taxon 60: 539-554.
48. LUNDBERG, J. 2009. Asteraceae and relationships within Asterales. In V. A. Funk, A. Susanna, T. F. Stuessy, and R. J. Bayer [eds.], Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae, 157-169. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria.
49. MAI, D. H. 1995. Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas: Methoden und Ergebnisse. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany.
50. MAI, D. H. 2001. Die mittelmiozänen und obermiozänen Floren aus der Meuroer und Raunoer Folge in der Lausitz, Teil II: Dicotyledonen. Palaeontographica Abteilung, B, Palaophytologie 257: 35-174.
51. MEULENKAMP, J. E., and W. SISSINGH. 2003. Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Northern and Southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 196: 209-228.
52. MÜLLER, K. 2006. Incorporating information from length-mutational events into phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 667-676.
53. NEAR, T. J., and M. J. SANDERSON. 2004. Assessing the quality of molecular divergence time estimates by fossil calibrations and fossil-based model selection. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 359: 1477-1483.
54. NOTREDAME, C., D. G. HIGGINS, and J. HERINGA. 2000. T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment. Journal of Molecular Biology 302: 205-217.
55. NYLANDER, J. A. A. 2004. MrModeltest, version 2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
56. NYLANDER, J. A. A., U. OLSSON, P. ALSTRÖM, and I. SANMARTÍN. 2008. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty in biogeography: A Bayesian approach to dispersal-vicariance analysis of the thrushes (Aves: Turdus). Systematic Biology 57: 257-268.
57. OBERPRIELER, C. 2005. Temporal and spatial diversifi cation of Circum-Mediterranean Compositae-Anthemideae. Taxon 54: 951-966.
58. OLMSTEAD, R. G., H. J. MICHAELS, K. M. SCOTT, and J. D. PALMER. 1992. Monophyly of the Asteridae and identifi cation of their major lineages inferred from DNA-sequences of rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 249-265.
59. OOSTERBROEK, P., and J. W. ARNTZEN. 1992. Area-cladograms of circum-Mediterranean taxa in relation to Mediterranean paleogeography. Journal of Biogeography 19: 3-20.
60. ORTIZ, S., J. M. BONIFACINO, J. V. CRISCI, V. A. FUNK, H. V. HANSEN, D. J. N. HIND, L. KATINAS, et al. 2009. The basal grade of the Compositae: Mutisieae (sensu Cabrera) and Carduoideae. In V. A. Funk, A. Susanna, T. F. Stuessy, and R. J. Bayer [eds.], Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae, 193-213. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria.
61. PALAZZESI, L., V. B ARREDA, and M. C. TELLERÍA. 2009. Fossil pollen grains of Asteraceae from the Miocene of Patagonia: Barnadesioideae affi nity. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 155: 83-88.
62. PANERO, J. L., and V. A. FUNK. 2008. The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47: 757-782.
63. PETIT, D. P. 1997. Generic interrelationships of the Cardueae (Compositae): A cladistic analysis of morphological data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 207: 173-203.
64. POPESCU, S. M. 2002. Repetitive changes in Early Pliocene vegetation revealed by high-resolution pollen analysis: Revised cyclostratigraphy of southwestern Romania. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 120: 181-202.
65. QUÉZEL, P. 1978. Analysis of the flora of Mediterranean and Saharan Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65: 479-534.
66. QUÉZEL, P. 1985. Defi nition of the Mediterranean region and the origin of its flora. In C. Gómez-Campo [ed.], Plant conservation in the Mediterranean area, 9-24. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
67. QUICKE, D. L. J., O. R. JONES, and D. R. EPSTEIN. 2007. Correcting the problem of false incongruence due to noise imbalance in the incongruence length difference (ILD) test. Systematic Biology 56: 496-503.
68. REE, R., and I. SANMARTÍN. 2009. Prospects and challenges for parametric models in historical inference. Journal of Biogeography 36: 1211-1220.
69. RONQUIST, F. 1996. DIVA, version 1.1 Computer program available by anonymous ftp. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
70. RONQUIST, F. 1997. Dispersal-vicariance analysis: A new approach to the quantifi cation of historical biogeography. Systematic Biology 46: 195-203.
71. RONQUIST, F., and J. P. HUELSENBECK. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572-1574.
72. ROQUET, C., I. SANMARTÍN, N. Garcia-Jacas, L. SÁEZ, A. SUSANNA, N. WIKSTROM, and J. J. ALDASORO. 2009. Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal-vicariance analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 575-587.
73. ROWLEY, D. B. 1996. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145: 1-13.
74. Sánchez-Jiménez, I., G. A. LAZKOV, O. HIDALGO, and T. GARNATJE. 2010. Molecular systematics of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cynareae): A phylogeny based on ITS and trnL-trnF sequences with emphasis on sectional delimitation. Taxon 59: 698-708.
75. SANDERSON, M. J. 2002. Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: A penalized likelihood approach. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 101-109.
76. SANDERSON, M. J. 2003. R8s: Inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock. Bioinformatics 19: 301-302.
77. SANMARTÍN, I. 2002. A paleogeographic history of the southern hemisphere. Available at Digital.CSIC: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/34831 [accessed 20 October 2010].
78. SANMARTÍN, I. 2003. Dispersal vs. vicariance in the Mediterranean: Historical biogeography of the Palearctic Pachydeminae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Journal of Biogeography 30: 1883-1897.
79. SANMARTÍN, I., H. ENGHOFF, and F. RONQUIST. 2001. Patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversifi cation in the Holarctic. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73: 345-390.
80. Santos-Gally, R., P. VARGAS, and J. ARROYO. 2011. Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). Journal of Biogeography doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x.
81. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, T. G. COLLIER, and M. L. EDGERTON. 1991. The Heuchera group (Saxifragaceae): Evidence for chloroplast transfer and paraphyly. American Journal of Botany 78: 1091-1112.
82. SPICER, R. A., N. B. W. HARRIS, M. WIDDOWSON, A. B. HERMAN, S. X. GUO, P. J. VALDES, J. A. WOLFE, and S. P. KELLEY. 2003. Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years. Nature 421: 622-624.
83. STEBBINS, G. L., AND J. MAJOR. 1965. Endemism and speciation in California flora. Ecological Monographs 35: 1-35.
84. SUSANNA, A., M. Galbany-Casals, K. ROMASCHENKO, L. BARRES, J. MARTÍN, and N. Garcia-Jacas. 2011. Lessons from Plectocephalus (Compositae, Cardueae-Centaureinae): ITS disorientation in annuals and Beringian dispersal as revealed by molecular analyses. Annals of Botany 108: 263-277.
85. SUSANNA, A., and N. Garcia-Jacas. 2007. Tribe Cardueae. In J. W. Kadereit and C. Jeffrey [eds.], Flowering plant: Eudicots, Asterales, vol. VIII. In K. Kubitzki [ed.], The families and genera of vascular plants, 123-146. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
86. SUSANNA, A., and N. Garcia-Jacas. 2009. Cardueae (Carduoideae). In V. A. Funk, A. Susanna, T. F. Stuessy, and R. J. Bayer [eds.], Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae, 293-313. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria.
87. SUSANNA, A., N. Garcia-Jacas, O. HIDALGO, R. VILATERSANA, and T. GARNATJE. 2006. The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: Insights from ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93: 150-171.
88. SUSANNA, A., N. Garcia-Jacas, D. E. SOLTIS, and P. S. SOLTIS. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae) based on its sequences. American Journal of Botany 82: 1056-1068.
89. SUSANNA, A., T. GARNATJE, and N. Garcia-Jacas. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Cheirolophus (Asteraceae: Cardueae-Centaureinae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 214: 147-160.
90. SWOFFORD, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b10. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
91. TAKHTAJAN, A. 1986. Floristic regions of the world. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
92. TANG, Z. H., Z. L. DING, P. D. WHITE, X. X. DONG, J. L. JI, H. C. JIANG, P. LUO, and X. WANG. 2011. Late Cenozoic central Asian drying inferred from a palynological record from the northern Tian Shan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 302: 439-447.
93. THOMPSON, J. D. 1999. Population differentiation in Mediterranean plants: Insights into colonization history and the evolution and conservation of endemic species. Heredity 82: 229-236.
94. VILATERSANA, R., N. Garcia-Jacas, T. GARNATJE, J. MOLERO, G. SONNANTE, and A. SUSANNA. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Ptilostemon (Compositae: Cardueae) and its relationships with Cynara and Lamyropsis. Systematic Botany 35: 907-917.
95. VILATERSANA, R., A. SUSANNA, N. Garcia-Jacas, and T. GARNATJE. 2000. Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the Carduncellus-Carthamus complex (Asteraceae) based on ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 221: 89-105.
96. WAGENITZ, G. 1976. Systematics and phylogeny of Compositae (Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 125: 29-46.
97. WAHLBERG, N. 2006. That awkward age for butterflies: Insights from the age of the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Systematic Biology 55: 703-714.
98. WANG, Y. J., J. Q. L IU, and G. MIEHE. 2007. Phylogenetic origins of the Himalayan endemic Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus (Asteraceae: Cardueae) based on three DNA regions. Annals of Botany 99: 311-322.
99. WANG, Y. J., A. SUSANNA, E. VON Raab-Straube, R. MILNE, and J. Q. LIU. 2009. Island-like radiation of Saussurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae) triggered by uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 893-903.
100. WEN, J. 1999. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 421-455.
101. WOLFE, K. H., W. H. LI, and P. M. S HARP. 1987. Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 84: 9054-9058.
102. YIN, A., and T. M. HARRISON. 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28: 211-280.
103. ZAVADA, M. S., and S. E. DE VILLIERS. 2000. Pollen of the Asteraceae from the Paleocene-Eocene of South Africa. Grana 39: 39-45.
104. ZAVADA, M. S., and T. K. LOWREY. 2010. Comparative pollen morphology of Brachylaena, Tarchonanthus and two species of Tubulifloridites (Asteraceae) from the Eocene, Knysna Lignite of South Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162: 183-192.
105. ZHANG, J.-W., Z.-L. NIE, J. WEN, and H. SUN. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of three closely related genera, Soroseris, Stebbinsia, and Syncalathium (Asteraceae, Cichorieae), endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, SW China. Taxon 60: 15-26.
106. ZHANG, M.-L., and P. W. FRITSCH. 2010. Evolutionary response of Caragana (Fabaceae) to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift and Asian interior aridifi cation. Plant Systematics and Evolution 288: 191-199.