Impact of salvage logging on stand structure and beetle diversity in boreal balsam fir forest, 20 years after a spruce budworm outbreak

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 302, Issue , 2013, Pages 122-132

  Norvez, Olivier ^a   Hébert, Christian ^b   Bélanger, Louis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Beetle diversity; Boreal balsam fir forest; Dead wood; Disturbance; Ecosystem management; Spruce budworm outbreak

Indexed keywords

BALSAM FIR; BEETLE DIVERSITY; DEAD WOOD; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; SPRUCE BUDWORM;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEMS; WOOD;

FORESTRY;

BEETLE; CONIFEROUS FOREST; DEAD WOOD; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; PEST OUTBREAK; SAPROXYLIC ORGANISM; SELECTIVE LOGGING; SILVICULTURE; SPECIES RICHNESS; STAND STRUCTURE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ABIES AMABILIS; BIODIVERSITY; CANADA; ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTS; INSECTS; LOGGING; SALVAGE; SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;

CANADA;

ABIES; ABIES BALSAMEA; CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA; COLEOPTERA; PICEA;

EID: 84876807962     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.018     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Anderson M.J. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Aust. Ecol. 2001, 26:32-46.
2. Anderson M.J. PERMDISP: A FORTRAN Computer program for Permutational Analysis of Multivariate Dispersions (for any two-factor ANOVA design) Using Permutation Tests 2004, Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
3. Anderson M.J. Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 2006, 62:245-253.
4. Anderson M.J., Ellingsen K.E., McArdle B.H. Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9:683-693.
5. Azeria E.T., Ibarzabal J., Hébert C. Effects of habitat characteristics and interspecific interactions on co-occurrence patterns of saproxylic beetles breeding in tree boles after forest fire: null model analyses. Oecologia 2012, 168:1123-1135.
6. Barnouin, T., 2005. Evaluation de l'importance des forêts affectées par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette, Choristoneurs fumiferana (Clem.), dans le maintien de la diversité des coléoptères saproxyliques. Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
7. Bélanger L. La forêt mosaïque comme stratégie de conservation de la biodiversité de la sapinière boréale de l'Est: l'expérience de la forêt Montmorency. Nat. Can. 2001, 125:18-25.
8. Bengtsson J., Nilsson S.G., Franc A., Menozzi P. Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2000, 132:39-50.
9. Bergeron Y., Leduc A., Morin H., Joyal C. Balsam fir mortality following the last spruce budworm outbreak in north-western Québec. Can. J. For. Res. 1995, 25:1375-1384.
10. Blais J.-R. Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 1983, 13:539-547.
11. Blais, J.-R., 1985. Impact of the spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce in the Laurentian Reserve, Quebec: an interim report. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Research Centre, Sainte-Foy, Quebec. Information Report LAU-X-68E, p. 15.
12. Bouchard M. Effets de la coupe à blanc et de la structure de la forêt sur les communautés de léiodides (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) dans des sapinières boréales 2000, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
13. Bouchard M., Pothier D. Spatiotemporal variability in tree and stand mortality caused by spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 2010, 40:86-94.
14. Bouchard M., Kneeshaw D., Bergeron Y. Forest dynamics after successive spruce budworm outbreaks in mixedwood forests. Ecology 2006, 87:2319-2329.
15. Bouget C., Duelli P. The effects of windthrow on forest insect communities: a literature review. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 118:281-299.
16. Boulanger Y., Sirois L., Hébert C. Distribution of saproxylic beetles in a recently burnt landscape of the northern boreal forest of Québec. For. Ecol. Manage. 2010, 260:1114-1123.
17. Buddle C.M., Langor D.W., Pohl G.R., Spence J.R. Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 128:346-357.
18. Burton P.J., Messier C., Adamowicz W.L., Kuuluvainen T. Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests: Progress and prospects. Ecoscience 2006, 13:234-248.
19. Carignan V., Villard M.-A. Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2002, 78:45-61.
20. CBD 3ième édition des Perspectives mondiales de la diversité biologique 2010, Convention sur la Diversité Biologique, Montréal, QC, Canada.
21. Cobb T.P., Morissette J.L., Jacobs J.M., Koivula M.J., Spence J.R., Langor D.W. Effects of postfire salvage logging on deadwood-associated beetles. Conserv. Biol. 2010, 25:94-104.
22. Davies Z., Tyler C., Stewart G., Pullin A. Are current management recommendations for saproxylic invertebrates effective? A systematic review. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008, 17:209-234.
23. De Bellefeuille S., Gagné N., Bélanger L., Huot J., Cimon A., Déry S., Jetté J.-P Effets de trois scénarios de régénération de la sapinière boréale sur les passereaux nicheurs, les petits mammifères et le lièvre d'Amérique. Can. J. For. Res. 2001, 31:1312-1325.
24. De Cáceres, M., Jansen, F., 2008-2010. IndicSpecies: Functions to Assess the Strength and Significance of Relationship of Species Site Group Associations. (accessed 17.11.11). http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/indicspecies/index.html.
25. De Cáceres M., Legendre P. Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology 2009, 90:3566-3574.
26. Déry S., Bélanger L., Marchand S., CÔté S. Succession après épidémie de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana) dans des sapinières boréales pluviales de seconde venue. Can. J. For. Res. 2000, 30:801-816.
27. Dufrêne M., Legendre P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monogr. 1997, 67:345-366.
28. Environment Canada, 2010. Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971-2000. (accessed 03.04.11). http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html.
29. Esseen P.-A., Ehnström B., Ericson L., Sjöberg K. Boreal forests. Ecol. Bull. 1997, 46:16-47.
30. Fischer J., Lindenmayer D.B., Manning A.D. Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience: ten guiding principles for commodity production landscapes. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2006, 4:80-86.
31. Fortin D., Hébert C., Légaré J.-P., Courbin N., Swiston K., Hodson J., LeBlanc M.-L., Dussault C., Pothier D., Ruel J.-C., Couturier S. Partial harvesting in old-growth boreal forests and the preservation of animal diversity from ants to woodland caribou. Woodlands: Ecology, Management and Conservation 2011, 115-136. Nova Science Publishers, New York. E.B. Wallace (Ed.).
32. Frazer G.W., Fournier R.A., Trofymow J.A., Hall R.J. A comparison of digital and film fisheye photography for analysis of forest canopy structure and gap light transmission. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001, 109:249-263.
33. Fridman J., Walheim M. Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. For. Ecol. Manage. 2000, 131:23-36.
34. Garcia Cournoyer, P., 2010. Évaluation de la naturalité des peuplements issus de scénarios sylvicoles en sapinière boréale. MSc thesis. Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
35. Rarity 1994, Chapman and Hall, London. K.J. Gaston (Ed.).
36. Gauthier S., Vaillancourt M.-A., Leduc A., De Grandpré L., Kneeshaw D., Morin H., Drapeau P., Bergeron Y. Aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale 2008, Presses de l'Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
37. Gibb H., Pettersson R.B., Hjältén J., Hilszczanski J., Ball J.P., Johansson T., Atlegrim O., Danell K. Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 129:437-450.
38. Grondin, P., Cimon, A., 2003. Les enjeux de biodiversité relatifs à la composition forestière. Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC, Canada.
39. Groot A., Lussier J.-M., Mitchell A.K., MacIsaac D.A. A silvicultural systems perspective on changing Canadian forestry practices. For. Chron. 2005, 81:50-55.
40. Grove S.J. Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2002, 33:1-23.
41. Hartley M.J. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002, 155:81-95.
42. Heithecker T.D., Halpern C.B. Edge-related gradients in microclimate in forest aggregates following structural retention harvests in western Washington. For. Ecol. Manage. 2007, 248:163-173.
43. Hunter M.L. Wildlife, Forests, and Forestry 1990, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
44. Janssen P., Hébert C., Fortin D. Biodiversity conservation in old-growth boreal forest: black spruce and balsam fir snags harbour distinct assemblages of saproxylic beetles. Biodivers. Conserv. 2011, 20:2917-2932.
45. Jonsell M., Weslien J., Ehnström B. Substrate requirements of red-listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden. Biodivers. Conserv. 1998, 7:749-764.
46. Jonsell M., Nordlander G., Ehnström B. Substrate associations of insects breeding in fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi. Ecol. Bull. 2001, 49:173-194.
47. Josefsson T., Hörnberg G., Östlund L. Long-term human impact and vegetation changes in a boreal forest reserve: implications for the use of protected areas as ecological references. Ecosystems 2009, 12:1017-1036.
48. Kaila L., Martikainen P., Punttila P. Dead trees left in clear-cuts benefit saproxylic Coleoptera adapted to natural disturbances in boreal forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 1997, 6:1-18.
49. Kuuluvainen T. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn. 2002, 36:97-125.
50. Kuuluvainen T. Forest management and biodiversity conservation based on natural ecosystem dynamics in northern Europe: the complexity challenge. AMBIO 2009, 38:309-315.
51. Laaksonen M., Murdoch K., Siitonen J., Várkonyi G. Habitat associations of Agathidium pulchellum, an endangered old-growth forest beetle species living on slime moulds. J. Insect. Conserv. 2010, 14:89-98.
52. Leblanc, M., Bélanger, L., 2000. La sapinière vierge de la Forêt Montmorency et de sa région, une forêt boréale distincte. Ministère des Ressources naturelles. Direction de la recherche forestière, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada.
53. Légaré J.-P., Hébert C., Ruel J.-C. Alternative silvicultural practices in irregular boreal forests: response of beetle assemblages. Silva Fenn. 2011, 45(5):937-956.
54. Legendre P., Gallagher E.D. Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia 2001, 129:271-280.
55. Legendre P., Legendre L. Numerical Ecology 1998, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
56. Levin S.A. Multiple scales and the maintenance of biodiversity. Ecosystems 2000, 3:498-506.
57. Lindenmayer D.B. Future directions for biodiversity conservation in managed forests: indicator species, impact studies and monitoring programs. For. Ecol. Manage. 1999, 115:277-287.
58. Lindenmayer D.B., Noss R.F. Salvage logging, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity conservation. Conserv. Biol. 2006, 20:949-958.
59. Lindenmayer D.B., Foster D.R., Franklin J.F., Hunter M.L., Noss R.F., Schmiegelow F.A., Perry D. Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance. Science 2004, 303:1303.
60. Lindenmayer D., Burton P.J., Franklin J.F. Salvage logging and its ecological consequences 2008, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, p. 246.
61. Lindenmayer D.B., Franklin J.F., Lohmus A., Baker S.C., Bauhus J., Beese W., Brodie A., Kiehl B., Kouki J., Martinez Pastur G., Messier C., Neyland M., Palik B., Sverdrup-Thygeson A., Volney J., Wayne A., Gustafsson L. A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues. Conserv. Lett. 2012, 5:421-431.
62. Lindhe A., Lindelöw Å., Åsenblad N. Saproxylic beetles in standing dead wood density in relation to substrate sun-exposure and diameter. Biodivers. Conserv. 2005, 14(12):3033-3053.
63. Loreau M. From Populations to Ecosystems: Theoretical Foundations for a New Ecological Synthesis. Monographs in Population Biology 2010, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, p. 297.
64. Ludwig D., Jones D.D., Holling C.S. Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak systems: the spruce budworm and forest. J. Anim. Ecol. 1978, 47:315-332.
65. MacLean D.A. Vulnerability of fir-spruce stands during uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreaks: a review and discussion. For. Chron. 1980, 56:213-221.
66. Majka C.G. Beetles in old growth forests: perspectives from the Townshend Woodlot, Prince Edward Island. J. Acadian Entomol. Soc. 2010, 6:39-43.
67. Mori A.S. Ecosystem management based on natural disturbances: hierarchical context and non-equilibrium paradigm. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48:280-292.
68. Morin H., Laprise D., Simard A.-A., Amouch S. Régime des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette dans l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord. Aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale 2008, 165-192. Presses de l'Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada. S. Gauthier, M.-A. Vaillancourt, A. Leduc, L. De Grandpré, D. Kneeshaw, H. Morin, P. Drapeau, Y. Bergeron (Eds.).
69. Müller J., Bütler R. A review of habitat thresholds for dead wood: a baseline for management recommendations in European forests. Eur. J. For. Res. 2010, 129:981-992.
70. Müller J., Bubler H., Gobner M., Rettelbach T., Duelli P. The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in a national park: from pest to keystone species. Biodivers. Conserv. 2008, 17:2979-3001.
71. Müller J., Noss R.F., Bussler H., Brandl R. Learning from a "benign neglect strategy" in a national park: response of saproxylic beetles to dead wood accumulation. Biol. Conserv. 2010, 143:2559-2569.
72. Niemelä J. Management in relation to disturbance in the boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 1999, 115:127-134.
73. Noss R.F. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol. 1990, 4:355-364.
74. Økland B., Bakke A., Hågvar S., Kvamme T. What factors influence the diversity of saproxylic beetles? A multiscaled study from a spruce forest in southern Norway. Biodivers. Conserv. 1996, 5:75-100.
75. Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O'Hara, B., Stevens, M., Oksanen, M., 2010. The vegan package. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. (accessed 03.04.10). http://CRAN.R-project.org/package/vegan.
76. Pickett S.T.A., White P.S. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics 1985, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA.
77. Radeloff V.C., Mladenoff D.J., Boyce M.S. Effects of interacting disturbances on landscape patterns: budworm defoliation and salvage logging. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:233-247.
78. R-Development Core Team, 2010. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (accessed 22.11.11). http://www.R-project.org.
79. Saint-Germain M., Greene D.F. Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans. For. Chron. 2009, 85:120-134.
80. Saint-Germain M., Drapeau P., Hébert C. Comparison of Coleoptera assemblages from a recently burned and unburned black spruce forests of northeastern North America. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 118:583-592.
81. Schmiegelow F.K.A., Stepnisky D.P., Stambaugh C.A., Koivula M. Reconciling salvage logging of boreal forests with a natural-disturbance management model. Conserv. Biol. 2006, 20:971-983.
82. Schoener T.W. Kinds of ecological communities - ecology becomes pluralistic. Community Ecology 1986, 467-479. Harper and Row, New York. J.C. Diamond (Ed.).
83. Siitonen J. Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecol. Bull. 2001, 49:11-41.
84. Simberloff D. The role of science in the preservation of forest biodiversity. For. Ecol. Manage. 1999, 115:101-111.
85. Sousa W.P. The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1984, 15:353-391.
86. Speight, M., 1989. Saproxylic invertebrates and their conservation. Nature and Environment Series No 42, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France.
87. Spence J.R. The new boreal forestry: adjusting timber management to accommodate biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001, 16:591-593.
88. Stenbacka F., Hjältén J., Hilszczański J., Dynesius M. Saproxylic and non-saproxylic beetle assemblages in boreal spruce forests of different age and forestry intensity. Ecol. Appl. 2010, 20:2310-2321.
89. Ström L., Hylander K., Dynesius M. Different long-term and short-term responses of land snails to clear-cutting of boreal stream-side forests. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142:1580-1587.
90. Taylor S.L., MacLean D.A. Legacy of insect defoliators: increased wind-related mortality two decades after a spruce budworm outbreak. For. Sci. 2009, 55:256-267.
91. Tikkanen O.-P., Heinonen T., Kouki J., Matero J. Habitat suitability models of saproxylic red-listed boreal forest species in long-term matrix management: cost-effective measures for multi-species conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2007, 140:359-372.
92. Turner M.G. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 2010, 91:2833-2849.
93. Van Wagner C.E. The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling. For. Sci. 1968, 14:20-26.
94. Wheeler Q.D., Miller K.B. Slime-mold beetles of the genus Agathidium panzer in North and Central Ameria. Part I: Coleoptera: Leiodidae. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2005, 290:1-95.
95. Williams D.W., Liebhold A.M. Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America. Ecology 2000, 81:2753-2766.
96. Work T.T., Jacobs J.M., Spence J.R., Volney W.J. High levels of green-tree retention are required to preserve ground beetle biodiversity in boreal mixedwood forests. Ecol. Appl. 2010, 20:741-751.