Botulinum toxin therapy: Its use for neurological disorders of the autonomic nervous system

Journal of Neurology

Volumn 260, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 701-713

  Dressler, Dirk ^a  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Autonomic disorders; Botulinum toxin; Neurology; Therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B;

ANUS FISSURE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; CYSTALGIA; DETRUSOR DYSSYNERGIA; FREY SYNDROME; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERSALIVATION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; LACRIMATION DISORDER; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OVERACTIVE BLADDER; PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTOSIS; REVIEW; SKIN DEFECT; URINE RETENTION;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; BOTULINUM TOXINS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PROSTATIC DISEASES; URINARY BLADDER DISEASES;

EID: 84876471819     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: 14321459     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6615-2     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Truong D, Dressler D, Hallett M (2009) Manual of botulinum toxin therapy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2. Qerama E, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Jensen TS (2010) The role of botulinum toxin in management of pain: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23:602-610
3. Dykstra DD, Sidi AA, Scott AB, Pagel JM, Goldish GD (1988) Effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 139:919-922
4. Dykstra DD, Sidi AA (1990) Treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: a double-blind study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71:24-26
5. Schurch B, Hauri D, Rodic B, Curt A, Meyer M, Rossier AB (1996) Botulinum-A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: a prospective study in 24 spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 155:1023-1029
6. Beleggia F, Beccia E, Imbriani E, Basciani M, Intiso D, Cioffi R et al (1997) The use of type A botulin toxin in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Arch Ital Urol Androl 69(Suppl 1):61-63
7. Petit H, Wiart L, Gaujard E, Le Breton F, Ferrière JM, Lagueny A (1998) Botulinum A toxin treatment for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord disease. Spinal Cord 36:91-94
8. Gallien P, Robineau S, Verin M, Le Bot MP, Nicolas B, Brissot R (1998) Treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia by transperineal injection of botulinum toxin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:715-717
9. de Sèze M, Petit H, Gallien P, de Sèze MP, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM et al (2002) Botulinum a toxin and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a double-blind lidocaine-controlled study in 13 patients with spinal cord disease. Eur Urol 42:56-62
10. Gallien P, Reymann JM, Amarenco G, Nicolas B, de Sèze M, Bellissant E (2005) Placebo-controlled, randomised, double blind study of the effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1670-1676
11. Chen SL, Bih LI, Chen GD, Huang YH, You YH, Lew HL (2010) Transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal botulinum toxin a injection to the external urethral sphincter for treatment of detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91:340-344
12. Schurch B, Hodler J, Rodic B (1997) Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury: MRI controlled transperineal injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:474-476
13. Tsai SJ, Ying TH, Huang YH, Cheng JW, Bih LI, Lew HL (2009) Transperineal injection of botulinum toxin A for treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: localization with combined fluoroscopic and electromyographic guidance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90:832-836
14. Kuo HC (2004) Urodynamic evidence of effectiveness of botulinum A toxin injection in treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic agents. Urology 63:868-872
15. Rajkumar GN, Small DR, Mustafa AW, Conn G (2005) A prospective study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy and durability of response of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A into detrusor muscle in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 96:848-852
16. Sahai A (2006) A prospective study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy and durability of response of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A into detrusor muscle in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 97:413
17. Sahai A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P (2007) Efficacy of botulinum toxin-A for treating idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Urol 177:2231-2236
18. Jeffery S, Fynes M, Lee F, Wang K, Williams L, Morley R (2007) Efficacy and complications of intradetrusor injection with botulinum toxin A in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 100:1302-1306
19. Kuschel S, Werner M, Schmid DM, Faust E, Schuessler B (2008) Botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic overactivity of the vesical detrusor: a 2-year follow-up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19:905-909
20. Brubaker L, Richter HE, Visco A, Mahajan S, Nygaard I, Braun TM et al (2008) Refractory idiopathic urge urinary incontinence and botulinum A injection. J Urol 180:217-222
21. Lie KY, Wong MY, Ng LG (2010) Botulinum toxin a for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Ann Acad Med Singapore 39:714-715
22. Gomez CS, Kanagarajah P, Gousse A (2010) The use of botulinum toxin a in idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. Curr Urol Rep 11:353-359
23. Sahai A, Dowson C, Khan MS, GKT Botulinum Study Group (2010) Repeated injections of botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Urology 75:552-558
24. Ghei M, Maraj BH, Miller R, Nathan S, O'Sullivan C, Fowler CJ et al (2005) Effects of botulinum toxin B on refractory detrusor overactivity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Urol 174:1873-1877
25. Sahai A, Dowson C, Khan MS, Dasgupta P (2009) Improvement in quality of life after botulinum toxin-A injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 103:1509-1515
26. Hirst GR, Watkins AJ, Guerrero K, Wareham K, Emery SJ, Jones DR et al (2007) Botulinum toxin B is not an effective treatment of refractory overactive bladder. Urology 69:69-73
27. Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD (2010) Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol 8:919-926
28. Schurch B, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Schmid DM, Gaul G, Hauri D (2000) Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Preliminary results. J Urol 164:692-697
29. Kenelly MJ, Kang J (2003) Botulinum-A toxin injections as a treatment fro refractory detrusor hyperreflexia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 8:46-53
30. Giannantoni A, Mearini E, Di Stasi SM, Costantini E, Zucchi A, Mearini L et al (2004) New therapeutic options for refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Minerva Urol Nefrol 56:79-87
31. Reitz A, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Del Popolo G, Chartier-Kastler E, Pannek J et al (2004) European experience of 200 cases treated with botulinum-A toxin injections into the detrusor muscle for urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol 45:510-515
32. Bagi P, Biering-Sørensen F (2004) Botulinum toxin A for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence in patients with spinal cord lesions. Scand J Urol Nephrol 38:495-498
33. Schurch B, de Sèze M, Denys P, Chartier-Kastler E, Haab F, Everaert K (2005) Botulinum toxin type a is a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic urinary incontinence: results of a single treatment, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-month study. J Urol 174:196-200
34. Schulte-Baukloh H, Schobert J, Stolze T, Stürzebecher B, Weiss C, Knispel HH (2005) Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin bladder injections for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis patients: an objective and subjective analysis. Neurourol Urodyn 25:110-115
35. Grosse J, Kramer G, Stöhrer M (2005) Success of repeat detrusor injections of botulinum a toxin in patients with severe neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. Eur Urol 47:653-659
36. Smith CP, Nishiguchi J, O'Leary M, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2005) Single-institution experience in 110 patients with botulinum toxin A injection into bladder or urethra. Urology 65:37-41
37. Hajebrahimi S, Altaweel W, Cadoret J, Cohen E, Corcos J (2005) Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin in adults with neurogenic overactive bladder: initial results. Can J Urol 12:2543-2546
38. Kessler TM, Danuser H, Schumacher M, Studer UE, Burkhard FC (2005) Botulinum A toxin injections into the detrusor: an effective treatment in idiopathic and neurogenic detrusor overactivity? Neurourol Urodyn 24:231-236
39. Popat R, Apostolidis A, Kalsi V, Gonzales G, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P (2005) A comparison between the response of patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity and neurogenic detrusor overactivity to the first intradetrusor injection of botulinum-A toxin. J Urol 174:984-989
40. Kuo HC (2006) Therapeutic effects of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to chronic cerebrovascular accident and spinal cord lesions. Urology 67:232-236
41. Ruffion A, Capelle O, Paparel P, Leriche B, Leriche A, Grise P (2006) What is the optimum dose of type A botulinum toxin for treating neurogenic bladder overactivity? BJU Int 97:1030-1034
42. Kalsi V, Apostolidis A, Popat R, Gonzales G, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P (2006) Quality of life changes in patients with neurogenic versus idiopathic detrusor overactivity after intradetrusor injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A and correlations with lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic changes. Eur Urol 49:528-535
43. Karsenty G, Reitz A, Lindemann G, Boy S, Schurch B (2006) Persistence of therapeutic effect after repeated injections of botulinum toxin type A to treat incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urology 68:1193-1197
44. Ehren I, Volz D, Farrelly E, Berglund L, Brundin L, Hultling C et al (2007) Efficacy and impact of botulinum toxin A on quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 41:335-340
45. Schulte-Baukloh H, Michael T, Schobert J, Stolze T, Knispel HH (2002) Efficacy of botulinum-a toxin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia due to myelomeningocele: preliminary results. Urology 59:325-327
46. Schulte-Baukloh H, Michael T, Stürzebecher B, Knispel HH (2003) Botulinum-a toxin detrusor injection as a novel approach in the treatment of bladder spasticity in children with neurogenic bladder. Eur Urol 44:139-143
47. Riccabona M, Koen M, Schindler M, Goedele B, Pycha A, Lusuardi L et al (2004) Botulinum-A toxin injection into the detrusor: a safe alternative in the treatment of children with myelomeningocele with detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 171:845-848
48. Schulte-Baukloh H, Knispel HH, Stolze T, Weiss C, Michael T, Miller K (2005) Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in treatment of children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urology 66:865-870
49. Kajbafzadeh AM, Moosavi S, Tajik P, Arshadi H, Payabvash S, Salmasi AH et al (2006) Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A: management of neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children with myelomeningocele. Urology 68:1091-1096
50. Hoebeke P, De Caestecker K, Vande Walle J, Dehoorne J, Raes A, Verleyen P, Van Laecke E (2006) The effect of botulinum-A toxin in incontinent children with therapy resistant overactive detrusor. J Urol 176:328-330
51. Akbar M, Abel R, Seyler TM, Bedke J, Haferkamp A, Gerner HJ et al (2007) Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in the treatment of myelodysplastic children and patients with spinal cord injuries with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. BJU Int 100:639-645
52. Phelan MW, Franks M, Somogyi GT, Yokoyama T, Fraser MO, Lavelle JP (2001) Botulinum toxin urethral sphincter injection to restore bladder emptying in men and women with voiding dysfunction. J Urol 165:1107-1110
53. Kuo HC (2003) Effect of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of voiding dysfunction due to detrusor underactivity. Urology 61:550-554
54. Fowler CJ, Betts CD, Christmas TJ, Swash M, Fowler CG (1992) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic urinary retention in women. Br J Urol 70:387-389
55. Smith CP, Radziszewski P, Borkowski A, Somogyi GT, Boone TB, Chancellor MB (2004) Botulinum toxin A has antinociceptive effects in treating interstitial cystitis. Urology 64:871-875
56. Kuo HC (2005) Preliminary results of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of chronic interstitial cystitis. Urol Int 75:170-174
57. Giannantoni A, Costantini E, Di Stasi SM, Tascini MC, Bini V, Porena M (2006) Botulinum A toxin intravesical injections in the treatment of painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study. Eur Urol 49:704-709
58. Liu HT, Kuo HC (2007) Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections plus hydrodistension can reduce nerve growth factor production and control bladder pain in interstitial cystitis. Urology 70:463-468
59. Giannantoni A, Porena M, Costantini E, Zucchi A, Mearini L, Mearini E (2008) Botulinum A toxin intravesical injection in patients with painful bladder syndrome: 1-year follow-up. J Urol 179:1031-1034
60. Brin MF, Vapnek JM (1997) Treatment of vaginismus with botulinum toxin injections. Lancet 349:252-253
61. Brown CS, Glazer HI, Vogt V, Menkes D, Bachmann G (2006) Subjective and objective outcomes of botulinum toxin type A treatment in vestibulodynia: pilot data. J Reprod Med 51:635-641
62. Gunter J, Brewer A, Tawfik O (2004) Botulinum toxin A for vulvodynia: a case report. J Pain 5:238-240
63. Jarvis SK, Abbott JA, Lenart MB, Steensma A, Vancaillie TG (2004) Pilot study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 44:46-50
64. Thomson AJ, Jarvis SK, Lenart M, Abbott JA, Vancaillie TG (2005) The use of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) as treatment for intractable chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. BJOG 112:247-249
65. Abbott JA, Jarvis SK, Lyons SD, Thomson A, Vancaille TG (2006) Botulinum toxin type A for chronic pain and pelvic floor spasm in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 108:915-923
66. Maria G, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR, Cassetta E, Albanese A (2000) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of outlet obstruction constipation caused by puborectalis syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 43:376-380
67. Hallan RI, Williams NS, Melling J, Waldron DJ, Womack NR, Morrison JF (1988) Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin. Lancet 8613:714-717
68. Joo JS, Agachan F, Wolff B, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD (1996) Initial North American experience with botulinum toxin type A for treatment of anismus. Dis Colon Rectum 39:1107-1111
69. Ron Y, Avni Y, Lukovetski A, Wardi J, Geva D, Birkenfeld S et al (2001) Botulinum toxin type-A in therapy of patients with anismus. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1821-1826
70. Jost WH, Schimrigk K (1994) Therapy of anal fissure using botulin toxin. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1321-1324
71. Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G, Albanese A (1994) Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet 344(8930):1127-1128
72. Tranqui P, Trottier DC, Victor C, Freeman JB (2006) Nonsurgical treatment of chronic anal fissure: nitroglycerin and dilatation versus nifedipine and botulinum toxin. Can J Surg 49:41-55
73. Festen S, Gisbertz SS, van Schaagen F, Gerhards MF (2009) Blinded randomized clinical trial of botulinum toxin versus isosorbide dinitrate ointment for treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg 96:1393-1399
74. Wollina U (2008) Pharmacological sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissures by botulinum toxin A. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 1:58-63
75. Strutton DR, Kowalski JW, Glaser DA, Stang PE (2004) US prevalence of hyperhidrosis and impact on individuals with axillary hyperhidrosis: results from a national survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:241-248
76. Bushara KO, Park DM, Jones JC, Schutta HS (1996) Botulinum toxin: a possible new treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 21:276-278
77. Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G (2001) Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med 344:48893
78. Naumann M, on behalf of the BOTOX Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study Group (2003) Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMJ 323:596-599
79. Naumann M, Lowe NJ, Kumar CR, on behalf of the BOTOX Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study Group (2003) Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis over 16 months: a prospective study. Arch Dermatol 139:731-736
80. Lowe PL, Cerdan-Sanz S, Lowe NJ (2003) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis; efficacy and duration with repeated treatments. Dermatol Surg 29:5458
81. Lowe NJ, Glaser DA, Eadie N, Daggett S, Kowalski JW, Lai PY et al (2007) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a 52-week multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:604-611
82. Dressler D (2010) Comparing Botox and Xeomin for axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neural Transm 117:317-319
83. Schnider P, Binder M, Auff E, Kittler H, Berger T, Wolff K (1997) Double-blind trial of botulinum A toxin for the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis of the palms. Br J Dermatol 136:548-552
84. Schnider P, Binder M, Kittler H, Birner P, Starkel D, Wolff K et al (1999) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum A toxin for severe axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 140:677-680
85. Schnider P, Moraru E, Kittler H, Binder M, Kranz G, Voller B et al (2001) Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: long-term follow-up in 61 patients. Br J Dermatol 145:289-293
86. Salmanpoor R, Rahmanian MJ (2002) Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum-A toxin. Int J Dermatol 41:428-430
87. Heckmann M, Hyperhidrosis Study Group (2005) Low-dose efficacy of botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis: a randomized, side-by-side, open-label study. Arch Dermatol 141:1255-1259
88. Moffat CE, Hayes WG, Nyamekye IK (2009) Durability of botulinum toxin treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:188-191
89. Dressler D, Adib Saberi F, Benecke R (2002) Botulinum toxin type B for treatment of axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neurol 249:1729-1732
90. Nelson L, Bachoo P, Holmes J (2005) Botulinum toxin type B: a new therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Plast Surg 58:228-232
91. Dressler D, Benecke R (2003) Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 49:34-38
92. Naumann M, So Y, Argoff CE, Childers MK, Dykstra DD, Gronseth GS et al (2008) Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70:1707-1714
93. Naumann M, Flachenecker P, Bröcker EB, Toyka KV, Reiners K (1997) Botulinum toxin for palmar hyperhidrosis. Lancet 349:252
94. Shelley WB, Talanin NY, Shelley ED (1998) Botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 38:227-229
95. Naver H, Swartling C, Aquilonius SM (2000) Palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis treated with botulinum toxin: one-year clinical follow-up. Eur J Neurol 7:55-62
96. Solomon BA, Hayman R (2000) Botulinum toxin type A therapy for palmar and digital hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:1026-1029
97. Vadoud-Seyedi J, Heenen M, Simonart T (2001) Treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. Report of 23 cases and review of the literature. Dermatology 203:318-321
98. Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Wang AK, Kaufmann H (2001) Botulinum toxin type A in primary palmar hyperhidrosis: randomized, single-blind, two-dose study. Neurology 57:2095-2099
99. Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS, Lask GP, Patnaik R, Iyer S (2002) Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 28:822-827
100. Simonetta Moreau M, Cauhepe C, Magues JP, Senard JM (2003) A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Dysport vs. Botox in primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 149:1041-1045
101. Pérez-Bernal AM, Avalos-Peralta P, Moreno-Ramírez D, Camacho F (2005) Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: 44 months of experience. J Cosmet Dermatol 4:163-166
102. Yamashita N, Shimizu H, Kawada M, Yanagishita T, Watanabe D, Tamada Y (2008) Local injection of botulinum toxin A for palmar hyperhidrosis: usefulness and efficacy in relation to severity. J Dermatol 35:325-329
103. Dressler D (2010) Routine use of Xeomin in patients previously treated with Botox: long-term results. Eur J Neurol 16(Suppl 2):2-5
104. Baumann LS, Halem ML (2003) Systemic adverse effects after botulinum toxin type B (MYOBLOC) injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 139:226-227
105. Baumann L, Slezinger A, Halem M, Vujevich J, Mallin K, Charles C et al (2005) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of MYOBLOC (botulinum toxin type B) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 31:263-270
106. Baumann L, Frankel S, Welsh E, Halem M (2003) Cryoanalgesia with dichlorotetrafluoroethane lessens the pain of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 29:1057-1059
107. Smith KC, Comite SL, Storwick GS (2007) Ice minimizes discomfort associated with injection of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 33:S88-S91
108. Lim EC, Seet RC (2007) Another injection-free method to effect analgesia when injecting botulinum toxin for palmar hyperhidrosis: cryoanalgesia. Dermatol Online J 13:25
109. Richards RN (2009) Ethyl chloride spray for sensory relief for botulinum toxin injections of the hands and feet. J Cutan Med Surg 13:253-256
110. Campanati A, Lagalla G, Penna L, Gesuita R, Offidani A (2004) Local neural block at the wrist for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: technical improvements. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:345-348
111. Blaheta HJ, Vollert B, Zuder D, Rassner G (2004) Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's block) for botulinum toxin therapy of palmar hyperhidrosis is safe and effective. Dermatol Surg 28:666-671
112. Patel R, Halem M, Zaiac M (2009) The combined use of forced cold air and topical anesthetic cream for analgesia during the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin injections. J Drugs Dermatol 8:948-951
113. Bosdotter Enroth S, Rystedt A, Covaciu L, Hymnelius K, Rystedt E, Nyberg R et al (2010) Bilateral forearm intravenous regional anesthesia with prilocaine for botulinum toxin treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 63:466-474
114. Davarian S, Kalantari KK, Rezasoltani A, Rahimi A (2008) Effect and persistency of botulinum toxin iontophoresis in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Australas J Dermatol 49:75-79
115. Naumann M, Hofmann U, Bergmann I, Hamm H, Toyka KV, Reiners K (1998) Focal hyperhidrosis: effective treatment with intracutaneous botulinum toxin. Arch Dermatol 134:301-304
116. Sevim S, Dogu O, Kaleagasi H (2002) Botulinum toxin-A therapy for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Acta Neurol Belg 102:167-170
117. Vadoud-Seyedi J (2004) Treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 43:969-971
118. Campanati A, Bernardini ML, Gesuita R, Offidani A (2007) Plantar focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin: a pilot study. Eur J Dermatol 17:52-54
119. Kinkelin I, Hund M, Naumann M, Hamm H (2000) Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. Br J Dermatol 143:824-827
120. Santana-Rodríguez N, Clavo-Varas B, Ponce-González MA, Jarabo-Sarceda JR, Pérez-Alonso D, Ruiz-Caballero JA et al (2010) Primary frontal hyperhidrosis successfully treated with low doses of botulinum toxin A as a useful alternative to surgical treatment. J Dermatolog Treat [Epub ahead of print]
121. Bechara FG, Sand M, Achenbach RK, Sand D, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K (2007) Focal hyperhidrosis of the anal fold: successful treatment with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg 33:924-927
122. Schulze-Bonhage A, Schroder M, Ferbert A (1996) Botulinum toxin in the therapy of gustatory sweating. J Neurol 243:143-146
123. Bjerkhoel A, Trobbe O (1997) Frey's syndrome: treatment with botulinum toxin. J Laryngol Otol 111:839-844
124. Laskawi R, Drobik C, Schönebeck C (1998) Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin type A treatment in patients with gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome). Laryngoscope 108:381-384
125. von Lindern JJ, Niederhagen B, Bergé S, Hägler G, Reich RH (2000) Frey syndrome: treatment with type A botulinum toxin. Cancer 89:1659-1663
126. Dulguerov P, Quinodoz D, Cosendal G, Piletta P, Lehmann W (2000) Frey syndrome treatment with botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:821-827
127. Beerens AJ, Snow GB (2002) Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of patients with Frey syndrome. Br J Surg 89:116-119
128. Kyrmizakis DE, Pangalos A, Papadakis CE, Logothetis J, Maroudias NJ, Helidonis ES (2004) The use of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Frey and crocodile tears syndromes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62:840-844
129. de Bree R, Duyndam JE, Kuik DJ, Leemans CR (2009) Repeated botulinum toxin type A injections to treat patients with Frey syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:287-290
130. Cantarella G, Berlusconi A, Mele V, Cogiamanian F, Barbieri S (2010) Treatment of Frey's syndrome with botulinum toxin type B. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 143:214-218
131. Jongerius PH, Joosten F, Hoogen FJ, Gabreels FJ, Rotteveel JJ (2003) The treatment of drooling by ultrasound-guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin type A into the salivary glands. Laryngoscope 113:107-111
132. Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van den Hoogen F, Joosten F, van Hulst K, Gabreëls FJ (2001) Botulinum toxin A: a new option for treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Presentation of a case series. Eur J Pediatr 160:509-512
133. Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Beuche W (2002) Botulinum toxin to reduce saliva flow: selected indications for ultrasound-guided toxin application into salivary glands. Laryngoscope 112:82-86
134. Suskind DL, Tilton A, Suskind DL, Tilton A (2002) Clinical study of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Laryngoscope 112:73-81
135. Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, van den Hoogen FJ (2004) Botulinum toxin effect on salivary flow rate in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology 63:1371-1375
136. Jongerius PH, van den Hoogen FJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, Rotteveel JJ (2004) Effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of drooling: a controlled clinical trial. Pediatrics 114:620-627
137. Savarese R, Diamond M, Elovic E, Millis SR (2004) Intraparotid injection of botulinum toxin A as a treatment to control sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83:304-311
138. Banerjee KJ, Glasson C, O'Flaherty SJ (2006) Parotid and submandibular botulinum toxin A injections for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:883-887
139. Reid SM, Johnstone BR, Westbury C, Rawicki B, Reddihough D (2008) Randomized trial of botulinum toxin injections into the salivary glands to reduce drooling in children with neurological disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:123-128
140. Wilken B, Aslami B, Backes H (2008) Successful treatment of drooling in children with neurological disorders with botulinum toxin A or B. Neuropediatrics 39:200-204
141. Alrefai AH, Aburahma SK, Khader YS (2009) Treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 111:79-82
142. Ong LC, Wong SW, Hamid HA (2009) Treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy using ultrasound guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin A. J Pediatr Neurol 7:141-145
143. Scheffer AR, Erasmus C, van Hulst K, van Limbeek J, Jongerius PH, van den Hoogen FJ (2010) Efficacy and duration of botulinum toxin treatment for drooling in 131 children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136:873-877
144. Sriskandan N, Moody A, Howlett DC (2010) Ultrasound-guided submandibular gland injection of botulinum toxin for hypersalivation in cerebral palsy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:58-60
145. Wu KP, Ke JY, Chen CY, Chen CL, Chou MY, Pei YC (2011) Botulinum toxin type A on oral health in treating sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Child Neurol [Epub ahead of print]
146. Reddihough D, Graham HK (2011) Botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:488-489
147. Basciani M, Di Rienzo F, Fontana A, Copetti M, Pellegrini F, Intiso D (2011) Botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized trial comparing three doses. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:559-564
148. Reddihough D, Erasmus CE, Johnson H, McKellar GM, Jongerius PH (2010) Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for paediatric and adult drooling: international consensus statement. Eur J Neurol 17(Suppl 2):109-121
149. Bothwell JE, Clarke K, Dooley JM, Gordon KE, Anderson R, Wood EP et al (2002) Botulinum toxin A as a treatment for excessive drooling in children. Pediatr Neurol 27:18-22
150. Hassin-Baer S, Scheuer E, Buchman AS, Jacobson I, Ben-Zeev B (2005) Botulinum toxin injections for children with excessive drooling. J Child Neurol 20:120-123
151. Pal PK, Calne DB, Calne S, Tsui JK (2000) Botulinum toxin A as treatment for drooling saliva in PD. Neurology 54:244-247
152. Friedman A, Potulska A (2001) Botulinum toxin for treatment of parkinsonian sialorrhea. Neurol Neurochir Pol 35(Suppl 3):23-27
153. Carod Artal FJ (2003) Treatment of sialorrhoea in neurological diseases with trans-dermic injections of botulinum toxin type A in the parotid glands. Neurologia 18:280-284
154. Dogu O, Apaydin D, Sevim S, Talas DU, Aral M (2004) Ultrasound-guided versus 'blind' intraparotid injections of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 106:93-96
155. Porta M, Gamba M, Bertacchi G, Vaj P (2001) Treatment of sialorrhoea with ultrasound guided botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:538-540
156. Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C (2003) Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin therapy in patients with drooling caused by different etiologies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61:454-457
157. Bhatia KP, Münchau A, Brown P (1999) Botulinum toxin is a useful treatment in excessive drooling in saliva. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:697
158. Glickman S, Deaney CN (2001) Treatment of relative sialorrhoea with botulinum toxin type A: description and rationale for an injection procedure with case report. Eur J Neurol 8:567-571
159. Lipp A, Trottenberg T, Schink T, Kupsch A, Arnold G (2003) A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling. Neurology 61:1279-1281
160. Mancini F, Zangaglia R, Cristina S, Sommaruga MG, Martignoni E, Nappi G et al (2003) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in parkinsonism. Mov Disord 18:685-688
161. Tan EK, Lo YL, Seah A, Auchus AP (2001) Recurrent jaw dislocation after botulinum toxin treatment for sialorrhoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 190:95-97
162. Giess R, Naumann M, Werner E, Riemann R, Beck M, Puls I et al (2000) Injections of botulinum toxin A into the salivary glands improve sialorrhoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:121-123
163. Manrique D (2005) Application of botulinum toxin to reduce the saliva in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 71:556-559
164. Verma A, Steele J (2006) Botulinum toxin improves sialorrhea and quality of living in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 34:235-237
165. Contarino MF, Pompili M, Tittoto P, Vanacore N, Sabatelli M, Cedrone A et al (2007) Botulinum toxin B ultrasound-guided injections for sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13:299-303
166. Costa J, Rocha ML, Ferreira J, Evangelista T, Coelho M, de Carvalho M (2008) Botulinum toxin type-B improves sialorrhea and quality of life in bulbaronset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 255:545-550
167. Jackson CE, Gronseth G, Rosenfeld J, Barohn RJ, Dubinsky R, Simpson CB et al (2009) Randomized double-blind study of botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in ALS patients. Muscle Nerve 39:137-143
168. Steinlechner S, Klein C, Moser A, Lencer R, Hagenah J (2010) Botulinum toxin B as an effective and safe treatment for neuroleptic-induced sialorrhea. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 207:593-597
169. Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Rödel R, Beuche W (2001) Blocking secretion of exocrine glands in the head-neck area by administration of botulinum toxin A. Therapy of a rare disease picture. HNO 49:807-813
170. Guntinas-Lichius O, Eckel HE (2002) Temporary reduction of salivation in laryngectomy patients with pharyngocutaneous fistulas by botulinum toxin A injection. Laryngoscope 112:187-189
171. Ellies M, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Wilken B, Laskawi R, Hanefeld F (2002) Successful management of drooling with botulinum toxin A in neurologically disabled children. Neuropediatrics 33:327-330
172. Saberi FA, Schade H, Dressler D (2008) Botulinum toxin to treat parotid saliva retention after transient postoperative Stenon's duct occlusion. Toxicon 51(Suppl 1):44
173. Wabbels B, Förl M (2007) Botulinum toxin treatment for crocodile tears, spastic entropion and for dysthyroid upper eyelid retraction. Ophthalmologe 104:771-776
174. Hofmann RJ (2000) Treatment of Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) and 'crocodile tears' (gustatory epiphora) with purified botulinum toxin. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:289-291
175. Barañano DE, Miller NR (2004) Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injection for crocodile tears syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 88:588-589
176. Kizkin S, Doganay S, Ozisik HI, Ozcan C (2005) Crocodile tears syndrome: botulinum toxin treatment under EMG guidance. Funct Neurol 20:35-37
177. Boroojerdi B, Ferbert A, Schwarz M, Herath H, Noth J (1998) Botulinum toxin treatment of synkinesia and hyperlacrimation after facial palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:111-114
178. Keegan DJ, Geerling G, Lee JP, Blake G, Collin JR, Plant GT (2002) Botulinum toxin treatment for hyperlacrimation secondary to aberrant regenerated seventh nerve palsy or salivary gland transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 86:43-46
179. Montoya FJ, Riddell CE, Caesar R, Hague S (2002) Treatment of gustatory hyperlacrimation (crocodile tears) with injection of botulinum toxin into the lacrimal gland. Eye (Lond) 16:705-709
180. Kahle W, Leonhardt H, Platzer W (1979) Taschenatlas der Anatomie für Studium und Praxis. Band 3: Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane. 3., überarbeitete Auflage. Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart