Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for paediatric and adult drooling: International consensus statement

European Journal of Neurology

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2010, Pages 109-121

  Reddihough, D ^a,b   Erasmus, C E ^c   Johnson, H ^d   McKellar, G M W ^e   Jongerius, P H ^f  

^a ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d Australia and the Communication Resource Centre   (Australia)

^e WESTMEAD HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^f Sint Maartenskliniek ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

botulinum toxin; dribbling; drooling; saliva; salivary glands; sialorrhoea

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; SCOPOLAMINE;

ADULT; AFTERCARE; BLURRED VISION; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHEST INFECTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; CONSENSUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSPHAGIA; EVALUATION; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GAIT DISORDER; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; HYPERSALIVATION; INFECTION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; NECK PAIN; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SALIVATION; SEIZURE; SOMNOLENCE; SWELLING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; XEROSTOMIA;

ADULT; BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; DEGLUTITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; NEUROTOXINS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SALIVARY GLANDS; SIALORRHEA;

EID: 77954718068     PISSN: 13515101     EISSN: 14681331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03131.x     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Hussein I, Kershaw AE, Tahmassebi JF, Fayle SA. The management of drooling in children and patients with mental and physical disabilities: a literature review. Int J Paediatr Dent 1998 8 : 3 11.
2. Lloyd Faulconbridge RV, Tranter RM, Moffat V, Green E. Review of management of drooling problems in neurologically impaired children: a review of methods and results over 6 years at Chailey Heritage Clinical Services. Clin Otolaryngol 2001 26 : 76 81.
3. Tahmassebi JF, Curzon ME. The cause of drooling in children with cerebral palsy - hypersalivation or swallowing defect? Int J Paediatr Dent 2003 13 : 106 111.
4. Blasco PA. Surgical management of drooling. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992 34 : 368 369.
5. Crysdale WS, White A. Submandibular duct relocation for drooling: a 10-year experience with 194 patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989 101 : 87 92.
6. Nunn JH. Drooling: review of the literature and proposals for management. J Oral Rehab 2000 27 : 735 743.
7. Nobrega AC, Rodrigues B, Torres AC, Scarpel RD, Neves CA, Melo A. Is drooling secondary to a swallowing disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008 14 : 243 245.
8. Proulx M, de Courval FP, Wiseman MA, Panisset M. Salivary production in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005 20 : 204 207.
9. American Academy of Neurology. AAN classification of evidence for therapeutic intervention. 2004. Available online: http://www.neurology.org.
10. Molloy L. Treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson's disease: best current evidence. Curr Opin Neurol 2007 20 : 493 498.
11. Pal PK, Calne DB, Calne S, Tsui JK. Botulinum toxin A as treatment for drooling saliva in PD. Neurology 2000 54 : 244 247.
12. Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent 2001 85 : 162 169.
13. Bagheri H, Damase-Michel C, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. A study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999 22 : 213 215.
14. Smith HC. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral pharyngeal Dysphagia. Lung 2008 186 (Suppl 1 S35 S40.
15. Nobrega AC, Rodrigues B, Melo A. Is silent aspiration a risk factor for respiratory infection in Parkinson's disease patients? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008 14 : 646 648.
16. Jongerius PH, Van Hulst K, Van den Hoogen FJ, Rotteveel JJ. The treatment of posterior drooling by botulinum toxin in a child with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005 41 : 351 353.
17. Jackson CE, Gronseth G, Rosenfeld J, et al. Randomized double-blind study of botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in ALS patients. Muscle Nerve 2009 39 : 137 143.
18. Erasmus CE, Van Hulst K, Rotteveel LJ, et al. Drooling in cerebral palsy: hypersalivation or dysfunctional oral motor control? Dev Med Child Neurol 2009 51 : 454 459.
19. Heine RG, Catto-Smith AG, Reddihough DS. Effect of antireflux medication on salivary drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996 38 : 1030 1036.
20. Mier RJ, Bachrach SJ, Lakin RC, Barker T, Childs J, Moran M. Treatment of sialorrhea with glycopyrrolate: A double-blind, dose-ranging study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000 154 : 1214 1218.
21. Johnston BT, Li Q, Castell JA, Castell DO. Swallowing and esophageal function in Parkinson's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995 90 : 1741 1746.
22. Ekedahl C, Mansson I, Sandberg N. Swallowing disorders and drooling. J Fr Otorhinolaryngol Audiophonol Chir Maxillofac 1974 23 : 727 731.
23. Van De Heyning PH, Marquet JF, Creten WL. Drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1980 34 : 691 705.
24. Tahmassebi JF, Curzon ME. Prevalence of drooling in children with cerebral palsy attending special schools. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003 45 : 613 617.
25. Morales Chavez MC, Nualart Grollmus ZC, Silvestre-Donat FJ. Clinical prevalence of drooling in infant cerebral palsy. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008 13 : E22 E26.
26. Little SA, Kubba H, Hussain SSM. An evidence-based approach to the child who drools saliva. Clin Otolaryngol 2009 34 : 236 239.
27. Sochaniwskyj AE. Drool quantification: noninvasive technique. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982 63 : 605 607.
28. Wilkie TF. The surgical treatment of drooling: A follow-up report of five years. Plast Reconstr Surg 1970 45 : 549 554.
29. Senner JE, Logemann J, Zecker S, Gaebler-Spira D. Drooling, saliva production, and swallowing in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004 46 : 801 806.
30. Ekedahl C, Hallen O. Quantitative measurement of drooling. Acta Otolaryngol 1973 77 : 464 469.
31. Thomas-Stonell N, Greenberg J. Three treatment approaches and clinical factors in the reduction of drooling. Dysphagia 1988 3 : 73 78.
32. Greensmith A, Johnstone BR, Reid S, Hazard C, Johnson H, Reddihough D. Prospective analysis of the outcome of surgical management of drooling in the pediatric population: a 10-Year Experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 116 : 1233 1242.
33. Van der Burg JJ, Jongerius PH, Van Limbeek J, Van Hulst K, Rotteveel JJ. Social interaction and self-esteem of children with cerebral palsy after treatment for severe drooling. Eur J Pediatr 2006 165 : 37 41.
34. Van der Burg J, Jongerius P, Van Limbeek J, Van Hulst K, Rotteveel J. Drooling in children with cerebral palsy: a qualitative method to evaluate parental perceptions of its impact on daily life, social interaction, and self-esteem. Int J Rehabil Res 2006 29 : 179 182.
35. Reid SM, Johnstone BR, Westbury C, Rawicki B, Reddihough D. Randomized trial of botulinum toxin injections into the salivary glands to reduce drooling in children with neurological disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008 50 : 123 128.
36. Rapp D. Drool control: long-term follow-up. Dev Med Child Neurol 1980 22 : 448 453.
37. Reddihough D, Johnson H, Ferguson E. The role of a saliva control clinic in the management of drooling. J Paediatr Child Health 1992 28 : 395 397.
38. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 2008 23 : 2129 2170.
39. Perez LS, Piran AG, Rossi M, Caivano Nemet ML, Salsamendi P, Merello M. Validation of a new scale for the evaluation of sialorrhea in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007 22 : 107 111.
40. Ellies M, Gottstein U, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Laskawi R. Reduction of salivary flow with botulinum toxin: extended report on 33 patients with drooling, salivary fistulas, and sialadentis. Laryngoscope 2004 114 : 1856 1860.
41. Blitzer A, Sulica L. Botulinum Toxin: basic Science and Clinical Uses in Otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 2001 111 : 218 226.
42. Dressler D. Clinical Presentation and Management of Anti-body-induced Failure of Botulinum Toxin Therapy. Mov Disord 2004 19 (Suppl. 8 S92 S100.
43. Howell K, Selber P, Graham HK, Reddihough D. Botulinum neurotoxin A: an unusual systemic effect. J Paediatr Child Health 2007 43 : 499 501.
44. ® Prescribing Information. 2006.
45. Jongerius PH, van den Hoogen FJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, Rotteveel JJ. Effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of drooling: a controlled clinical trial. Pediatrics 2004 114 : 620 627.
46. Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, van den Hoogen FJ. Botulinum toxin effect on salivary flow rate in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology 2004 63 : 1371 1375.
47. Lipp A, Trottenberg T, Schink T, Kupsch A, Arnold G. A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling. Neurology 2003 61 : 1279 1281.
48. Ondo WG, Hunter C, Moore W. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin B for sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2004 62 : 37 40.
49. Alrefai AH, Aburahma SK, Khader YS. Treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009 111 : 79 82.
50. Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG. Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2006 21 : 704 707.
51. Mancini F, Zangaglia R, Cristina S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2003 18 : 685 688.
52. Ong LC, Wong SW, Hamid HA. Treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy using ultrasound guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin A. J Pediatr Neurol 2009 7 : 141 145.
53. Racette BA, Good L, Sagitto S, Perlmutter JS. Botulinum toxin B reduces sialorrhea in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2003 18 : 1059 1061.
54. Berweck S, Schroeder AS, Lee SH, Bigalke H, Heinen F. Secondary non-response due to antibody formation in a child after three injections of botulinum toxin B into the salivary glands. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007 49 : 62 64.
55. Kalf JG, Smit AM, Bloem BR, Zwarts MJ, Mulleners WM, Munneke M. Botulinum toxin A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study to compare submandibular to parotid gland injections. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007 13 : 532 534.
56. Dogu O, Apaydin D, Sevim S, Talas DU, Aral M. Ultrasound-guided versus 'blind' intraparotid injections of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004 106 : 93 96.
57. Friedman A, Potulska A. Quantitative assessment of parkinsonian sialorrhea and results of treatment with botulinum toxin. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2001 7 : 329 332.
58. Su CS, Lan MY, Liu JS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A treatment for Parkinsonian patients with moderate to severe sialorrhea. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2006 15 : 170 176.
59. Wilken B, Aslami B, Backes H. Successful treatment of drooling in children with neurological disorders with Botulinum toxin A or B. Neuropediatrics 2008 39 : 200 204.
60. Jongerius PH, Joosten F, Hoogen FJ, Gabreels FJ, Rotteveel JJ. The treatment of drooling by ultrasound-guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin type A into the salivary glands. Laryngoscope 2003 113 : 107 111.
61. Banerjee KJ, Glasson C, O'Flaherty SJ. Parotid and submandibular botulinum toxin A injections for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006 48 : 883 887.
62. Savarese R, Diamond M, Elovic E, Millis SR. Intraparotid injection of botulinum toxin A as a treatment to control sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004 83 : 304 311.
63. Suskind DL, Tilton A. Clinical study of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Laryngoscope 2002 112 : 73 81.
64. Porta M, Gamba M, Bertacchi G, Vaj P. Treatment of sialorrhoea with ultrasound guided botulinum type A in patients with neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001 70 : 538 540.
65. Lal D, Hotaling AJ. Drooling. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006 14 : 381 386.
66. Van der Burg JJW, Didden R, Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ. Behavioral Treatment of Drooling. Behav Modif 2007 31 : 573 594.
67. Van derBurg JJ, Didden R, Engbers N, Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ. Self-management treatment of drooling: a case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2009 40 : 106 119.
68. Scott A, Johnson H A Practical Approach to the Management of Saliva, 2nd edn.
69. Van der Burg J, Didden R, Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ. Behavioural treatment of drooling: a methodological critique of the literature with clinical guidelines and suggestions for future research. Behav Modif, 2007 31 : 573 594.
70. Rogers B. Feeding method and health outcomes of children with cerebral palsy. J Paediatr 2004 145 : S28 S32.
71. Gisel EG, Applegate-Ferrante T, Benson J, Bosma J. Oral-motor skills following sensori motor therapy in two groups of moderately dysphagic children with cerebral palsy: aspiration vs non aspiration. Dysphagia 1996 11 : 59 71.
72. Johnson H, Reid S, Hazard K, Lucas J, O'Desai M, Reddihough D. Effectiveness of the Innsbruck Sensori-motor Activator and Regulator in improving saliva control in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2004 46 : 39 45.
73. Farley R, Clark J, Davidson C, et al. What is the evidence for effectiveness of postural management? Int J Ther Rehabil 2003 10 : 449 455.