An experimental investigation of the frictional drag characteristics of nanostructured and fluorinated fouling-release coatings using an axisymmetric body

Biofouling

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 39-52

  Atlar, M ^a   Unal B ^b   Unal U O ^b   Politis, G ^a   Martinelli, E ^c   Galli, G ^c   Davies, C ^d   Williams, D ^d  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^d International Paint Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

amphiphilic nanostructured polymers; antifouling coatings; axisymmetric body; fouling release coatings; frictional drag; transitionally rough walls; zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer

Indexed keywords

DIMETICONE; FLUORINE; NANOMATERIAL; POLYMER;

ARTICLE; BIOFOULING; CHEMISTRY; FRICTION; HYDRODYNAMICS; LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; SURFACE PROPERTY;

BIOFOULING; DIMETHYLPOLYSILOXANES; FLUORINE; FRICTION; HYDRODYNAMICS; LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; NANOSTRUCTURES; POLYMERS; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 84876452717     PISSN: 08927014     EISSN: 10292454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.745856     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Atlar, M, and Seo, K-C., 2011. Emerson Cavitation Tunnel Group of Newcastle University, UK. Bull Soc Naval Architects Korea (BSNAK), 48: 64–73.
2. Bandyopadhyay, PR., 1987. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers in the transition regime. J Fluid Mech, 180: 231–266.
3. Beigbeder, A, Degee, P, Conlan, SL, Mutton, R, Clare, AS, Pettitt, ME, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, and Dubois, P., 2008. Preparation and characterization of silicone-based coatings filled with carbon nanotubes and natural sepiolite and their application as marine fouling-release coatings. Biofouling, 24: 291–302.
4. Benedict, LH, and Gould, RD., 1996. Towards better uncertainty estimates for turbulence statistics. Exp Fluids, 22: 129–136.
5. Bradshaw, P., 2000. A note on ‘critical roughness height’ and ‘transitional roughness’. Phys Fluids, 12: 1611–1614.
6. Brzek, B, Chao, B, Turan, Ö, and Castillo, L., 2010. Characterizing developing adverse pressure gradient flows subject to surface roughness. Exp Fluids, 48: 663–677.
7. Callow, JA, and Callow, ME., 2011. Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings. Nature Com 2. Article No. 244
8. Candries, M., 2001. Drag, boundary-layer and roughness characteristics of marine surfaces coated with antifoulings, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: University of Newcastle upon Tyne. [PhD thesis]
9. Candries, M, and Atlar, M., 2005. Experimental investigation of the turbulent boundary layer of surfaces coated with marine antifoulings. J Fluid Eng, 127: 219–232.
10. Candries, M, Atlar, M, Mesbahi, E, and Pazouki, K., 2003. The measurement of the drag characteristics of tin-free self-polishing co-polymers and fouling release coatings using a rotor apparatus. Biofouling, 19: 27–36.
11. Choi, K-S, Yang, X, Clayton, B, Glover, EJ, Atlar, M, Semenov, BN, and Kulik, M., 1997. Turbulent drag reduction using compliant surfaces. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci, 453: 2229–2240.
12. Clauser, FH., 1954. Turbulent boundary layer in adverse pressure gradients. J Aeronaut Sci, 21: 91–108.
13. Colebrook, CF., 1939. Turbulent flows in pipes with particular reference to the transition region between the smooth and rough pipe flows. J Inst Civil Eng, 11: 133–155.
14. Coleman, HW, and Steele, WG., 2009. Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
15. Dey, SK., 1989. Parametric representation of hull painted surfaces and the correlation with fluid drag, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Newcastle upon Tyne. [PhD thesis]
16. Dixit, SA, and Ramesh, ON., 2009. Determination of skin friction in strong pressure-gradient equilibrium and near-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers. Exp Fluids, 47: 1045–1058.
17. Dobretsov, S, and Thomason, JC., 2011. The development of marine biofilms on two commercial non-biocidal coatings: a comparison between silicon and and fluoropolymer technologies. Biofouling, 27: 869–880.
18. Evariste, E, Gachon, CM, Callow, ME, and Callow, JA., 2012. Development and characteristics of an adhesion bioassay for ectocarpoid algae. Biofouling, 28: 15–27.
19. Flack, KA, and Schultz, MP., 2010. Review of hydraulic roughness scales in the fully rough regime. J Fluid Eng, 132: 041203
20. Furuya, Y, and Fujita, H., 1967. Turbulent boundary layers on a wire-screen roughness. B JSME, 10: 77–86.
21. Gad-el-Hak, M., 1998. Compliant coatings: the simpler alternative. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci, 16: 141–156.
22. Granville, PS., 1958. The frictional resistance and turbulent boundary layer of rough surfaces. J Ship Res, 2: 52–74.
23. Granville, PS., 1987. Three indirect methods for the drag characterization of arbitrarily rough surfaces on flat plates. J Ship Res, 31: 70–77.
24. Hama, FR., 1954. Boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough surfaces. Trans SNAME, 62: 333–358.
25. ITTC. The Specialist Committee on Surface Treatment: final report and recommendations to the 26th ITTC. Proceedings of the 26th International Towing Tank Conference. Aug–Sept28–32011. pp. 419–480.
26. Jiang, S, and Cao, Z., 2010. Ultralow-fouling, functionalizable and hydrolysable zwitterionic materials and their derivities for biological applications. Adv Mater, 22: 920–932.
27. Jimenez, J., 2004. Turbulent flow over rough walls. Annu Rev Fluid Mech, 36: 173–196.
28. Krogstad, PA, and Antonia, RA., 1999. Surface roughness effects in turbulent boundary layers. Exp Fluids, 27: 450–460.
29. Krogstad, PA, Antonia, RA, and Browne, LWB., 1992. Comparison between rough- and smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech, 245: 599–617.
30. Ligrani, PM, and Moffat, RJ., 1986. Structure of transitionally rough and fully rough turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech, 162: 69–98.
31. Marabotti, I, Morelli, A, Orsini, LM, Martinelli, E, Galli, G, Chiellini, E, Lien, EM, Pettitt, ME, Callow, ME, and Callow, JA. 2009. Fluorinated/siloxane copolymer blends for fouling release: chemical characterisation and biological evaluation with algae and barnacles. Biofouling, 25: 481–493.
32. Martinelli, E, Fantoni, C, Galli, G, Gallot, B, and Glisenti, A., 2009b. Low surface energy properties of smectic fluorinated block copolymer/SEBS blends. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst, 500: 51–62.
33. Martinelli, E, Galli, G, Krishnan, S, Paik, MY, Ober, CK, and Fischer, DA., 2011. New poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(perfluorooctylethyl acrylate) block copolymers: structure and order across multiple length scales in thin films. J Mater Chem, 21: 15357–15368.
34. Martinelli, E, Glisenti, A, Gallot, B, and Galli, G., 2009a. Surface properties of mesophase-forming fluorinated bicycloacrylate/polysiloxane methacrylate copolymers. Macromol Chem Phys, 210: 1746–1753.
35. Martinelli, E, Sarvothaman, MK, Alderighi, M, Galli, G, Mielczarski, E, and Mielczarski, JA., 2012a. PDMS network blends of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol)-fluoroalkyl side chains for fouling-release coatings. I. Chemistry and stability of the film surface. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 50: 2677–2686.
36. Martinelli, E, Sarvothaman, MK, Galli, G, Pettitt, ME, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, Conlan, SL, Clare, AS, Sugiharto, AB, Davies, C, and Williams, D., 2012b. Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) network blends of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol)-fluoroalkyl side chains for fouling release coatings. II. Laboratory assays and field immersion trials. Biofouling, 28: 571–582.
37. Mason, RL, Gunst, RF, and Hess, JL., 1989. Statistical design and analysis of experiments with applications to engineering and science, New York, NY: Wiley.
38. McKeon, BJ, Li, J, Jiang, W, Morrison, JF, and Smits, AJ., 2004. Further observations on the mean velocity distribution in fully developed pipe flow. J Fluid Mech, 501: 135–147.
39. Mielczarski, J, Mielczarski, E, Galli, G, Morelli, A, Martinelli, E, and Chiellini, E. 2010. The surface-segregated nanostructure of fluorinated copolymer-poly(dimethylsiloxane) blend films. Langmuir, 26: 2871–2876.
40. Mieszkin, S, Martin-Tanchereau, P, Callow, MW, and Callow, JA., 2012. Effect of bacterial biofilms formed on fouling-release coatings from natural seawater and Cobetia marina, on the adhesion of two marine algae. Biofouling, 28: 953–968.
41. Moffat, RJ., 1988. Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Exp Ther Fluid Sci, 1: 3–17.
42. Perry, AE, and Li, JD., 1990. Experimental support for the attached-eddy hypothesis in zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech, 218: 405–438.
43. Perry, AE, Lim, KL, and Henbest, SM., 1987. An experimental study of the turbulence structure in smooth and rough boundary layers. J Fluid Mech, 177: 437–466.
44. Perry, AE, Schofield, WH, and Joubert, PN., 1969. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech, 37: 383–413.
45. Raupach, MR, Antonia, RA, and Rajagopalan, S., 1991. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers. App Mech Rev, 44: 1–25.
46. Schultz, MP., 1998. The effect of biofilms on turbulent boundary layers, Florida: Florida Institute of Technology. [DPhil thesis]
47. Schultz, MP., 2000. Turbulent boundary layers on surfaces coated with filamentous algae. J Fluids Eng, 122: 357–362.
48. Schultz, MP., 2004. Frictional resistance of antifouling coating systems. J Fluids Eng, 126: 1039–1047.
49. Schultz, MP., 2007. Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling, 23: 331–341.
50. Schultz, MP, Bendick, JA, Holm, ER, and Hertel, WM., 2011. Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling, 27: 87–98.
51. Schultz, MP, and Flack, KA., 2005. Outer layer similarity in fully rough turbulent boundary layers. Exp Fluids, 38: 328–340.
52. Schultz, MP, and Flack, KA., 2007. The rough-wall turbulent boundary layer from the hydraulically smooth to the fully rough regime. J Fluid Mech, 580: 381–405.
53. Schultz, MP, and Myers, A., 2003. Comparison of three roughness function determination methods. Exp Fluids, 35: 372–379.
54. Sommer, S, Ekin, A, Webster, DC, Stafslien, SJ, Daniels, J, VanderWal, LJ, Thompson, SEM, Callow, ME, and Callow, JA., 2010. A preliminary study on the properties and fouling-release performance of siloxane-polyurethane coatings prepared from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) macromers. Biofouling, 26: 961–972.
55. Sundaram, HS, Cho, YJ, Dimitriou, MD, Weinman, CJ, Finlay, JA, Cone, G, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, Kramer, EJ, and Ober, CK., 2011. Fluorine-free mixed amphiphilic polymers based on PDMS and PEG side chains for fouling release applications. Biofouling, 27: 589–601.
56. Tachie, MF., 2001. Open channel turbulent boundary layers and wall jets on rough surfaces, Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. [PhD thesis]
57. Tani, I., 1987. Equilibrium, or none-equilibrium, of turbulent boundary layer flows. P Jpn Acad B-Phys, 63: 96–100.
58. Tani, I., 1988. Drag reduction by riblet viewed as roughness problem. P Jpn Acad B-Phys, 64: 21–24.
59. Townsin, RL., 2003. The ship hull fouling penalty. Biofouling, 19 (Suppl): 9–16.
60. Ünal, UO, Ünal, B, and Atlar, M., 2012. Turbulent boundary layer measurements over flat surfaces coated by nanostructured marine antifoulings. Exp Fluids, 37: 1431–1448.
61. Volino, RJ, Schultz, MP, and Flack, KA., 2009. Turbulence structure in a boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness. J Fluid Mech, 635: 75–101.
62. Wang, Y, Pitet, LM, Finlay, JA, Brewer, LH, Cone, G, Betts, DE, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, Wendt, DE, Hillmyer, MA, and DeSimone, JM., 2011. Investigation of the role of hydrophilic chain length in amphiphilic perfluoropolyether/poly(ethylene glysol) networks: towards high-performance antifouling coatings. Biofouling, 27: 1139–1150.
63. Wouters, M, Rentrop, C, and Willemsen, P., 2010. Surface structuring and coating performance: novel biocide free nanocomposite coatings with anti-fouling and fouling-release properties. Prog Org Coar, 68: 4–11.
64. Wu, Y, and Christensen, KT., 2010. Spatial structure of a turbulent boundary layer with irregular surface roughness. J Fluid Mech, 655: 380–418.