Advances in the treatment of malaria

Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Castelli, Francesco ^a   Tomasoni, Lina Rachele ^a   Matteelli, Alberto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTINATE; AMODIAQUINE PLUS ARTESUNATE; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ARTEETHER; ARTEMETHER; ARTEMETHER PLUS BENFLUMETOL; ARTEMISININ; ARTESCOPE; ARTESUNATE; ARTESUNATE PLUS CLINDAMYCIN; ARTESUNATE PLUS DOXYCYLINE; ARTESUNATE PLUS MEFLOQUINE; ARTESUNATE PLUS PYRIMETHAMINE PLUS SULFADOXINE; ATOVAQUONE PLUS PROGUANIL; CLINDAMYCIN PLUS QUININE; COARSUCAM; DIHYDROARTEMISININ; DIHYDROARTEMISININ PLUS PIPERAQUINE; DOXYCYLINE PLUS QUININE; LARINATE; MALACEF; MEFLIAM PLUS; MEFLOQUINE; PLACEBO; PRIMAQUINE; QUININE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMALARIAL DRUG RESISTANCE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EAR DISEASE; FOOD; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; MALARIA; MALARIA CONTROL; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CLEARANCE; PARASITE CONTROL; PARASITE LOAD; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM OVALE; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

EID: 84876138166     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20353006     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2012.064     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Gilles H.M. Historical outline in: Essential Malariology (Warrell D.A. and Gilles H.M. editors), Arnold International Students Edition, 2002: 1-7
2. International Artemisinin Study Group. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 2004; 363: 9-17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15162-8
3. WHO. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria: Second Edition. 2010. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/i ndex.html
4. Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science, 2004; 305: 1124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1098876 PMid:15326348
5. Nosten F, White NJ. Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of falciparum Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2007, 77 (Suppl 6): 181-192 PMid:18165491
6. Phyo AP, Nkhoma S, Stepniewska K, Ashley EA, Nair S, McGready R, ler Moo C, Al-Saai S, Dondorp AM, Lwin KM, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, White NJ, Anderson TJ, Nosten F. Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study. Lancet, 2012; 379: 1960-1966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60484-X
7. WHO. Update on artemisinin resistance - April 2012 http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/arupdate042012.pdf
8. Zhang JF. A Detailed Chronological Record of Project 523 and the Discovery and Development of Qinghaosu (Artemisinin), Yang Cheng Evening News Publishing Company, 2005
9. O'Neill PM, Barton VE, Ward SA. The Molecular Mechanism of Action of Artemisinin. The Debate Continues. Molecules. 2010; 15: 1705-1721 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15031705 PMid:20336009
10. Skinner TS, Manning LS, Johnston WA, Davis TM. In vitro Stage-specific Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Quinine and Artemisinin Drugs. Int J Parasitol, 1996; 26: 519-525 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(96)89380-5
11. White NJ. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 1997; 41: 1413-22 PMid:9210658 PMCid:163932
12. Artemisinin Derivatives: Summary of Nonclinical Safety Data Introductory remarks http://apps.who.int/prequal/info_applicants/Guidelines/Nonclinical_Overview_Artemisinin-Derivatives.pdf
13. Morris CA, Duparc S, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Jung D, Shin CS, Fleckenstein L. Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration. Malar J, 2011; 10: 263 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-263 PMid:21914160 PMCid:3180444
14. Xing J, Bai KH, Liu T, Wang RL, Zhang LF, Zhang SQ. The multiple-dosing pharmacokinetics of artemether, artesunate, and their metabolite dihydroartemisinin in rats. Xenobiotica. 2011, 41: 252-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2010.542257 PMid:21175296
15. Nguyen DS, Dao BH, Nguyen PD, Nguyen VH, Le NB, Mai VS, Meshnick SR Treatment of malaria in Vietnam with oral artemisinin. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1993; 48: 398-402 PMid:8470777
16. Giao PT, Binh TQ, Kager PA, Long HP, Van Thang N, Van Nam N, de Vries PJ. Artemisinin for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: is there a place for monotherapy? Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2001; 65: 690-695 PMid:11791958
17. White NJ. The parasite clearance curve. Malar J, 2011; 10: 278 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-278 PMid:21939506 PMCid:3195204
18. Sinclair D, Zani B, Donegan S, Olliaro P, Garner P. Artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007483. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007483. pub2
19. Maude RJ, Woodrow CJ, White LJ. Artemisinin antimalarials: preserving the "Magic Bullet". Drug Develop Res, 2010; 71: 12-19 PMid:21399699 PMCid:3048293
20. Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 455-67 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808859 PMid:19641202
21. Clark RL. Effects of artemisinins on reticulocyte count and relationship to possible embryotoxicity in confirmed and unconfirmed malarial patients. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 2012 94: 61-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.22868 PMid:22125126
22. Classen W, Altmann B, Gretener P, Souppart C, Skelton-Stroud P, Krinke G. Differential effects of orally versus parenterally administered qinghaosu derivative artemether in dogs. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 1999; 51: 507-516 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-2993(99)80128-6
23. Maude RJ, Plewes K, Faiz MA, Hanson J, Charunwatthana P, Lee SJ, Tärning J, Yunus EB, Hoque MG, Hasan MU, Hossain A, Lindegardh N, Day NP, White NJ, Dondorp AM. Does Artesunate Prolong the Electrocardiograph QT Interval in Patients with Severe Malaria? Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2009, 80:126-132. PMid:19141850 PMCid:2843440
24. Li Q, Hickman M. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK/TD) evaluation to determine and predict theneurotoxicity of artemisinins. Toxicology. 2011; 279:1-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.005
25. Rolling T, Schmiedel S, Wichmann D, Wittkopf D, Burchard GD, Cramer JP. Post-treatment haemolysis in severe imported malaria after intravenous artesunate: case report of three patients with hyperparasitaemia. Malar J, 2012; 1:169 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-169 PMid:22594446
26. Gu H, Warhurst D, Peters W. Hemolysis induced by artemisinin and its derivatives. Acta Pharmacol Sinica, 1986; 3: 269-272
27. Omotuyi, IO, Nwangwu SC, Okugbo OT, Okoye OT, Ojieh GC, Wogu D M. Hepatotoxic and hemolytic effects of acute exposure of rats to artesunate overdose. Afr J Biochem Res, 2008; 2: 107-110
28. von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, et al. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 352-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)10237-X
29. Mercer AE, Sarr Sallah M. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of artemisinin drugs for the treatment of malaria in paediatric populations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2011; 7: 427-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2011.557064
30. Kurth F, Bélard S, Adegnika AA, Gaye O, Kremsner PG, Ramharter M. Do pediatric drug formulations of artemisinin combination therapies improve the treatment of children with malaria? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2010; 10: 125-32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70327-5
31. Bélard S, Kurth F, Ramharter M. Paediatric Formulations of Artemisinin-Combination Therapies for Treating Uncomplicated Malaria in Children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD009568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009568
32. Clark RL, Lerman SA, Cox EM, Gristwood WE, White TE. Developmental toxicity of artesunate in the rat: comparison to other artemisinins, comparison of embryotoxicity and kinetics by oral and intravenous routes, and relationship to maternal reticulocyte count. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 2008, 83: 397-406 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20165 PMid:18702118
33. Manyando C, Kayentao K, D'Alessandro U, Okafor HU, Juma E, Hamed K. A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy. Malar J, 2012; 11: 141 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-141 PMid:22548983 PMCid:3405476
34. Malvy D, Djossou F, Vatan R, Pistone T, Etienne G, Longy-Boursier M, Le Bras M. Experience with the combination atovaquone-proguanil in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria-report of 112 cases, Med Trop, 2002; 62: 229-231
35. Srivastava IK, Rottenberg H, Vaidya AB. Atovaquone, a broad spectrum antiparasitic drug, collapses mitochondrial membrane potential in a malarial parasite. J Biol Chem, 1997; 272: 3961-3966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.7.3961 PMid:9020100
36. Looareesuwan S, Chulay JD, Canfield CJ, Hutchinson DB. Malarone (Atovaquone and Proguanil Hydrochloride): a review of its clinical development for treatment of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1999; 60: 533-541 PMid:10348225
37. Osei-Akoto A, Orton LC, Owusu-Ofori S. Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (4) art. N. CD004529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004529.pub2 PMid:16235366
38. Pasternak B, Hviid A. Atovaquone-Proguanil Use in Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Birth Defects. Arch Intern Med 2011, 171: 259-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.521 PMid:21325117
39. Bukirwa H, Orton LC. Artesunate plus mefloquine versus mefloquine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004531.pub2 PMid:16235367
40. Societe Francaise de Medicine d'Urgence. Prise en charge et prevention du paludisme d'importation á Plasmodium falciparum. Revision 2007 de la Conference de Consensus 1999. http://www.sfmu.org/documents/consensus/rbpc_paludisme-court.pdf
41. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Artesunate is available to treat severe malaria in the United States http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/artesunate.html accessed August 21st, 2012
42. Lalloo DG, Shingadia D, Pasvol G, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, Beeching NJ, Hill DR, Warrell DA, Bannister BA; HPA Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention in UK Travellers. UK malaria treatment guidelines. J Infect, 2007; 54: 111-121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2006.12.003 PMid:17215045
43. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Malaria Among International Travellers. CCDR 2008; 34S3:1-45
44. Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, Glanarongran R, Indravijit KA, Supeeranontha L, Chinnapha S, Scott TR, Chulay JD. Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride followed by primaquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1999; 93: 637-40 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90079-2
45. Lacy MD, Maguire JD, Barcus MJ, Ling J, Bangs MJ, Gramzinski R, Basri H, Sismadi P, Miller GB, Chulay JD, Fryauff DJ, Hoffman SL, Baird JK. Atovaquone/Proguanil Therapy for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Indonesians Who Lack Clinical Immunity. Clin Infect Dis, 2002; 35:e92-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/343750 PMid:12384852
46. Douglas NM, Anstey NM, Angus BJ, Nosten F, Price RN. Artemisinin combination therapy for vivax malaria. Lancet Inf Dis, 2010; 10: 405-416 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70079-7
47. Mombo-Ngoma G, Kleine C, Basra A, Würbel H, Diop DA, Capan M, Adegnika AA, Kurth F, Mordmüller B, Joanny F, Kremsner PG, Ramharter M, Bélard S. Prospective evaluation of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of non-falciparum and mixed species malaria in Gabon. Malar J, 2012, 11: 120 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-120 PMid:22515681 PMCid:3393621
48. Rieckmann KH, Davis DR, Hutton DC: Plasmodium vivax resistant to chloroquine? Lancet, 1989, 2: 1183-1184 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91792-3
49. Congpuong K, Satimai W, Sujariyakul A, Intanakom S, Harnpitakpong W, Pranuth Y, Cholpol S, Bualombai P. In vivo sensitivity monitoring of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated vivax malaria in four bordered provinces of Thailand during 2009-2010. J Vector Borne Dis 2011, 48:190-6 PMid:22297279
50. Teka H, Petros B, Yamuah L, Tesfaye G, Elhassan I, Muchohi S, Kokwaro G, Aseffa A, Engers H. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Malar J, 2008, 7: 220 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-220 PMid:18959774 PMCid:2584068
51. Ruebush TK, Zegarra J, Cairo J, Andersen EM, Green M, Pillai DR, Marquiňo W, Huilca M, Arévalo E, Garcia C, Solary L, Kain K. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2003; vol. 69: 548-552 PMid:14695094
52. Tekwani BL, Walker LA. 8-Aminoquinolines: future role as antiprotozoal drugs. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2006, 19: 623-31 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328010b848 PMid:17075340
53. Basso LGM, Rodrigues RZ, Naal RMZG, Costa-Filho AJ Effects of the antimalarial drug primaquine on the dynamic structure of lipid model membranes. BBA-Biomembranes, 2011; 1808: 55-64 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.009, accessed August 22, 2012
54. Crockett M, Kain KC. Tafenoquine: a promising new antimalarial agent. Expert Opin Investig Drug, 2007; 16: 705-15 http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.16.5.705 PMid:17461742
55. Krudsood S, Wilairatana P, Tangpukdee N, Chalermrut K, Srivilairit S, Thanachartwet V, Muangnoicharoen S, Luplertlop N, Brittenham GM, Looareesuwan S. Safety and tolerability of elubaquine (bulaquine, CDRI 80/53) for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand. Korean J Parasitol, 2006; 44: 221-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.221 PMid:16969059 PMCid:2532664
56. WHO working group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 1989; 67: 601-11 PMid:2633878 PMCid:2491315
57. Galappaththy GNL, Omari AAA, Tharyan P. Primaquine for preventing relapses in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004389.pub2 PMid:17253504
58. John GK, Douglas NM, von Seidlein L, Nosten F, Baird KJ, White NJ, Price RN. Primaquine radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a critical review of the literature. Malar J, 2012; 11: 280 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-280 PMid:22900786
59. Hill DR, Baird JK, Parise ME, Lewis LS, Ryan ET, Magill AJ. Primaquine: report from CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis I. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2006; 75: 402-415 PMid:16968913
60. Fernando D, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S. Primaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issues. Malar J, 2011, 10: 351 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-351 PMid:22152065 PMCid:3306765
61. Sinclair D, Gogtay N, Brand F, Olliaro P. Artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD008492. Review.
62. Sermwittayawong N, Singh B, Nishibuchi M, Sawangjaroen N, Vuddhakul V. Human Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Ranong province, southwestern border of Thailand. Malar J, 2001; 11: 36
63. Daneshvar C, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, Rafa'ee MZ, Zakaria SK, Divis PC, Singh B. Clinical and parasitological response to oral chloroquine and primaquine in uncomplicated human Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Malar J, 2010; 9: 238 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-238 PMid:20723228 PMCid:2933701
64. Singh H, Parakh A, Basu S, Rath B.. Plasmodium vivax malaria: Is it actually benign? J Infect Pub Health, 2011; 4: 91-95 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.03.002 PMid:21663878
65. Lacerda MVG, Fragoso SCP, Alecrim MGC, Alexandre MAA, Magalhaes BML, Siqueira AM, Ferreira LCL, Araujo JR, Mourau MPG, Ferrer M, Castillo P, Martin-Jaular L, Fernandez-Becerra C, del Portillo H, Ordi J, Alonso PL, Bassat Q. Post-mortem characterization of patients with clinical diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria: to what extent does this parasite kill? Clin Infect Dis, 2012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis615 PMid:22772803
66. von Seidlein L, Olaosebikan R, Hendriksen IC, Lee SJ, Adedoyin OT, Agbenyega T, Nguah SB, Bojang K, Deen JL, Evans J, Fanello CI, Gomes E, Pedro AJ, Kahabuka C, Karema C, Kivaya E, Maitland K, Mokuolu OA, Mtove G, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Nadjm B, Nansumba M, Ngum WP, Onyamboko MA, Reyburn H, Sakulthaew T, Silamut K, Tshefu AK, Umulisa N, Gesase S, Day NP, White NJ, Dondorp AM. Predicting the clinical outcome of severe falciparum malaria in african children: findings from a large randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2012; 54: 1080-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis034 PMid:22412067 PMCid:3309889
67. Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, Pasvol G, Snow R. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. New Engl J Med, 1995; 332: 1399-404 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199505253322102 PMid:7723795
68. WHO. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria: Second Edition. Rev. 1. April 2011 http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/index.html
69. Pasvol G, Phil D. Management of Severe Malaria: Interventions and Controversies. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2005;19: 211-240 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2004.10.007 PMid:15701555
70. Pralay KS, Ahluwalia G, Vijayan V, Talwar A. Critical care aspects of malaria. J Intensive Care Med 2010 25: 93-103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066609356052 PMid:20018606
71. Santos LC, Abreu CF, Xerinda SM, Tavares M, Lucas R, Sarmento AC.Severe imported malaria in an intensive care unit a review of 59 cases. Malar J, 2012, 11: 96 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-96 PMid:22458840 PMCid:3350412
72. Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day N, White N; South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (SEAQUAMAT) group. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomized trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 717-25 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67176-0
73. Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal KD, Bojang K, Olaosebikan R, Anunobi N, Maitland K, Kivaya E, Agbenyega T, Nguah SB, Evans J, Gesase S, Kahabuka C, Mtove G, Nadjm B, Deen J, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Nansumba M, Karema C, Umulisa N, Uwimana A, Mokuolu OA, Adedoyin OT, Johnson WB, Tshefu AK, Onyamboko MA, Sakulthaew T, Ngum WP, Silamut K, Stepniewska K, Woodrow CJ, Bethell D, Wills B, Oneko M, Peto TE, von Seidlein L, Day NP, White NJ; AQUAMAT group. Artesunate versus quinine in treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomized trial. Lancet 2010; 376:1647-57 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1
74. Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG. Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD005967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005967.pub4 PMid:22696354
75. WHO. WHO List of prequalified medicinal products. 2011. 16-5-2011 http://apps.who.int/prequal/query/productregistry.aspx
76. Li Q, Cantilena LR, Leary KJ, Saviolakis GA, Miller RS, Melendez V, Weina PJ. Pharmacokinetic profiles of artesunate after single intravenous doses at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg in healthy volunteers: a phase I study. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2009, 81:615-621 http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0150 PMid:19815876
77. Miller RS, Li Q, Cantilena LR, Leary KJ, Saviolakis GA, Melendez V, Smith B, Weina PJ. Pharmacokinetic profiles of artesunate following multiple intravenous doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg in healthy volunteers: Phase 1b study Malar J. 2012; 11: 255 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-255 PMid:22853818
78. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Treatment guidelines - Treatment of malaria - 4/2011. http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/clinicalguidance.pdf
79. European Medicine Agency (EMA). Public summary of opinion on orphan designation. Artesunate for the treatment of malaria http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/comp/opinion/48693207en.pdf, accessed August 21st, 2012
80. AFSSAPS - Protocole d'Utilisation Therapeutique et de recueil d'informations. ATU nominative MALACEF artesunate. Version 2- dec 2011. http://ansm.sante.fr/var/ansm_site/storage/original/application/448 2d1364ea7ea8dd45fe9335c5072ee.pdf, accessed Aaugust 21st, 2012
81. Richter J, Abbasi-Boroudjeni N, Koch S, Müller-Stöver I, Häussinger D. [Parenteral combined quinine-artesunate therapy in life-threatening malaria]. [Article in German] Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2009 Jan;134:187-90 http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1123976 PMid:19180405
82. Bartoloni A, Tomasoni L, Bartalesi F, Galli L, Sani S, Veloci S, Zammarchi L, Pini A, Castelli F Combined intravenous treatment with artesunate and quinine for severe malaria in Italy. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2010; 83: 274-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0128 PMid:20682867 PMCid:2911170
83. Cramer JP, López-Vélez R, Burchard GD, Grobusch MP, de Vries PJ Treatment of imported severe malaria with artesunate instead of quinine - more evidence needed? Malar J, 2011; 10: 256 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-256 PMid:21899729 PMCid:3224352
84. Zoller T, Junghanss T, Kapaun A, Gjorup I, Richter J, Hugo-Persson M, Mørch K, Foroutan B, Suttorp N, Yürek S, Flick. Intravenous artesunate for severe malaria in travelers, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis, 2011; 17: 771-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101229 PMid:21529383 PMCid:3321768
85. Kreeftmeijer-Vegter AR, van Genderen PJ, Visser LG, Bierman WF, Clerinx J, van Veldhuizen CK, de Vries PJ. Treatment outcome of intravenous artesunate in patients with severe malaria in the Netherlands and Belgium. Malar J, 2012; 11: 102 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-102 PMid:22462806 PMCid:3364861
86. Itoda I, Yasunami T, Kikuchi K, Yamaura H, Totsuka K, Yoshinaga K, Teramura M, Mizoguchi H, Hatabu T, Kano S.Severe falciparum malaria with prolonged hemolytic anemia after successful treatment with intravenous artesunate [article in japanese]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2002; 76: 600-3 PMid:12325318
87. Caramello P, Balbiano R, De Blasi T, Chiriotto M, Deagostini M, Calleri G. Severe malaria, artesunate and Haemolysis. 2012 J Antimicrob Chemother doi:10.1093/jac/dks139 Advance Access publication 19 April 2012
88. Byakika-Kibwika P, Lamorde M, Mayito J, Nabukeera L, Mayanja-Kizza H, Katabira E, Hanpithakpong W, Obua C, Pakker N, Lindegardh N, Tarning J, de Vries PJ, Merry C. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous artesunate during severe malaria treatment in Ugandan adults. Malar J, 2012; 11: 132 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-132 PMid:22540954
89. Gomes MF, Faiz MA, Gyapong JO, Warsame M, Agbenyega T, Babiker A, Baiden F, Yunus EB, Binka F, Clerk C, Folb P, Hassan R, Hossain MA, Kimbute O, Kitua A, Krishna S, Makasi C, Mensah N, Mrango Z, Olliaro P, Peto R, Peto TJ, Rahman MR, Ribeiro I, Samad R, White NJ; Study 13 Research Group. Pre-referral rectal artesunate to prevent death and disability in severe malaria: A placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2009; 373: 557-566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61734-1
90. Karim FH and Zulfiqarali GP. Pre-referral rectal artesunate in severe malaria: flawed trial. Trials, 2011; 12: 188 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-188 PMid:21824389 PMCid:3171715
91. Norrie J, Okebe JU, Eisenhut M. Pre-referral rectal artesunate for severe malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009964. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009964 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009964