Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutrition Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Schwingshackl, Lukas ^a   Hoffmann, Georg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk factors; Glycemic control; High protein; Low fat

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PROTEIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN INTAKE;

BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; FAT MASS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; LOW FAT DIET; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN DIET; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ANALYSIS; BLOOD; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FACTUAL DATABASE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC INDEX; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PROTEIN INTAKE; TIME FACTOR; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADULT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, SPINAL; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; RADIOTHERAPY, CONFORMAL; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT; BIOMARKERS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DIET, FAT-RESTRICTED; DIETARY PROTEINS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84876111086     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-48     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JW Jr, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, Circulation 2000 102 2284 2299 10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2284 11056107
2. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. Abete I, Astrup A, Martinez JA, Thorsdottir I, Zulet MA, Nutr Rev 2010 68 214 231 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00280.x 20416018
3. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM, Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78 31 39 12816768
4. National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/∼/media/Files/ Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/5-Summary%20Table%20Tables%201-4.pdf (accessed March 2013)
5. Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Fulgoni VL 3rd, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 1554S 1557S 18469286
6. Food and Nutrition Board IoM, Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients), Washington DNAP, 2002 207 264
7. Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schunemann HJ, Eur J Clin Nutr 2012 66 780 788 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37 22510792
8. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM, Am J Clin Nutr 2005 81 1298 1306 15941879
9. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999 23 528 536 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867 10375057
10. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD, J Nutr 2003 133 411 417 12566476
11. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1. Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B, Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83 260 274 16469983
12. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. Halton TL, Hu FB, J Am Coll Nutr 2004 23 373 385 15466943
13. Metabolic effects of high-protein diets. Clifton PM, Keogh J, Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007 9 472 478 10.1007/s11883-007-0063-y 18377787
14. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Bernstein AM, Sun Q, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Circulation 2010 122 876 883 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.915165 20713902
15. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PLoS Med 2009 6 1000097 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 19621072
16. Long-term efficacy of high-protein diets: a systematic review. Lepe M, Bacardi Gascon M, Jimenez Cruz A, Nutr Hosp 2011 26 1256 1259 22411369
17. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ, Control Clin Trials 1996 17 1 12 10.1016/0197-2456(95) 00134-4 8721797
18. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA, BMJ 2011 343 5928 10.1136/bmj.d5928 22008217
19. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, Poobalan A, Aucott L, Stearns SC, Smith WC, Jung RT, Campbell MK, Grant AM, Health Technol Assess 2004 8:iii-iv 1 182
20. Cochrane Handbook of systematic reviews, Version 5.1.0. Higgins JP, Green S, 2011 updated March http://handbook.cochrane.org/ (accessed August 2012)
21. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG, BMJ 2003 327 557 560 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 12958120
22. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC, JAMA 2007 297 969 977 10.1001/jama.297.9.969 17341711
23. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PM, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004 28 661 670 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802617 15007396
24. Long-term effects of advice to consume a high-protein, low-fat diet, rather than a conventional weight-loss diet, in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: one-year follow-up of a randomised trial. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Parker B, Foster P, Clifton PM, Diabetologia 2004 47 1677 1686 10.1007/s00125-004-1511-7 15480538
25. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 23 29 18175733
26. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ, JAMA 2005 293 43 53 10.1001/jama.293.1.43 15632335
27. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, Pittas AG, Fuss PJ, Cheatham RA, Tyler S, Tsay M, McCrory MA, Lichtenstein AH, Am J Clin Nutr 2007 85 1023 1030 17413101
28. One-year weight maintenance after significant weight loss in healthy overweight and obese subjects: does diet composition matter? Delbridge EA, Prendergast LA, Pritchard JE, Proietto J, Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1203 1214 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27209 19793858
29. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004 28 1283 1290 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802767 15303109
30. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, Seyler J, Weber J, Bagshaw D, Griel A, Psota T, Kris-Etherton P, J Nutr 2009 139 514 521 10.3945/jn.108.099440 19158228
31. Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adiponectin. Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Clifton PM, Br J Nutr 2007 98 852 859 17490508
32. The Diabetes Excess Weight Loss (DEWL) Trial: a randomised controlled trial of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate diets over 2 years in type 2 diabetes. Krebs JD, Elley CR, Parry-Strong A, Lunt H, Drury PL, Bell DA, Robinson E, Moyes SA, Mann JI, Diabetologia 2012 55 905 914 10.1007/s00125-012- 2461-0 22286528
33. The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. Larsen RN, Mann NJ, Maclean E, Shaw JE, Diabetologia 2011 54 731 740 10.1007/s00125-010-2027-y 21246185
34. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI, Int J Obes (Lond) 2006 30 342 349 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803075
35. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, N Engl J Med 2009 360 859 873 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 19246357
36. Wycherley TPBG, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males Diabetes: Nutrition and 2012 2
37. Short-term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM, Metabolism 1991 40 338 343 10.1016/0026-0495(91)90142-J 2011075
38. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Yancy WS Jr, Kelly TN, He J, Bazzano LA, Am J Epidemiol 2012 176 Suppl 7 44 54 10.1093/aje/kws264 23035144
39. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, Wise A, Broom J, Obes Rev 2009 10 36 50 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00518.x 18700873
40. Comparative effects of low-carbohydrate high-protein versus low-fat diets on the kidney. Friedman AN, Ogden LG, Foster GD, Klein S, Stein R, Miller B, Hill JO, Brill C, Bailer B, Rosenbaum DR, Wyatt HR, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012 7 1103 1111 10.2215/CJN.11741111 22653255
41. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS, Arch Intern Med 2009 169 659 669 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38 19364995
42. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE, Stampfer M, Willett WC, Hu FB, Ann Intern Med 2010 153 289 298 10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003 20820038
43. Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Lagiou P, Sandin S, Weiderpass E, Lagiou A, Mucci L, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, J Intern Med 2007 261 366 374 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01774.x 17391111
44. Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort. Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Eur J Clin Nutr 2007 61 575 581 17136037