Reducing emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and Greenhouse gases from engines using a novel plasma-enhanced combustion system

Aerosol and Air Quality Research

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1107-1115

  Lin, Yuan Chung ^a   Yang, Po Ming ^a   Chen, Chung Bang ^b  

^a NATIONAL SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b CPC CORPORATION   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Emission; Gasoline engine; Greenhouse gases; PAH; Plasma; Saving fuel

Indexed keywords

COMBUSTION EFFICIENCIES; COMBUSTION SYSTEMS; GASOLINE ENGINES; PLASMA ACTIVATION; POLLUTANT EMISSION; REACTIVE SPECIES; REDUCING EMISSIONS; TOXIC POLLUTANTS;

CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; ENGINES; FREE RADICALS; FUEL ECONOMY; FUEL SYSTEMS; NEUTRON EMISSION; PLASMAS; POLLUTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

GREENHOUSE GASES;

COMBUSTION; EMISSION CONTROL; FUEL; GREENHOUSE GAS; PAH; PLASMA; POLLUTANT; RADICAL;

EID: 84875923753     PISSN: 16808584     EISSN: 20711409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2012.10.0281     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Abrantes, R.D., Assunção, J.V.D., Pesquero, C.R., Bruns, R.E. and Nóbrega, R.P. (2009). Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Gasohol and Ethanol Vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 43: 648-654.
2. Adam, T.W., Astorga, C., Clairotte, M., Duane, M., Elsasser, M., Krasenbrink, A., Larsen, B.R., Manfredi, U., Martini, G., Montero, L., Sklorz, M., Zimmermann, R. and Perujo, A. (2011). Chemical Analysis and Ozone Formation Potential of Exhaust from Dual-fuel (Liquefied Petroleum Gas/Gasoline) Light Duty Vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 45: 2842-2848.
3. Akasaka, Y., Suzuki, T. and Sakaural, Y. (1997). Exhaust Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Biodiesel and Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. SAE Technical Paper 972998, doi: 10.4271/972998.
4. Alex, C. and Alkidas. (2007). Combustion Advancements in Gasoline Engines. Energy Convers. Manage 48: 2751-2761.
5. x and PAH Species. Combust. Flame 145: 740-764.
6. Bromberg, L., Cohn, D.R., Rabinovitch, A., O'Brien, C. and Hochgreb, S. (1998). Plasma Reforming of Methane. Energy Fuels 12: 11-18.
7. Bueno, A.V., Velásquez, J.A. and Milanez, L.F. (2011). Heat Release and Engine Performance Effects of Soybean Oil Ethyl Ester Blending into Diesel Fuel. Energy 36: 3907-3916.
8. Canakci, M. (2008). An Experimental Study for the Effects of Boost Pressure on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a DI-HCCI Gasoline Engine. Fuel 87: 1503-1514.
9. Cheng, Y., Ho, K.F., Wu, W.J., Ho, S.H., Lee, S.C., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y.W., Yau, P.S., Gao, Y. and Chan, C.S. (2012a). Real-Time Characterization of Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Heavily Trafficked Roadside Site. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 1181-1188.
10. 2 Levels inside Metro Trains between Traveling in Underground Tunnels and on Elevated Tracks. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 879-891.
11. Christoffer, B. and Roger, W. (2009). Determination of Highly Carcinogenic Dibenzopyrene Isomers In Particulate Emissions From Two Diesel-and Two Gasoline-Fuelled Light-Duty Vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 43: 3883-3890.
12. Chu, M. and Chen, C. (1984). Evaluation and Estimation of Potential Carcinogenic Risks of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Conference Record of the Pacific Rim Risk Conference on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Workplace, Honolulu.
13. Graham, L.A., Belisle, S.L. and Baas, C.L. (2008). Emissions from Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles Operating on Low Blend Ethanol Gasoline and E85. Atmos. Environ. 42: 4498-4516.
14. Grevenynghe, J.V., Rion, S., Ferrec, E.L., Vee, M.L., Amiot, L., Fauchet, R. and Fardel, O. (2003). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Inhibit Differentiation of Human Monocytes into Macrophages. J. Immunol. 170: 2374-2381.
15. Hsieh, L.T., Wang, Y.F., Yang, H.H. and Mi, H.H. (2011a). Measurements and Correlations of MTBE and BETX in Traffic Tunnels. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 763-775.
16. Hsieh, L.T., Wu, E.M.Y., Wang, L.C., Chang-Chien, G.P. and Yeh, Y.F. (2011b). Reduction of Toxic Pollutants Emitted from Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles by Deploying Diesel Particulate Filters. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 709-715.
17. Jason, S.H., Michael, D.H., Barbara, J.G. and Richard, W.B. (2012). The Effects of Operating Conditions on Semivolatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Lightduty, Gasoline-powered Motor Vehicles Atmos. Environ. 54: 53-59.
18. Ji, C.W. and Wang, S.F. (2009a). Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Idle Performance of a Spark Ignited Gasoline Engine at Stoichiometric Condition. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34: 3546-3556.
19. Ji, C.W. and Wang, S.F. (2010a). Experimental Study on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Hybrid Hydrogen-Gasoline Engine At Lean Burn Limits. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35: 1453-1462.
20. Ji, C.W. and Wang, S.F. (2010b). Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Hybrid Hydrogen-Gasoline Engine at Idle and Lean Conditions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35: 346-355.
21. Karavalakis, G., Bakeas, E., Fontaras, G. and Stournas, S. (2011). Effect of Biodiesel Origin on Regulated and Particle-Bound PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) Emissions from a Euro 4 Passenger Car. Energy 36: 5328-5337.
22. Kim, K.H., Sekiguchi, K., Kudo, S., Sakamoto, K. (2011). Characteristics of Atmospheric Elemental Carbon (Char and Soot) in Ultrafine and Fine Particles in a Roadside Environment, Japan. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 1-12.
23. Kimura, S., Aoki, O., Ogawa, H., Muranaka, S. and Enomoto, Y. (1999). New Combustion Concept for Ultra-clean and High Efficiency Small DI Diesel Engines. SAE Technical Paper, 1999-01-3681, doi: 10.4271/1999-01-3681.
24. Kimura, S., Aoki, O., Kitahara, Y. and Aiyoshizawa, E. (2001). Ultra-clean Combustion Technology Combining a Low Temperature and Premixed Combustion Concept for Meeting Future Emission Standards. SAE Technical Paper, 2001-01-0200, doi: 10.4271/2001-01-0200.
25. Lai, C.H., Liou, S.H., Jaakkola, J.J.K., Huang, H.B., Su, T.Y. and Strickland, P.T. (2012). Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Traffic Exhaust: The Increase of Lipid Peroxidation and Reduction of Antioxidant Capacity. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 941-950.
26. Lee, W.J., Liu, Y.C., Mwangi, F.K., Chen, W.H., Lin, S.L., Fukushima, Y., Liao, C.N. and Wang, L.C. (2011). Assessment of Energy Performance and Air Pollutant Emissions in a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Water-containing Ethanol-biodiesel-diesel Blend of Fuels. Energy 36: 5591-5599.
27. Li, H.C., Chen, K.S., Lai, C.H. and Wang, H.K. (2011). Measurements of Gaseous Pollutant Concentrations in the Hsuehshan Traffic Tunnel of Northern Taiwan. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 776-782.
28. Li, W., Wang, Y., Zhou, L.B. and Su, L. (2007). Study on Improvement of Fuel Economy and Reduction in Emissions for Stoichiometric Gasoline Engines. Appl. Therm. Eng. 27: 2919-2923.
29. Liang, C.W., Ku, C.K. and Liang, J.J. (2012). Engine Exhaust Noise Feedback to Traffic Flow and Vehicle Emission Control on-road: A Case Study in Taichung City. Sustain. Environ. Res. 22: 159-165.
30. Lin, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Li, H.W., Chen, C.B., Fang, G.C. and Tsai, P.J. (2006a). Impact of Using Fishing Boat Fuel with High Poly-aromatic Content on the Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Diesel Engine. Atmos. Environ. 40: 1601-1609.
31. Lin, Y.C., Lee, W.J. and Chen, C.B. (2006b). Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Diesel Engine by Adding Light Cycle Oil to Premium Diesel Fuel. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 752-758.
32. Lin, Y.C., Lee, W.J. and Hou, H.C. (2006c). PAH Emissions and Energy Efficiency of Palm-biodiesel Blends Fueled on Diesel Generator. Atmos. Environ. 40: 3930-3940.
33. Lin, Y.C., Hsu, K.H. and Chen, C.B. (2011). Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Blends. Energy 36: 241-248.
34. Lin, Y.C., Liu, S.H., Chen, Y.M. and Wu, T.Y. (2011). A New Alternative Paraffinic-palmbiodiesel Fuel for Reducing Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin/Dibenzofuran Emissions from Heavy-duty Diesel Engines. J. Hazard. Mater. 185: 1-7.
35. Liu, S.H., Lin, Y.C. and Hsu, K.H. (2012). Emissions of Regulated Pollutants and PAHs from Waste-cooking-oil Biodiesel-fuelled Heavy-duty Diesel Engine with Catalyzer. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 218-227.
36. Mi, H.H., Lee, W.J., Chen, S.J., Lin, T.C., Wu, T.L. and Hu, J.C. (1998). Effect of the Gasoline Additives on PAH Emission. Chemosphere. 36: 2031-2041.
37. Mi, H.H., Lee, W.J., Chen, C.B., Yang, H.H. and Wu, S.J. (2000). Effect of Fuel Aromatic Content on PAH Emission from a Heavy-duty Engine. Chemosphere 41: 1783-1790.
38. Mi, H.H., Lee, W.J., Tsai, P.J. and Chen, C.B. (2001). A Comparison on the Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Corresponding Carcinogenic Potencies from a Vehicle Engine Using Leaded and Lead-Free Gasoline. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 1285-1290.
39. Michael, D.G., Leonidas, N., Athanasios, M., Zissis, S., Debra, A.S., John, R.F. and Constantinos, S. (2006). Physicochemical and Redox Characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) Emitted from Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars. Atmos. Environ. 40: 6988-7004.
40. Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D.R., Yusaf, T.F. and Faizollahnejad M. (2009). Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Gasoline Engine with Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuels Using Artificial Neural Network. Appl. Energy 86: 630-639.
41. Nisbet, C. and LaGoy, P. (1992). Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 16: 290-300.
42. Ozsezen, A.N. and Canakci, M. (2011). Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends at Wide-Open Throttle. Energy 36: 2747-2752.
43. Petry, T., Schmid, P. and Schlatter, C. (1996). The Use of Toxic Equivalency Factors in Assessing Occupational and Environmental Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Airborne Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemosphere 32: 639-648.
44. Pilusa, T.J., Mollagee, M.M. and Muzenda, E. (2012). Reduction of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engines Using the Whale Concept Filter. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 994-1006.
45. Rosocha, L.A., Platts, D., Coates, D.M. and Stange, S., (2003). 56th Gaseous Electronics Conference, American Physical Society, San Francisco, California, MEETING ID: GEC03, Abstract #FT2.005.
46. Rui, D.A., João, V.D.A., Célia, R.P., Roy, E.B. and Raimundo, P.N. (2009). Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Gasohol and Ethanol Vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 43: 648-654.
47. Shen, H.H., Tao, S., Wang, B., Shen G.F., Li, W., Su, S.S., Huang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, W.X., Li, B.G. and Sun, K. (2011). Global Time Trends in PAH Emissions from Motor Vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 45: 2067-2073.
48. Srivastava, D.K., Agarwal, A.K. and Gupta, T. (2011). Effect of Engine Load on Size and Number Distribution of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 7: 915-920.
49. Thorslund, T. and Farrer, D. (1991). Development of Relative Potency Estimated for PAHs and Hydrocarbon Combustion Product Fractions Compared to Benzo(a)pyrene and Their Use in Carcinogenic Risk Assessments, U.S. Environmental Protection Adminitration (EPA), Washington DC.
50. Tsai, J.H., Chen, S.J., Huang, K.L., Lin, Y.C., Lee, W.J. and Lin, C.C. (2010a). PM, Carbon, and PAH Emissions from a Diesel Generator Fuelled with Soy-biodiesel Blends. J. Hazard. Mater. 179: 237-243.
51. Tsai, J.H., Chen, S.J., Huang, K.L., Lee, W.J., Kuo, W.C. and Lin, W.Y. (2010b). Characteristics of Particulate Emissions from a Diesel Generator Fueled with Varying Blends of Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel. J. Environ. Sci. Health., Part A 46: 204-213.
52. Tsai, J.H., Huang, K.L., Chiu, C.H., Lin, C.C., Kuo, W.C., Lin, W.Y., Chaung, H.C., Yang, T.H. and Chen, S.J. (2011). Particle-bound PAHs and Particle-extract-induced Cytotoxicity of Emission from a Diesel-generator Fuelled with Soy-biodiesel. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 822-836.
53. Tsai, J.H., Chen, S.J. Huang., K.L., Lin, T.C., Chaung, H.C., Chiu, C.H., Chiu, J.Y., Lin, C.C. and Tsa, P.Y. (2012). PM, Carbon, PAH, and Particle-Extract-Induced Cytotoxicity of Emissions from a Diesel-Generator Fueled with Waste-Edible-Oil-Biodiesel. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 843-855.
54. Tsai, Y.I., Yang, H.H., Wang, L.C., Huan, J.L., Young, L.H., Cheng, M.T. and Chiang, P.C. (2011). The Influences of Diesel Particulate Filter Installation on Air Pollutant Emissions for Used Vehicles. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 578-583.
55. Valentino, G., Allocca, L., Iannuzzi, S. and Montanaro, A. (2011). Biodiesel/Mineral Diesel Fuel Mixtures: Spray Evolution and Engine Performance and Emissions Characterization. Energy 36: 3924-3932.
56. Verhelst, S., Maesschalck, P., Rombaut, N. and Sierens, R. (2009). Efficiency Comparison between Hydrogen and Gasoline, on a Bi-Fuel Hydrogen/Gasoline Engine. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34: 2504-2510.
57. 2. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 133-140.
58. Wang, S., Ji, C. and Zhang, B. (2010). Effects of Hydrogen Addition and Cylinder Cutoff on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Spark-ignited Gasoline Engine under a Low Operating Condition. Energy 35: 4754-4760.
59. Wang, S., Ji, C., Zhang, J. and Zhang, B. (2011). Comparison of the Performance of a Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engine Blended with Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures. Energy 36: 5832-5837.
60. Warnatz, J., Maas, U. and Dibble, R.W. (1996). Combustion: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, and Pollutant Formation, Springer, Berlin.
61. Westphal, G.A., Krahl, J., Brüning, T., Hallier, E. and Bünger, J. (2010). Ether Oxygenate Additives In Gasoline Reduce Toxicity of Exhausts. Toxicology 268: 198-203.
62. Wu, T.S., Hsieh, L.T., Lin, S.L., Chang, Y.C., Chen, C.B. and Hung, C.H. (2010). Emissions from Using Viscous Agent-Treated Fishing Boat Fuel Oil: Tests with a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine (HDDE) Dynamometer. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 10: 76-85.
63. Yagodnikov, D.A. and Voronetskii, V. (1994). Effect of an External Electrical Field on Ignition and Combustion Processes. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 30: 261-268.
64. Yao, Y.C., Tsai, J.H. and Chou, H. (2011). Air Pollutant Emission Abatement Using Application of Various Ethanol-gasoline Blends in High-mileage Vehicles. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 5: 547-559.
65. Zhao, H.Y., Stone, R. and Zhou, L. (2010). Analysis of the Particulate Emissions and Combustion Performance of a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen and Gasoline Mixtures. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35: 4676-4686.