On folivory, competition, and intelligence: Generalisms, overgeneralizations, and models of primate evolution

Primates

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 111-124

  Sayers, Ken ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain evolution; Colobinae; Day range; Evolutionary ecology; Fallback foods; Group size; Liem's Paradox; Niche breadth; Semnopithecus entellus; Socioecology

Indexed keywords

ACTIVITY PATTERN; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); ECOLOGICAL MODELING; EVOLUTION; GROUP SIZE; NICHE BREADTH; PRIMATE; RANGE SIZE; TAXONOMY;

COLOBINAE; PRIMATES; SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS;

EID: 84875708514     PISSN: 00328332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0335-1     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Aiello LC, Wheeler P (1995) The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr Anthropol 36: 199-221.
2. Allen KL, Kay RF (2012) Dietary quality and encephalization in platyrrhine primates. Proc R Soc B Bio 279: 715-721.
3. Allman JM (1999) Evolving brains. WH Freeman & Co, New York.
4. Altmann SA (1998) Foraging for survival: yearling baboons in Africa. The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago.
5. Ardrey R (1966) The territorial imperative. Atheneum, New York.
6. Ayer AA (1948) The anatomy of Semnopithecus entellus. The Indian Publishing House Ltd, Madras.
7. Barton RA (1996) Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates. Proc R Soc B Bio 263: 173-177.
8. Bauchop T, Martucci RW (1968) Ruminant-like digestion of the langur monkey. Science 161: 698-700.
9. Binning SA, Chapman LJ, Cosandey-Godin A (2009) Specialized morphology for a generalist diet: evidence for Liem's paradox in a cichlid fish. J Fish Bio 75: 1683-1699.
10. Bishop NH (1975) Social behavior of langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) in a high altitude environment. Ph. D., University of California, Berkeley.
11. Bishop NH (1979) Himalayan langurs: temperate colobines. J Hum Evol 8: 251-281.
12. Borries C, Larney E, Lu A, Ossi K, Koenig A (2008) Costs of group size: lower developmental and reproductive rates in larger groups of leaf monkeys. Behav Ecol 19: 1186-1191.
13. Boyer D, Ramos-Fernandez G, Miramontes O, Mateos JL, Cocho G, Larralde H, Ramos H, Rojas F (2006) Scale-free foraging by primates emerges from their interaction with a complex environment. Proc R Soc B 273: 1743-1750.
14. Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) (2007) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Cerling TE, Mbua E, Kirera FM, Manthi FK, Grine FE, Leakey MG, Sponheimer M, Uno KT (2011) Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 9337.
16. Chapman CA, Rothman JM (2009) Within-species differences in primate social structure: evolution of plasticity and phylogenetic constraints. Primates 50: 12-22.
17. Charnov EL (1976) Optimal foraging: attack strategy of a mantid. Am Nat 110: 141-151.
18. Charnov E, Orians G, Hyatt K (1976) Ecological implications of resource depression. Am Nat 110: 247-259.
19. Cheney DL (1992) Intragroup cohesion and intergroup hostility: the relation between grooming distributions and intergroup competition among female primates. Behav Ecol 3: 334-345.
20. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1992) How monkeys see the world: inside the mind of another species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
21. Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1980) Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet. J Morphol 166: 337-386.
22. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1977) Primate ecology and social organization. J Zool 183: 1-39.
23. Clutton-Brock T, Janson C (2012) Primate socioecology at the crossroads: past, present, and future. Evol Anth 21: 136-150.
24. Conklin-Brittain NL, Wrangham RW, Hunt KD (1998) Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. II. Macronutrients. Int J Primatol 19: 971-998.
25. Cords M (2002) Friendship among adult female blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis). Behaviour 139: 291-314.
26. Crockett CM (1984) Emigration by female red howler monkeys and the case for female competition. In: Small MF (ed) Female primates: studies by women primatologists. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 159-173.
27. Crook JH, Gartlan JS (1966) Evolution of primate societies. Nature 210: 1200-1203.
28. Curtin RA (1975) The socioecology of the common langur, Presbytis entellus, in the Nepal Himalaya. University of California, Berkeley.
29. Curtin RA (1982) Range use of gray langurs in highland Nepal. Folia Primatol 38: 1-18.
30. Darwin C (1858) On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. I. Extract from an unpublished work on species, II. Abstract of a letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Prof. Asa Gray. J Proc Linn Soc Zool 3: 45-53.
31. Darwin C (1874/1998) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex [second edition; originally published in 1874]. Prometheus Books, Amherst.
32. de Marques AAB (2002) Use of space by Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940, in temperate and subtropical habitats in southern Brazil. Neotrop Primates 10: 31.
33. Deaner RO, Nunn CL, van Schaik CP (2000) Comparative tests of primate cognition: different scaling methods produce different results. Brain Behav Evol 55: 44-52.
34. Dela JDS (2007) Seasonal food use strategies of Semnopithecus vetulus nestor, at Panadura and Piliyandala, Sri Lanka. Int J Primatol 28: 607-626.
35. Di Fiore A, Campbell CJ (2007) The atelines: variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 155-185.
36. Dominy NJ, Lucas PW (2004) Significance of color, calories, and climate to the visual ecology of catarrhines. Am J Primatol 62: 189-207.
37. Dominy NJ, Lucas PW, Osorio D, Yamashita N (2001) The sensory ecology of primate food perception. Evol Anth 10: 171-186.
38. Dunbar RIM (1995) Neocortex size and group size in primates: a test of the hypothesis. J Hum Evol 28: 287-296.
39. Emlen JM (1966) The role of time and energy in food preference. Am Nat 100: 611-617.
40. Emlen ST, Oring LW (1977) Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.
41. Fashing PJ (2007) African colobine monkeys: patterns of between-group interaction. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 201-224.
42. Fish JL, Lockwood CA (2003) Dietary constraints on encephalization in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 120: 171-181.
43. Garber PA (1989) Role of spatial memory in primate foraging patterns: Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis. Am J Primatol 19: 203-216.
44. Gibson KR (1986) Cognition, brain size and the extraction of embedded food resources. In: Else JG, Lee PC (eds) Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 93-103.
45. Glander KE (1981) Feeding patterns in mantled howling monkeys. In: Kamil AC and Sargent TD (eds) Foraging behavior: ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. Garland STPM Press, New York, pp 231-257.
46. Grether GF, Palombit RA, Rodman PS (1992) Gibbon foraging decisions and the marginal value model. Int J Primatol 13: 1-17.
47. Groves CP (2001) Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian University Press, Washington, D. C.
48. Grueter CC, Li D, Ren B, Wei F, van Schaik CP (2009) Dietary profile of Rhinopithecus bieti and its socioecological implications. Int J Primatol 30: 601-624.
49. Hanya G, Grueter CC, Tsuji Y (2012) Out of the tropics: ecology of temperate primates. Primates (submitted).
50. Hart D, Sussman RW (2005) Man the hunted: primates, predators, and human evolution. Westview Press, New York.
51. Hill WCO (1964) The maintenance of langurs (Colobidae) in captivity; experiences and some suggestions. Folia Primatol 2: 222-231.
52. Hladik CM (1975) Ecology, diet, and social patterning in Old and New World primates. In: Tuttle RH (ed) Socioecology and psychology of primates. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, pp 3-35.
53. Holland JS (2011) A monkey that knows no bounds. Natl Geogr 220: 86-95.
54. Holloway RL (1966) Cranial capacity, neural reorganization, and hominid evolution: a search for more suitable parameters. Am Anthropol 68: 103-121.
55. Houle A, Chapman CA, Vickery WL (2007) Intratree variation in fruit production and implications for primate foraging. Int J Primatol 28: 1197-1217.
56. Hutchinson GE (1957) Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harb Sym 22: 415-427.
57. Hutchinson GE (1965) The ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Yale University Press, New Haven.
58. Hylander WL (1975) Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae. Science 189: 1095-1098.
59. Isbell LA (1991) Contest and scramble competition: patterns of female aggression and ranging behavior among primates. Behav Ecol 2: 143-155.
60. Isbell LA, Young TP (2002) Ecological models of female social relationships in primates: similarities, disparities, and some directions for future clarity. Behaviour 139: 177-202.
61. Janson C (1985) Aggresive competition and individual food consumption in wild brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 18: 125-138.
62. Janson CH (1990) Ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. An Behav 40: 922-934.
63. Janson CH (1998) Experimental evidence for spatial memory in foraging wild capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. An Behav 55: 1229-1243.
64. Janson CH, Goldsmith ML (1995) Predicting group size in primates: foraging costs and predation risks. Behav Ecol 6: 326-336.
65. Johnson VE, Deaner RO, van Schaik CP (2002) Bayesian analysis of rank data with application to primate intelligence experiments. J Am Stat Assoc 97: 8-17.
66. Kamilar JM, Ledogar JA (2011) Species co-occurrence patterns and dietary resource competition in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 144: 131-139.
67. Kay RNB, Davies AG (1994) Digestive physiology. In: Davies AG, Oates JF (eds) Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 229-249.
68. Keith A (1948) A new theory of human evolution. Watts & Co., London.
69. Kirkpatrick RC (1999) Colobine diet and social organization. In: Dolhinow P, Fuentes A (eds) The nonhuman primates. Mayfield, Mountain View, pp 93-105.
70. Koenig A, Borries C (2001) Socioecology of Hanuman langurs: the story of their success. Evol Anthropol 10: 122-137.
71. Koenig A, Borries C (2006) The predictive power of socioecological models: a reconsideration of resource characteristics, agonism, and dominance hierarchies. In: Hohmann G, Robbins MM and Boesch C (eds) Feeding ecology in apes and other primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 263-284.
72. Koenig A, Borries C (2009) The lost dream of ecological determinism: time to say goodbye? Or a white queen's proposal? Evol Anthropol 18: 166-174.
73. Koenig A, Borries C, Chalise MK, Winkler P (1997) Ecology, nutrition, and timing of reproductive events in an Asian primate, the Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus). J Zool 243: 215-235.
74. Koenig A, Beise J, Chalise MK, Ganzhorn JU (1998) When females should contest for food-testing hypotheses about resource density, distribution, size, and quality with Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42: 225-237.
75. Koenig A, Borries C, Doran-Sheehy D, Janson C (2006) How important are affiliation and cooperation? A reply to Sussman et al. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 522-523.
76. Kolling N, Behrens TEJ, Mars RB, Rushworth MFS (2012) Neural mechanisms of foraging. Science 336: 95-98.
77. Krebs JR, McCleery RH (1984) Optimization in behavioural ecology. In: Krebs JR and Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Sinauer, Sutherland, pp 91-121.
78. Kudo H, Dunbar RIM (2001) Neocortex size and social network size in primates. An Behav 62: 711-722.
79. Kummer H (1975) Rules of dyad and group formation among captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada). In: Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, Kawamura S (eds) Proceedings from the Symposia of the 5th Congress of the International Primatological Society. Japan Science Press, Tokyo, pp 129-159.
80. Laska M, Freist P, Krause S (2007) Which senses play a role in nonhuman primate food selection? A comparison between squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys. Am J Primatol 69: 282-294.
81. Liem KF (1980) Adaptive significance of intra- and interspecific differences in the feeding repertoires of cichlid fishes. Am Zool 20: 295-314.
82. Loxdale HD, Lushai G, Harvey JA (2011) The evolutionary improbability of 'generalism'in nature, with special reference to insects. Biol J Linnean Soc 103: 1-18.
83. Lucas PW, Teaford MF (1994) Functional morphology of colobine teeth. In: Davies AG, Oates JF (eds) Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behavior and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 173-203.
84. MacArthur RH, Pianka ER (1966) On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am Nat 100: 603-609.
85. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
86. Maestripieri D (2007) Macachiavellian intelligence: how rhesus macaques and humans have conquered the world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
87. Manocha S (1967) Discrimination learning in langurs and rhesus monkeys. Percept Motor Skill 24: 805-806.
88. Marshall AJ, Wrangham RW (2007) Evolutionary consequences of fallback foods. Int J Primatol 28: 1219-1235.
89. Mason WA (1976) Primate social behavior: pattern and process. In: Masterton RB, Bitterman ME, Campbell CBG, Hotton N (eds) Evolution of brain and behavior in vertebrates. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 425-455.
90. Mendoza SP, Mason WA (1989) Primate relationships: social dispositions and physiological responses. In: Seth PK, Seth S (eds) Perspectives in primate biology volume 2. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp 129-143.
91. Mendoza SP, Reeder DM, Mason WA (2002) Nature of proximate mechanisms underlying primate social systems: simplicity and redundancy. Evol Anthropol 11: 112-116.
92. Menzel CR (1991) Cognitive aspects of foraging in Japanese monkeys. Anim Behav 41: 397-402.
93. Menzel CR (1997) Primates' knowledge of their natural habitat: as indicated in foraging. In: Whiten A, Byrne R (eds) Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 207-239.
94. Menzel CR (1999) Unprompted recall and reporting of hidden objects by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) after extended delays. J Comp Psychol 113: 426-434.
95. Menzel CR (2012) Solving ecological problems. In: Mitani JC, Silk JB, Palombit RA, Call J and Kappeler PM (eds) The evolution of primate societies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 609-627.
96. Menzel CR, Savage-Rumbaugh ES, Menzel EW Jr (2002) Bonobo (Pan paniscus) spatial memory and communication in a 20-hectare forest. Int J Primatol 23: 601-619.
97. Menzel EW Jr (1973) Chimpanzee spatial memory organization. Science 182: 943-945.
98. Menzel EW Jr, Juno C (1985) Social foraging in marmoset monkeys and the question of intelligence [and discussion]. Philos T Roy Soc B 308: 145-158.
99. Milton K (1981) Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental development. Am Anthropol 83: 534-548.
100. Milton K (1999) Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? Nutrition 15: 488-498.
101. Minhas RA, Ahmed KB, Awan MS, Dar NI (2010) Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan grey langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajax) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Zool Res 2: 177-188.
102. Minhas RA, Ali U, Dar NI, Awan MS, Khan MN, Qamar QZ, Ali H, Ahmed MS (2012) Ranging behavior of Himalayan gray langur (Semnopithecus ajax) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Primates (submitted).
103. Nakagawa N (2009) Feeding rate as valuable information in primate feeding ecology. Primates 50: 131-141.
104. Napier PH (1985) Catalogue of primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Part III: family Cercopithecidae, subfamily Colobinae. British Museum (Natural History), London.
105. Napier JR, Napier PH (1967) A handbook of living primates. Academic Press, London.
106. Newton P (1992) Feeding and ranging patterns of forest Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Int J Primatol 13: 245-285.
107. Oates JF (1987) Food distribution and foraging behavior. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 197-209.
108. Oppenheimer J (1978) Aspects of the diet of the Hanuman langur. In: Chivers DJ and Herbert J (eds). Recent advances in primatology, volume I: behaviour. Academic Press, London, pp 337-342.
109. Overdorff DJ, Parga J (2007) The new era of primate socioecology: ecology and intersexual conflict. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M and Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 466-482.
110. Parker ST, Gibson KR (1977) Object manipulation, tool use and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes. J Human Evol 6: 623-641.
111. Peters CR, Vogel JC (2005) Africa's wild C4 plant foods and possible early hominid diets. J Human Evol 48: 219-236.
112. Pianka ER (1994) Evolutionary ecology (fifth edition). HarperCollins College Publishers, New York.
113. Pombo AR, Waltert M, Mansjoer SS, Mardiastuti A, Muhlenberg M (2004) Home range, diet and behaviour of the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. In: Gerold G, Fremery M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin, pp 313-325.
114. Potts R (2004) Paleoenvironmental basis of cognitive evolution in great apes. Am J Primatol 62: 209-228.
115. Pyke GH, Pulliam HR, Charnov EL (1977) Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Q Rev Biol 52: 137-154.
116. Ramos-Fernandez G, Mateos JL, Miramontes O, Cocho G, Larralde H, Ayala-Orozco B (2004) Lévy walk patterns in the foraging movements of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 55: 223-230.
117. Rank NE, Yturralde K, Dahlhoff EP (2006) Role of contests in the scramble competition mating system of a leaf beetle. J Insect Behav 19: 699-716.
118. Ren B, Li M, Wei F (2008) Preliminary study on digging and eating underground plant corms by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys at Tacheng, Yunnan, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 28: 237-241.
119. Richard A, Goldstein S, Dewar R (1989) Weed macaques: the evolutionary implications of macaque feeding ecology. Int J Primatol 10: 569-594.
120. Ripley S (1970) Leaves and leaf-monkeys: The social organization of foraging in gray langurs Presbytis entellus thersites. In: Napier JR, Napier PH (eds) Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics and behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp 481-509.
121. Ritchie ME (1990) Optimal foraging and fitness in Columbian ground squirrels. Oecologia 82: 56-67.
122. Robinson BW, Wilson DS (1998) Optimal foraging, specialization, and a solution to Liem's paradox. Am Nat 151: 223-235.
123. Rosenberger AL, Halenar L, Cooke SB (2011) The making of platyrrhine semifolivores: models for the evolution of folivory in primates. Anat Rec 294: 2112-2130.
124. Rothman JM, Plumptre AJ, Dierenfeld ES, Pell AN (2007) Nutritional composition of the diet of the gorilla (Gorilla beringei): a comparison between two montane habitats. J Trop Ecol 23: 673-682.
125. Rowe N (1996) The pictorial guide to the living primates. Pogonias Press, East Hampton.
126. Rumbaugh DM, Savage-Rumbaugh ES, Washburn DA (1996) Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective. Jpn Psychol Res 38: 113-125.
127. Sayers K, Lovejoy CO (2008) The chimpanzee has no clothes: a critical examination of Pan troglodytes in models of human evolution (with comments and reply). Curr Anthropol 49: 87-114.
128. Sayers K, Menzel CR (2012) Memory and foraging theory: chimpanzee utilization of optimality heuristics in the rank-order recovery of hidden foods. Anim Behav 84: 795-803.
129. Sayers K, Norconk MA (2008) Himalayan Semnopithecus entellus at Langtang National Park, Nepal: diet, Activity Patterns, and Resources. Int J Primatol 29: 509-530.
130. Sayers K, Norconk MA, Conklin-Brittain NL (2010) Optimal foraging on the roof of the world: Himalayan langurs and the classical prey model. Am J Phys Anthropol 141: 337-357.
131. Schoener TW (1971) Theory of feeding strategies. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2: 369-404.
132. Sherry DF, Mitchell JB (2007) Neuroethology of foraging. In: Stephens DW, Brown JS and Ydenberg RC (eds) Foraging: behavior and ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 61-102.
133. Shipley LA, Forbey JS, Moore BD (2009) Revisiting the dietary niche: when is a mammalian herbivore a specialist? Integr Comp Biol. doi: 10. 1093/icb/icp1051.
134. Shultz S, Opie C, Atkinson QD (2011) Stepwise evolution of stable sociality in primates. Nature 479: 219-222.
135. Sih A, Christensen B (2001) Optimal diet theory: when does it work, and when and why does it fail? Anim Behav 61: 379-390.
136. Snaith TV, Chapman CA (2005) Towards an ecological solution to the folivore paradox: patch depletion as an indicator of within-group scramble competition in red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 59: 185-190.
137. Snaith TV, Chapman CA (2007) Primate group size and interpreting socioecological models: do folivores really play by different rules? Evol Anthropol 16: 94-106.
138. Snaith TV, Chapman CA (2008) Red colobus monkeys display alternative behavioral responses to the costs of scramble competition. Behav Ecol 19: 1289-1296.
139. Spencer H (1896) The principles of ethics, vol 1. D. Appleton & Company, New York.
140. Stephens DW, Krebs JR (1986) Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
141. Sterck EHM, Watts DP, van Schaik CP (1997) The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 41: 291-309.
142. Strait SG (1997) Tooth use and the physical properties of food. Evol Anthropol 5: 199-211.
143. Stumpf R, Emery Thompson M, Muller M, Wrangham R (2009) The context of female dispersal in Kanyawara chimpanzees. Behaviour 146(4): 629-656.
144. Sullivan KA (1988) Age-specific profitability and prey choice. Anim Behav 36: 613-615.
145. Surridge AK, Osorio D, Mundy NI (2003) Evolution and selection of trichromatic vision in primates. Trends Ecol Evol 18: 198-205.
146. Sussman RW, Garber PA (2007) Cooperation and competition in primate social interactions. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 636-651.
147. Sussman RW, Garber PA, Cheverud JM (2005) Importance of cooperation and affiliation in the evolution of primate sociality. Am J Phys Anthropol 128: 84-97.
148. Sussman RW, Garber PA, Cheverud JM (2006) How important are affiliation and cooperation? A response to Koenig et al. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 524.
149. Teichroeb JA, Sicotte P (2009) Test of the ecological-constraints model on ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana. Am J Primatol 71: 49-59.
150. Teichroeb JA, Saj TL, Paterson JD, Sicotte P (2003) Effect of group size on activity budgets of Colobus vellerosus in Ghana. Int J Primatol 24: 743-758.
151. Terborgh J (1983) Five new world primates: a study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
152. Thierry B (2007) The macaques: a double-layered social organization. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds) Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 224-239.
153. Thierry B (2008) Primate socioecology, the lost dream of ecological determinism. Evol Anthropol 17: 93-96.
154. Tomasello M, Call J (1997) Primate cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
155. Tooby J, DeVore I (1987) The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modeling. In: Kinzey WG (eds) The evolution of human behavior: primate models. State University of New York Press, New York, pp 183-237.
156. Ungar PS, Grine FE, Teaford MF (2008) Dental microwear and diet of the Plio-Pleistocene hominin Paranthropus boisei. PLoS ONE 3: e2044.
157. van Schaik CP (1989) The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates. In: Standen V, Foley RA (eds) Comparative socioecology: the behavioral ecology of humans and other mammals. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 195-218.
158. Vandercone RP, Dinadh C, Wijethunga K, Ranawana K, Rasmussen DT (2012) Dietary diversity and food selection in Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) and purple-faced langurs (Trachypithecus vetulus) in the Kaludiyapokuna Forest Reserve in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Int J Primatol. doi: 10. 1007/s10764-012-9629-9.
159. Walker R, Burger O, Wagner J, Von Rueden CR (2006) Evolution of brain size and juvenile periods in primates. J Human Evol 51: 480-489.
160. Wallace AR (1858) On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type. J Proc Linn Soc Zool 3: 53-62.
161. Winkler P (1988) Feeding behavior of a food-enhanced troop of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Jodhpur, India. In: Fa JE, Southwick CH (eds) Ecology and behavior of food-enhanced primate groups. Liss, New York, pp 3-24.
162. Wrangham RW (1980) An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75: 262-300.
163. Yoshiba K (1967) An ecological study of Hanuman langurs, Presbytis entellus. Primates 8: 127-154.