Ecology, nutrition, and timing of reproductive events in an asian primate, the Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus)

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 243, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 215-235

  Koenig, A ^a   Borries, C ^b   Chalise, M K ^c   Winkler, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b GERMAN PRIMATE CENTER   (Germany)

^c KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY   (Nepal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOOD AVAILABILITY; HANUMAN LANGUR; NUTRITION; REPRODUCTION;

HANUMAN; HANUMAN LANGURS; PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS; PRIMATES; SHOREA ROBUSTA;

EID: 0030701621     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02778.x     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Altmann, J. (1980). Baboon mothers and infants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2. Bauchop, T. & Martucci, R. W. (1968). Ruminant-like digestion of the langur monkey. Science (Washington DC) 161: 698-700.
3. Bercovitch, F. B. (1987). Female weight and reproductive condition in a population of olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am. J. Primatol. 12: 189-195.
4. Bercovitch, F. B. & Harding, R. S. O. (1993). Annual birth patterns of savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) over a ten-year period at Gilgil, Kenya. Folia Primatol. 61: 115-122.
5. Bercovitch, F. B. & Strum, S. C. (1993). Dominance rank, resource availability, and reproductive maturation in female savanna baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 33: 313-318.
6. Berman, C. M. & Schwartz, S. (1988). A nonintrusive method for determining relative body fat in free-ranging monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 14: 53-64.
7. Bishop, N. H. (1979). Himalayan langurs: temperate colobines. J. Hum. Evol. 8: 251-281.
8. Bongaarts, J. (1980). Does malnutrition affect fecundity? A summary of evidence. Science (Washington DC) 208: 564-569.
9. Borries, C. (In prep.). Infanticide in seasonally breeding multimale groups of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in south Nepal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
10. Borries, C. & Winkler, P. (In prep.). How flexible are female reproductive parameters in Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)?
11. Butynski, T. M. (1988). Guenon birth seasons and correlates with rainfall and food. In A primate radiation: evolutionary biology of the African guenons: 284-322. Gautier-Hion, A., Bourlière, F., Gautier, J.-P. & Kingdon, J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Chalise, M. K. (1995). Comparative study of feeding ecology and behaviour of male and female langurs (Presbytis entellus). PhD thesis, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.
13. Chism, J., Rowell, T, & Olson, D. (1984). Life history patterns of female patas monkeys. In Female primates: studies by women primatologists: 175-190. Small, M. (Ed.). New York: Alan R. Liss.
14. Collura, R. V. & Stewart, C.-B. (1996). Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the colobine Old World monkeys. In Abstracts. XVIth Congress of the International Primatological Society: 727.
15. Dailey, R. A. & Neill, J. D. (1981). Seasonal variation in reproductive hormones of Rhesus monkeys: anovulatory and short luteal phase menstrual cycles. Biol. Reprod. 25: 560-567.
16. Dolhinow, P. & Murphy, G. (1982). Langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) development. The first 3 months of life. Folia Primatol. 39: 305-331.
17. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1980). Demographic and life history variables of a population of gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada). J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 485-506.
18. Dunbar, R. I. M. & Dunbar, P. (1988). Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons. Anim. Behav. 36: 970-980.
19. Fa, J. E. & Southwick, C. H. (Eds) (1988). Ecology and behavior of food-enhanced primate groups. New York: Alan R Liss.
20. Frisch, R. E. (1982). Malnutrition and fertility. Science (Washington DC) 215: 1272-1273.
21. Frisch, R. E. & MacArthur, J. W. (1974). Menstrual cycles: fatness as determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science (Washington DC) 185: 949-951.
22. Ganzhorn, J. U. (1988). Food partitioning among Malagasy primates. Oecologia (Berl.) 75: 436-450.
23. Hara, H., Chater, A. O. & Williams, L. H. J. (1982). An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal III. London: British Museum (Natural History).
24. Hara, H., Stearn, W. T. & Williams, L. H. J. (1978). An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal I. London: British Museum (Natural History).
25. Hara, H. & Williams, L. H. J. (1979). An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal II. London: British Museum (Natural History).
26. Harley, D. (1985). Birth spacing in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus). Int. J. Primatol. 6: 227-242.
27. Hearn, J. P. (1984). Lactation and reproduction in non-human primates. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. No. 51: 327-335.
28. Hladik, C. M. (1977). A comparative study of the feeding strategies of two sympatric species of leaf monkeys: Presbytis senex and Presbytis entellus. In Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes: 323-353. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (Ed.). London: Academic Press.
29. Jay, P. (1963). The social behavior of the langur monkey. PhD thesis, University of Chicago.
30. Jay, P. (1965). The common langur of north India. In Primate behavior. Field studies of monkeys and apes: 197-249. DeVore, I. (Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
31. Jungermann, K. & Möhler, H. (1980). Biochemie. Berlin: Springer.
32. Kankane, P. L. (1988). Environmental factors and reproductive seasonality in the Indian langur, Presbytis entellus, on the Indian subcontinent. Rec. zool. Surv. India 85: 19-35.
33. Kar-Gupta, K. & Kumar, A. (1994). Leaf chemistry and food selection by common langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Rajaji National Park, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. J. Primatol. 15: 75-93.
34. Kay, R. N. B. & Davies, A. G. (1994). Digestive physiology. In Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution: 229-249. Davies, A. G. & Oates, J. F. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Klein, D. J. (1978). The diet and reproductive cycles of a population of vervet monkeys. PhD thesis, New York University.
36. Koelmeyer, K. O. (1959). The periodicity of leaf change and flowering in the principal forest communities of Ceylon. Ceylon For. 4: 157-189, 308-364.
37. Koenig, A. (1996). The fairytale of gentle leaf eaters: food competition and social relationships in female common langurs (Presbytis entellus). Primate Rep. 44: 27.
38. Lancaster, J. B. & Lee, R. B. (1965). The annual reproductive cycle in monkeys and apes. In Primate behavior. Field studies of monkeys and apes: 486-513. DeVore, I. (Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
39. Lee, P. C. (1987). Nutrition, fertility and maternal investment in primates. J. Zool. (Lond.) 213: 409-422.
40. Lee, P. C. & Bowman, J. E. (1995). Influence of ecology and energetics on primate mothers and infants. In Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates: 47-58. Pryce, C. R., Martin, R. D. & Skuse, D. (Eds). Basel: Karger.
41. Lee, P. C., Majluf, P. & Gordon, I. J. (1991). Growth, weaning and maternal investment from a comparative perspective. J. Zool. (Lond.) 225: 99-114.
42. Lindburg, D. G. (1987). Seasonally of reproduction in primates. In Comparative primate biology. 2B: Behavior, cognition, and motivation: 167-218. Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J. (Eds). New York: Alan R Liss.
43. Marsh, C. W. (1981). Diet choice among red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) on the Tana river, Kenya, Folia Primatol. 35: 147-178.
44. Martin, P. & Bateson P. (1993). Measuring behaviour. (2nd edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Mori, A. (1979). Analysis of population changes by measurement of body weight in the Koshima troop of Japanese macaques. Primates 20: 371-397.
46. Muckenhirn, N. (1972). Leaf-eaters and their predator in Ceylon: ecological roles of gray langurs, Presbytis entellus, and leopards. PhD thesis, University of Maryland, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
47. Mueller-Dombois, D. & Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York: John Wiley.
48. National Research Council (US) (1981). Techniques for the study of primate population ecology. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
49. Newton, P. N. (1987). The social organization of forest Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Int. J. Primatol. 8: 199-232.
50. Newton, P. N. (1988). The structure and phenology of a moist deciduous forest in the Central Indian Highlands. Vegetatio 75: 3-16.
51. Newton, P. N. (1992). Feeding and ranging patterns of forest Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Int. J. Primatol. 13: 245-285.
52. Newton, P. N. & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1994). Colobine monkey society. In Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution: 311-346. Davies, A. G. & Oates, J. F. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Nikolei, J. & Borries, C. (1997). Sex differential behavior of immature Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar, south Nepal. Int. J. Primatol. 18: 415-437.
54. Oates, J. F., Davies, A. G. & Delson, E. (1994). The diversity of living colobines. In Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution: 45-73. Davies, A. G. & Oates, J. F. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Podzuweit, D. (1994). Sozio-Ökologie weiblicher Hanuman Languren (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar, Südnepal. Göttingen: Cuvillier.
56. Quandt, S. A. (1983). Changes in maternal postpartum adiposity and infant feeding patterns. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60: 455-461.
57. Riesen, J. W., Meyer, R. K. & Wolf, R. C. (1971). The effect of season on occurrence of ovulation in the Rhesus monkey. Biol. Reprod. 5: 111-114.
58. Ripley, S. (1965). The ecology and social behavior of the Ceylon gray langur, Presbytis entellus thersites. PhD thesis, Berkeley: University of California, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
59. Risser, P. G. & Rice, E. L. (1971). Phytosociological analysis of Oklahoma upland forest species. Ecology 52: 940-945.
60. Roberts, S. B., Cole, T. J. & Coward, W. A. (1985). Lactation performance in relation to energy intake in the baboon. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41: 1270-1276.
61. Rudran, R. (1973). The reproductive cycles of two subspecies of purple-faced langurs (Presbytis senex) with relation to environmental factors. Folia Primatol. 19: 41-60.
62. Sadleir, R. M. F. S. (1969). The ecology of reproduction in wild and domestic mammals. London: Methuen.
63. Smith, C. C. (1977). Feeding behavior and social organization in howling monkeys. In Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes: 97-126. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (Ed.). London: Academic Press.
64. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. (1981). Biometry. (2nd edn). New York: W. H. Freeman.
65. Sommer, V. & Rajpurohit, L. S. (1989). Male reproductive success in harem troops of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Int. J. Primatol. 10: 293-317.
66. Sommer, V., Srivastava, A. & Borries, C. (1992). Cycles, sexuality, and conception in free-ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus). Am. J. Primatol. 28: 1-27.
67. Srivastava, A. (1992). Use of resources by free-ranging female langurs (Presbytis entellus) during different reproductive phases. Folia Primatol. 59: 157-162.
68. Stainton, J. D. A. (1972). Forests of Nepal. London: John Murray.
69. Stanford, C. B. (1991). The capped langur in Bangladesh: behavioral ecology and reproductive tactics. Contrib. Primatol. 26. Basel: Karger.
70. Strier, K. B. (1987). Activity budget of woolly spider monkeys, or muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides). Am. J. Primatol. 13: 385-395.
71. Struhsaker, T. T. (1975). The red colobus monkey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
72. Sugiyama, Y. (1964). Group composition, population density and some sociological observations of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Primates 5(3-4): 7-37.
73. Vogel, C. & Winkler, P. (1988). Schlank- und Stummelaffen. In Grzimeks Enzyklopädie - Säugetiere 2: 296-324. Grzimek, B. (Ed.). München: Kindler.
74. Walker, M. L., Gordon, T. P. & Wilson, M. E. (1983). Menstrual cycle characteristics of seasonally breeding Rhesus monkeys. Biol. Reprod. 29: 841-848.
75. Walter, H. (1990). Vegetation und Klimazonen. (6th edn). Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer.
76. Waterman, P. G. & Kool, K. M. (1994). Colobine food selection and plant chemistry. In Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution: 251-284. Davies, A. G. & Oates, J. F. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Wesche, K. (1995). Structure and use of a Sal-forest in southern Nepal. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit.
78. Wesche, K. (In press). A classification of a tropical Shorea robusta forest stand in southern Nepal. Phytocoenologia.
79. Zhao, Q. K. (1994). Birth timing shift with altitude and its ecological implication for Macaco thibetana at Mt. Emei. Oecologia Montana 3: 24-26.