Cherish yourself: Longitudinal patterns and conditions of self-esteem change in the transition to young adulthood

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 148-163

  Wagner, Jenny ^a   Lüdtke, Oliver ^a   Jonkmann, Kathrin ^b   Trautwein, Ulrich ^b  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Longitudinal data; Self esteem development; Time varying covariates; Transition to young adulthood

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; PERSONALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF CONCEPT; SEX DIFFERENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; SELF CONCEPT; SEX FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84875498201     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0029680     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Abele, A. E. (2002). Ein Modell und empirische Befunde zur beruflichen Laufbahnentwicklung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Geschlechtsvergleichs [A model and empirical findings on career development under special considerations of gender comparisons]. Psychologische Rundschau, 53, 109-118. doi:10.1026//0033-3042.53.3.109
2. Abele, A. E. (2005). Ziele, Selbstkonzept und Work-life-Balance bei der längerfristigen Lebensgestaltung: Befunde der Erlanger Längsschnittstudie bela-e mit Akademikerinnen und Akademikern [Goals, self-concept, and work-life balance in long-term way of life: Findings of the Erlanger longitudinal study bela-e with academics]. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 49, 176-186. doi:10.1026/0932-4089.49.4.176
3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
4. Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1, 68-73. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
5. Asendorpf, J. B., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Personality-relationship transaction in adolescence: Core versus surface personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 71, 629-666. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7104005
6. Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611
7. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
8. Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
9. Borkenau, P., & Ostendorf, F. (1991). Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung fünf robuster Persönlichkeitsfaktoren [A questionnaire for the assessment of five robust personality factors]. Diagnostica, 37, 29-41.
10. Bosak, J., Sczesny, S., & Eagly, A. H. (2008). Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1148-1155. doi:10.1002/ejsp.538
11. Brandtstädter, J., & Greve, W. (1994). The aging self: Stabilizing and protective processes. Developmental Review, 14, 52-80. doi:10.1006/drev.1994.1003
12. Bundesamt, S. (2010). Frauen und Männer in verschiedenen Lebensphasen [Women and men in different life stages]. Wiesbaden, Germany: Statistisches Bundesamt.
13. Buss, D. M. (2004). Evolutionäre Psychologie [Evolutionary psychology]. München, Germany: Pearson Studium.
14. Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-156. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261
15. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO personality inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4, 5-13. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5
16. Costa, P. T., Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
17. Crocker, J. (2011). Presidential address: Self-image and compassionate goals and construction of the social self: Implications for social and personality psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 394-407. doi:10.1177/1088868311418746
18. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2003). Level of self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth: Unique effects on academic, social and financial problems in college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 701-712. doi:10.1177/0146167203029006003
19. Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392
20. Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583-619. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356
21. Denissen, J. J. A., Penke, L., Schmitt, D. P., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Self-esteem reactions to social interactions: Evidence for sociometer mechanisms across days, people, and nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 181-196. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.181
22. Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging, 23, 558-566. doi:10.1037/a0012897
23. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Conger, K. J., & Conger, R. D. (2007). A three-wave longitudinal study of self-evaluations during young adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 453-472. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.004
24. Eagly, A. H. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 1-12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00326.x
25. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
26. Erol, R. Y., & Orth, U. (2011). Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 607-619. doi:10.1037/a0024299
27. Ferriman, K., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009). Work preferences, life values, and personal views of top math/science graduate students and the profoundly gifted: Developmental changes and gender differences during emerging adulthood and parenthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 517-532. doi:10.1037/a0016030
28. Foster, E. M. (2010). Causal inference and developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1454-1480. doi:10.1037/a0020204
29. Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2005). Entwicklungsaufgaben als Organisationsstrukturen von Entwicklung und Entwicklungsoptimierung [Developmental tasks as organizing structures of development]. In S. H. Filipp & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), Enzyclopädie der psychologie. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
30. Freund, A. M., & Smith, J. (1999). Content and function of the selfdefinition in old and very old age. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(B), P55-P67. doi:10.1093/geronb/54B.1.P55
31. Gebauer, J. E., Leary, M. R., & Neberich, W. (in press). Big Two personality and Big Three mate preferences: Similarity attracts, but countrylevel mate preferences crucially matter. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
32. Gebauer, J. E., Wagner, J., Sedikides, C., & Neberich, W. (2012). Agencycommunion and self-esteem relations are moderated by culture, religiosity, age, and sex: Evidence for the "self-centrality breeds selfenhancement" principle. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00807.x
33. Gentile, B., Grabe, S., Dolan-Pascoe, B., Twenge, J. M., Wells, B. E., & Maitino, A. (2009). Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 13, 34-45. doi:10.1037/a0013689
34. Graber, J. A., & Dubas, J. S. (1996). Leaving home: Understanding the transition to adulthood. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
35. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., ... Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913-922. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913
36. Grimm, K. J. (2007). Multivariate longitudinal methods for studying developmental relationships between depression and academic achievement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 328-339. doi:10.1177/0165025407077754
37. Hagestad, G. O., & Call, V. R. A. (2007). Pathways to childlessness: A life course perspective. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 1338-1361. doi:10.1177/0192513X07303836
38. Havighurst, R. (1953). Developmental tasks and education. New York, NY: Longmans, Green.
39. Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R. A., & Baltes, P. B. (1989). Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 109-121. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.1.109
40. Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284
41. Heller, K. A., & Perleth, C. (2000). Kognitiver Fähigkeitstest für 4. bis 12. Klassen (KFT 4-12+R) [Test of Cognitive Functioning for Grades 4 to 12]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz-Test.
42. Helson, R., Jones, C., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2002). Personality change over 40 years of adulthood: Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of two longitudinal samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 752-766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.752
43. Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Blonigen, D. M., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., & Burt, S. A. (2011). Genetic and environmental influences on personality trait stability and growth during the transition to adulthood: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 545-556. doi:10.1037/a0022409
44. Huang, C. (2010). Mean-level change in self-esteem from childhood through adulthood: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Review of General Psychology, 14, 251-260. doi:10.1037/a0020543
45. Jackson, J. J., Thoemmes, F., Jonkmann, K., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Military training and personality trait development: Does the military make the man or does the man make the military? Psychological Science, 23, 270-277. doi:10.1177/0956797611423545
46. James, W. (1950). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1890)
47. Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470-500. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
48. Lang, F. R., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., & Neyer, F. J. (2012). Personal efforts in regulating social relationships across adulthood. Manuscript submitted for publication.
49. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1-62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
50. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518 -530. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518
51. Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long-term effects of social investment: The case of partnering in young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 78, 639-670. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00629.x
52. Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Personality development across the life span: Longitudinal analyses with a national sample from Germany. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 847-861. doi:10.1037/a0024298
53. Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, G. (2011). A random walk down university avenue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait change at the transition to university life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 620-637. doi:10.1037/a0023743
54. Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., Nagy, G., & Köller, O. (2004). Eine Validierungsstudie zum NEO-FFI in einer Stichprobe junger Erwachsener: Effekte des Itemformats, faktorielle Validität und Zusammenhänge mit Schulleistungsindikatoren [A validation of the NEO-FFI in a sample of young adults: Effects of the response format, factorial validity, and relations with indicators of academic achievement]. Diagnostica, 50, 134-144.
55. Marsh, H. W. (1992). Content specificity of relations between academic achievement and academic self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 35-42. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.1.35
56. Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K.-T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: Is parsi-mony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64, 364-390.
57. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics: A Festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275-340). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 517-542. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507
59. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebícková, M., Avia, M. D., ... Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173
60. McMullin, J. A., & Cairney, J. (2004). Self-esteem and the intersection of age, class, and gender. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 75-90. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2003.09.006
61. Mehta, P. D., & West, S. G. (2000). Putting the individual back into individual growth curves. Psychological Methods, 5, 23-43. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.1.23
62. Mulder, C. H. (2003). The effects of singlehood and cohabitation on the transition to parenthood in the Netherlands. Journal of Family Issues, 24, 291-313. doi:10.1177/0192513X02250885
63. Muthén, B. O. (1993). Latent variable modeling of growth with missing data and multilevel data. In C. M. Cuadras & C. R. Rao (Eds.), Multivariate analysis: No. 2. Future directions (pp. 199-210). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: North Holland.
64. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998 -2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
65. Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001). Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1190-1204. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1190
66. Neyer, F. J., & Lehnart, J. (2007). Relationships matter in personality development: Evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study across young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 75, 535-568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00448.x
67. O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1983). Self-esteem: Change and stability between ages 13 and 23. Developmental Psychology, 19, 257-268. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.19.2.257
68. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J. R., & Schmitt, M. (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 472-478. doi:10.1037/a0015922
69. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1271-1288. doi:10.1037/a0025558
70. Orth, U., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2010). Self-esteem development from young adulthood to old age: A cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 645-658. doi:10.1037/a0018769
71. Preacher, K. J., Wichman, A. L., MacCallum, R. C., & Briggs, N. E. (2008). Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences: Vol. 157. Latent growth curve modeling. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
72. Pullmann, H., Allik, J., & Realo, A. (2009). Global self-esteem across the life span: A cross-sectional comparison between representative and self-selected Internet samples. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 20-44. doi:10.1080/03610730802544708
73. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
74. Raudenbush, S. W., & Chan, W. S. (1993). Application of a hierarchical linear model to the study of adolescent deviance in an overlapping cohort design. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 941-951. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.6.941
75. Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (1994). Multiple roles and identities: Factors influencing self-esteem among middle-aged working men and women. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 313-325. doi:10.2307/2787158
76. Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3
77. Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2000). Broad dispositions, broad aspirations: The intersection of personality traits and major life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1284-1296. doi:10.1177/0146167200262009
78. Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Person-environment fit and its implications for personality development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality, 72, 89-110. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00257.x
79. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A metaanalysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1-25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
80. Roberts, B. W., & Wood, D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the neo-socioanalytic model of personality. In D. K. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 11-39). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
81. Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2005). Evaluating five factor theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 166-184. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002
82. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151-161. doi:10.1177/0146167201272002
83. Robins, R. W., Norem, J. K., & Cheek, J. M. (1999). Naturalizing the self. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 443-4777). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
84. Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2001). Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 463-482. doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2324
85. Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 423-434. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423
86. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
87. Sayer, A. G., & Cumsille, P. E. (2001). Second-order latent growth models. In L. M. Collins & A. G. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 179-200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
88. Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
89. Schwanzer, A. D., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., & Sydow, H. (2005). Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Erfassung des Selbstkonzepts junger Erwachsener [Development of a self-concept questionnaire for young adults]. Diagnostica, 51, 183-194. doi:10.1026/0012-1924.51.4.183
90. Shaw, B. A., Liang, J., & Krause, N. (2010). Age and race differences in the trajectories of self-esteem. Psychology and Aging, 25, 84-94. doi:10.1037/a0018242
91. Singer, J. D., & Willet, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
92. Srivastava, S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1041-1053. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041
93. Tesser, A., Crepaz, N., Collins, J. C., Cornell, D., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Confluence of self-esteem regulation mechanisms: On integrating the self-zoo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1476-1489. doi:10.1177/01461672002612003
94. Tognoli, J. (2003). Leaving home: Homesickness, place attachment, and transition among residential college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 18, 35-48. doi:10.1300/J035v18n01_04
95. Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., Köller, O., & Baumert, J. (2006). Self-esteem, academic self-concept, and achievement: How the learning environment moderates the dynamics of self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 334-349. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.334
96. Trautwein, U., Neumann, M., Nagy, G., Lüdtke, O., & Maaz, K. (Eds.). (2010). Schulleistungen von Abiturienten: Die neu geordnete gymnasiale Oberstufe auf dem Prüfstand [School performance of high-school graduates: Testing the new ordered upper school]. Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
97. Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42, 381-390. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.381
98. Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205-220. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205
99. Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Paul, C. (2004). Personality and self-esteem development across the life span. In P. T. Costa Jr. & I. C. Siegler (Eds.), Recent advances in psychology and aging (Vol. 15, pp. 163-185). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
100. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 321-344. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_3
101. van Aken, M. A. G., Denissen, J. J. A., Branje, S. J. T., Dubas, J. S., & Goossens, L. (2006). Midlife concerns and short-term personality change in middle adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 20, 497-513. doi:10.1002/per.603
102. Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 185-197. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.185
103. Wrzus, C., Köckeritz, M., Wagner, J., & Neyer, F. J. (in press). Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0028601
104. Wu, W., West, S. G., & Taylor, A. B. (2009). Evaluating model fit for growth curve models: Integration of fit indices from SEM and MLM frameworks. Psychological Methods, 14, 183-201. doi:10.1037/a0015858