A critical review on the manufacturing processes in relation to the properties of nanoclay/polymer composites

Journal of Composite Materials

Volumn 47, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1093-1115

  Albdiry, M T ^a   Yousif, B F ^a   Ku, H ^a   Lau, K T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

mechanical properties; nanoclay polymer composites; processing techniques; Review; structure formation

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE; EQUILIBRIUM MELTING POINT; IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION; MANUFACTURING PROCESS; NANO CLAYS; NANOSTRUCTURE MORPHOLOGIES; PROCESSING TECHNIQUE; STRUCTURE FORMATIONS;

BLENDING; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; NANOCOMPOSITES; REVIEWS;

IN SITU PROCESSING;

EID: 84875432461     PISSN: 00219983     EISSN: 1530793X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0021998312445592     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Krishnamoorti R, Vaia RA Polymer nanocomposites synthesis, characterization, and modeling. Washington DC, USA: American Chemical Society ; 2002 :
2. Koo JH Polymer nanocomposites processing, characterization, and applications. Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing ; 2006 :
3. Paul DR, Robeson LM. Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer. 2008 ; 49 (15). 3187-3204
4. Maiti M, Mitra S, Bhowmick AK. Effect of nanoclays on high and low temperature degradation of fluoroelastomers. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2008 ; 93: 188-200
5. Pavlidou S, Papaspyrides CD. A review on polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci. 2008 ; 33: 1119-1198
6. Wang H, Hoa SV, Wood-Adams PM. New method for the synthesis of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 100: 4286-4296
7. Debnath D, Dhibar AK, Khatua BB. Studies on the morphology and properties of PMMA-organoclay nanocomposites with reference to the manufacturing techniques. Polym-Plast Technol Eng. 2010 ; 49: 1087-1094
8. Herrera-Alonso JM, Marand E, Little JC, et al. Transport properties in polyurethane/clay nanocomposites as barrier materials: effect of processing conditions. J Membrane Sci. 2009 ; 337: 208-214
9. Kandola BK, Smart G, Horrocks AR, et al. Effect of different compatibilisers on nanoclay dispersion, thermal stability, and burning behavior of polypropylene-nanoclay blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008 ; 108: 816-824
10. Gintert MJ, Jana SC, Miller SG. A novel strategy for nanoclay exfoliation in thermoset polyimide nanocomposite systems. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 4166-4173
11. Liu X, He A, Du K, et al. Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of highly exfoliated polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011 ; 119: 162-172
12. Lorenzetti A, Hrelja D, Besco S, et al. Improvement of nanoclays dispersion through microwave processing in polyurethane rigid nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 115: 3667-3674
13. Martinez-Gallegos S, Herrero M, Barriga C, et al. Dispersion of layered double hydroxides in poly(ethylene terephthalate) by in situ polymerization and mechanical grinding. Appl Clay Sci. 2009 ; 45: 44-49
14. Ports BF, Weiss RA. One-step melt extrusion process for preparing polyolefin/clay nanocomposites using natural montmorillonite. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2010 ; 49 (23). 11896-11905
15. Jollands M, Gupta RK. Effect of mixing conditions on mechanical properties of polylactide/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 118: 1489-1493
16. Yarahmadi N, Jakubowicz I, Hjertberg T. Development of poly(vinyl chloride)/montmorillonite nanocomposites using chelating agents. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2010 ; 95: 132-137
17. Giraldi ALFdM, Bizarria MTM, Silva AA, et al. Effects of extrusion conditions on the properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/nanoclay nanocomposites prepared by a twin-screw extruder. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008 ; 108: 2252-2259
18. Nguyen QT, Baird DG. An improved technique for exfoliating and dispersing nanoclay particles into polymer matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 6923-6933
19. Hernandez M, Sixou B, Duchet J, et al. The effect of dispersion state on PMMA-epoxy-clay ternary blends: In situ study and final morphologies. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 4075-4086
20. Lee Y-H, Chang C-J, Kao C-J, et al. In-situ template synthesis of a polymer/semiconductor nanohybrid using amphiphilic conducting block copolymers. Langmuir. 2010 ; 26 (6). 4196-4206
21. Wadea TL, Wegrowe J-E. Template synthesis of nanomaterials. Eur Phys J Appl Phys. 2005 ; 29: 3-22
22. Aradilla D, Estrany F, Azambuja DS, et al. Conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-montmorillonite exfoliated nanocomposites. Eur Polym J. 2010 ; 46: 977-983
23. Mainil M, Urbanczyk L, Calberg C, et al. Morphology and properties of SAN-clay nanocomposites prepared principally by water-assisted extrusion. Polym Eng Sci. 2010 ; 50 (1). 10-21
24. Sterky K, Jacobsen H, Jakubowicz I, et al. Influence of processing technique on morphology and mechanical properties of PVC nanocomposites. Eur Polym J. 2010 ; 46: 1203-1209
25. Matuana LM. Rigid PVC/(layered silicate) nanocomposites produced through a novel melt-blending approach. J Vinyl Additive Technol. 2009 ; 15 (2). 77-86
26. Ngo T-D, Ton-That M-T, Hoa SV, et al. Effect of temperature, duration and speed of pre-mixing on the dispersion of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2009 ; 69: 1831-1840
27. Perrin-Sarazin F, Sepehr M, Bouaricha S, et al. Potential of ball milling to improve clay dispersion in nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2009 ; 49 (4). 651-665
28. Raka L, Bogoeva-Gaceva G, Lu K, et al. Characterization of latex-based isotactic polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2009 ; 50: 3739-3746
29. Sentmanat M, Stamboulides C, Hatzikiriakos SG. A novel miniature mixing device for polymeric blends and nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2009 ; 49 (11). 2092-2098
30. Ma J, Bilotti E, Peijs T, et al. Preparation of polypropylene/sepiolite nanocomposites using supercritical CO2 assisted mixing. Eur Polym J. 2007 ; 43: 4931-4939
31. Saber-Samandari S, Khatibi AA, Basic D. An experimental study on clay/epoxy nanocomposites produced in a centrifuge. Composites: Part B. 2007 ; 38: 102-107
32. Treece MA, Zhang W, Moffitt RD, et al. Twin-screw extrusion of polypropylene-clay nanocomposites: influence of masterbatch processing, screw rotation mode, and sequence. Polym Eng Sci. 2007 ; 47 (6). 898-911
33. Kim DH, Park JU, Cho KS, et al. A novel fabrication method for poly(propylene)/clay nanocomposites by continuous processing. Macromol Mater Eng. 2006 ; 291: 1127-1135
34. Lertwimolnun W, Vergnes B. Effect of processing conditions on the formation of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites in a twin screw extruder. Polym Eng Sci. 2006 ; 46: 314-323
35. Modesti M, Lorenzetti A, Bon D, et al. Thermal behaviour of compatibilised polypropylene nanocomposite: effect of processing conditions. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2006 ; 91: 672-680
36. Peltola P, Valipakka E, Vuorinen J, et al. Effect of rotational speed of twin screw extruder on the microstructure and rheological and mechanical properties of nanoclay-reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2006 ; 46 (8). 995-1000
37. Tillekeratne M, Jollands M, Cser F, et al. Role of mixing parameters in the preparation of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) nanocomposites by melt blending. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 100: 2652-2658
38. Ton-That M-T, Leelapornpisit W, Utracki LA, et al. Effect of crystallization on intercalation of clay-polyolefin nanocomposites and their performance. Polym Eng Sci. 2006 ; 46 (8). 1085-1093
39. Tanoue S, Utracki LA, Garcia-Rejon A, et al. Melt compounding of different grades polystyrene with organoclay. Part 3: mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci. 2005 ; 45 (6). 827-837
40. Wang D, Zhu J, Yao Q, et al. A comparison of various methods for the preparation of polystyrene and poly (methyl methacrylate) clay nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 2002 ; 14: 3837-3843
41. Shearer G, Tzoganakis C. Analysis of mixing during melt-melt blending in twin screw extruders using reactive polymer tracers. Polym Eng Sci. 1999 ; 39 (9). 1584-1596
42. Vaia RA, Ishii H, Giannelis EP. Synthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicates. Chem Mater. 1993 ; 5: 1694-1696
43. Vaia RA, Giannelis EP. Polymer melt intercalation in organically-modified layered silicates: model predictions and experiments. Macromolecules. 1997 ; 30: 8000-8009
44. Valera-Zaragoza M, Ramirez-Vargas E, Medellin-Rodriguez FJ. Preparation and morphological evolution of heterophasic PP-EP/EVA/organoclay nanocomposites: effect of the nanoclay organic modifier. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008 ; 108: 1986-1994
45. Utracki LA Clay-containing polymeric nanocomposites. Shrewsbury, GBR: Smithers Rapra ; 2004 :
46. Yuan Q, Chen J, Yang Y, et al. Nanoparticle interface driven microstructural evolution and crystalline phases of polypropylene: the effect of nanoclay content on structure and physical properties. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010 ; 527: 6002-6011
47. Ha SR, Ryu SH, Park SJ, et al. Effect of clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2007 ; 448: 264-268
48. Alexandre M, Dubois P. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng: R: Rep. 2000 ; 28 (1-2). 1-63
49. Kim DH, Fasulo PD, Rodgers WR, et al. Effect of the ratio of maleated polypropylene to organoclay on the structure and properties of TPO-based nanocomposites. Part I: morphology and mechanical properties. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 5960-5978
50. Manitiu M, Horsch S, Gulari E, et al. Role of polymer-clay interactions and nano-clay dispersion on the viscoelastic response of supercritical CO2 dispersed polyvinylmethylether (PVME) - clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2009 ; 50: 3786-3796
51. Galgali G, Agarwal S, Lele A. Effect of clay orientation on the tensile modulus of polypropylene-nanoclay composites. Polymer. 2004 ; 45: 6059-6069
52. Anderson BJ, Zukoski CF. Rheology and microstructure of polymer nanocomposite melts: variation of polymer segment-surface interaction. Langmuir. 2010 ; 26 (11). 8709-8720
53. Dillon DR, Tenneti KK, Li CY, et al. On the structure and morphology of polyvinylidene fluoride-nanoclay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 1678-1688
54. Martin Z, Jimenez I, Gomez MA, et al. Interfacial interactions in PP/MMT/SEBS nanocomposites. Macromolecules. 2010 ; 43: 448-453
55. Paci M, Filippi S, Magagnini P. Nanostructure development in nylon 6-Cloisite 30B composites. Effects of the preparation conditions. Eur Polym J. 2010 ; 46: 838-853
56. Rohlmann CO, Failla MD, Quinzani LM. Linear viscoelasticity and structure of polypropylene-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 7795-7804
57. Choi JS, Lim ST, Choi HJ, et al. Effect of interfacial interaction on the structure and rheological properties of polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites. Compos Interfac. 2006 ; 13 (8-9). 773-782
58. Causin V, Marega C, Marigo A, et al. Morphology, structure and properties of a poly(1-butene)/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 4773-4780
59. Masenelli-Varlot K, Vigier G, Vermogen A, et al. Quantitative structural characterization of polymer-clay nanocomposites and discussion of an ''ideal'' microstructure, leading to the highest mechanical reinforcement. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2007 ; 45: 1243-1251
60. Chavarria F, Paul DR. Morphology and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites: effect of organoclay structure. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 7760-7773
61. Lia J, Zhaoa L, Guoa S. Ultrasound assisted development of structure and properties of polyamide 6/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Macromol Sci, Part B: Phys. 2007 ; 46: 423-439
62. Mantia FPL, Dintcheva NT, Filippone G, et al. Structure and dynamics of polyethylene/clay films. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 102: 4749-4758
63. Goodarzi V, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, et al. An assessment of the role of morphology in thermal/thermo-oxidative degradation mechanism of PP/EVA/clay nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2010 ; 95: 859-869
64. Lim YT, Park OO. Phase morphology and rheological behaviour of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. Rheol Acta. 2001 ; 40: 220-229
65. Li T-C, Ma J, Wang M, et al. Effect of clay addition on the morphology and thermal behavior of polyamide 6. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007 ; 103: 1191-1199
66. Dan CH, Lee MH, Kim YD, et al. Effect of clay modifiers on the morphology and physical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 6718-6730
67. Wu D, Zhou C, Zhang M. Effect of clay on immiscible morphology of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polyethylene blend nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 102: 3628-3633
68. Fang Z, Xu Y, Tong L. Effect of clay on the morphology of binary blends of polyamide 6 with high density polyethylene and HDPE-graft-acrylic acid. Polym Eng Sci. 2007 ; 47 (5). 551-559
69. Austin JR, Kontopoulou M. Effect of organoclay content on the rheology, morphology, and physical properties of polyolefin elastomers and their blends with polypropylene. Polym Eng Sci. 2006 ; 46 (11). 1491-1501
70. Hedenqvist MS, Backman A, Gällstedt M, et al. Morphology and diffusion properties of whey/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2006 ; 66: 2350-2359
71. He X, Yang J, Zhu L, et al. Morphology and melt rheology of nylon 11/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 102: 542-549
72. Ali Z, Le HH, Ilisch S, et al. Morphology development and compatibilization effect in nanoclay filled rubber blends. Polymer. 2010 ; 51 (20). 4580-4588
73. Meng X, Wang Z, Zhao Z, et al. Morphology evolutions of organically modified montmorillonite/polyamide 12 nanocomposites. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 2508-2519
74. Luyt AS, Dramićanin MD, Antic Z, et al. Morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of composites of polypropylene and nanostructured wollastonite filler. Polym Test. 2009 ; 28: 348-356
75. Negrete-Herrera N, Putaux J-L, David L, et al. Polymer/laponite composite colloids through emulsion polymerization: influence of the clay modification level on particle morphology. Macromolecules. 2006 ; 39: 9177-9184
76. Stretz HA, Paul DR. Properties and morphology of nanocomposites based on styrenic polymers. Part I: styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 8123-8136
77. Taghizadeh E, Naderi G, Dubois C. Rheological and morphological properties of PA6/ECO nanocomposites. Rheol Acta. 2010 ; 49 (10). 1015-1027
78. Incarnatoa L, Scarfatoa P, Scatteiab L, et al. Rheological behavior of new melt compounded copolyamide nanocomposites. Polymer. 2004 ; 45: 3487-3496
79. Gahleitner M, Kretzschmar B, Vliet GV, et al. Rheology/morphology interactions in polypropylene/polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Rheol Acta. 2006 ; 45: 322-330
80. Balakrishnan S, Start PR, Raghavan D, et al. The influence of clay and elastomer concentration on the morphology and fracture energy of preformed acrylic rubber dispersed clay filled epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer. 2005 ; 46: 11255-11262
81. Wang X, Gao Y, Mao K, et al. Unusual rheological behavior of liquid polybutadiene rubber/clay nanocomposite gels: the role of polymer-clay interaction, clay exfoliation, and clay orientation and disorientation. Macromolecules. 2006 ; 39: 6653-6660
82. Awad WH, Beyer G, Benderly D, et al. Material properties of nanoclay PVC composites. Polymer. 2009 ; 50: 1857-1867
83. Chacko A, Sadiku ER, Vorster OC. The rheological and mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and organoclay nanocomposites. J Reinforc Plast Compos. 2010 ; 29 (4). 558-570
84. Choudhury T, Misra NM. Thermal stability of PMMA-clay hybrids. Bull Mater Sci. 2010 ; 33 (2). 165-168
85. Colonna M, Berti C, Binassi E, et al. Nanocomposite of montmorillonite with telechelic sulfonated poly(butylenes terephthalate): effect of ionic groups on clay dispersion, mechanical and thermal properties. Eur Polym J. 2010 ; 46: 918-927
86. Kuan H-C, Ma C-CM, Chuang W-P, et al. Hydrogen bonding, mechanical properties, and surface morphology of clay/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites. J polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2005 ; 43: 1-12
87. Misra RDK, Yuan Q, Chen J, et al. Hierarchical structures and phase nucleation and growth during pressure-induced crystallization of polypropylene containing dispersion of nanoclay: the impact on physical and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010 ; 527: 2163-2181
88. Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic behavior of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites with cotreated montmorillonites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng. 2007 ; 46: 367-376
89. Olewnik E, Garman K, Czerwinski W. Thermal properties of new composites based on nanoclay, polyethylene and polypropylene. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010 ; 101: 323-329
90. Ray SS, Bandyopadhyay J, Bousmina M. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of poly[(butylenes succinate)-co-adipate] nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2007 ; 92: 802-812
91. Santos KS, Liberman SA, Oviedo MAS, et al. Optimization of the mechanical properties of polypropylene-based nanocomposite via the addition of a combination of organoclays. Composites: Part A. 2009 ; 40: 1199-1209
92. Tiwari RR, Natarajan U. Effect of organic modifiers and silicate type on filler dispersion, thermal, and mechanical properties of ABS-clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008 ; 110: 2374-2383
93. Vladimirov V, Betchev C, Vassiliou A, et al. Dynamic mechanical and morphological studies of isotactic polypropylene/fumed silica nanocomposites with enhanced gas barrier properties. Compos Sci Technol. 2006 ; 66: 2935-2944
94. Qi B, Zhang QX, Bannister M, et al. Investigation of the mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin with nanoclay additives. Compos Struct. 2006 ; 75: 514-519
95. Mohan TP, Kumar MR, Velmurugan R. Mechanical and barrier properties of epoxy polymer filled with nanolayered silicate clay particles. J Mater Sci. 2006 ; 41: 2929-2937
96. Yasmin A, Luo JJ, Abot JL, et al. Mechanical and thermal behavior of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2006 ; 66: 2415-2422
97. Ratna D, Divekar S, Samui AB, et al. Poly(ethylene oxide)/clay nanocomposite: thermomechanical properties and morphology. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 4068-4074
98. Wilkinson AN, Man Z, Stanford JL, et al. Structure and dynamic mechanical properties of melt intercalated polyamide 6 - montmorillonite nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng. 2006 ; 291: 917-928
99. Araújo EM, Barbosa R, Oliveira AD, et al. Thermal and mechanical properties of PE/organoclay nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007 ; 87 (3). 811-814
100. Zhang M, Sundararaj U. Thermal, rheological, and mechanical behaviors of LLDPE/PEMA/clay nanocomposites: effect of interaction between polymer, compatibilizer, and nanofiller. Macromol Mater Eng. 2006 ; 291: 697-706
101. Huang Y, Yang K, Dong J-Y. An in situ matrix functionalization approach to structure stability enhancement in polyethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by intercalative polymerization. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 4005-4014
102. Frankowski DJ, Khan SA, Spontak RJ. Chain-scission-induced intercalation as a facile route to polymer nanocomposites. Adv Mater. 2007 ; 19: 1286-1290
103. Jia Q-X, Wu Y-P, Xu Y-L, et al. Combining in-situ organic modification of montmorillonite and the latex compounding method to prepare high-performance rubber-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng. 2006 ; 291: 218-226
104. Filippi S, Mameli E, Marazzato C, et al. Comparison of solution-blending and melt-intercalation for the preparation of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)/organoclay nanocomposites. Eur Polym J. 2007 ; 43: 1645-1659
105. Valsecchi R, Vigano M, Levi M, et al. Dynamic mechanical and rheological behavior of fluoroelastomer-organoclay nanocomposites obtained from different preparation methods. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006 ; 102: 4484-4487
106. Shi Y, Kashiwagi T, Walters RN, et al. Ethylene vinyl acetate/layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by a surfactantfree method: enhanced flame retardant and mechanical properties. Polymer. 2009 ; 50: 3478-3487
107. Corobea MC, Uricanu V, Donescu D, et al. Poly(vinyl acetate)-clay hybrids prepared via emulsion polymerization, assisted by a nonionic surfactant. Mater Chem Phys. 2007 ; 103: 118-126
108. Yasmin A, Abot JL, Daniel IM. Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing. Scripta Mater. 2003 ; 49: 81-86
109. Lu H, Hu Y, Li M, et al. Structure characteristics and thermal properties of silane-grafted-polyethylene/clay nanocomposite prepared by reactive extrusion. Compos Sci Technol. 2006 ; 66: 3035-3039
110. Horsch S, Serhatkulu G, Gulari E, et al. Supercritical CO2 dispersion of nano-clays and clay/polymer nanocomposites. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 7485-7496
111. Chen C-Y, Chen C-C, Hou S-S. Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylonitrile)/montmorillonite nanocomposites from surface-initiated redox polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 115: 416-423
112. Ma P-C, Siddiqui NA, Marom G, et al. Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review. Composites: Part A. 2010 ; 41: 1345-1367
113. Kim BC, Park SW, Lee DG. Fracture toughness of the nano-particle reinforced epoxy composite. Compos Struct. 2008 ; 86: 69-77
114. Pearson JRA Mechanics of polymer processing. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers ; 1985 :
115. Utracki LA Polymer blends handbook. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers ; 2002 :
116. Dasari A, Yu Z-Z, Mai Y-W. Transcrystalline regions in the vicinity of nanofillers in polyamide-6. Macromolecules. 2007 ; 40: 123-130
117. Sawyer LC, Grubb DT, Meyers GF Polymer microscopy. 3 rd edn. New York, NY: Springer, 2008. New York, NY: Springer ; 2008 :
118. Arora A, Choudhary V, Sharma DK. Effect of clay content and clay/surfactant on the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites. J Polym Res. 2010 ; 18 (4). 843-857
119. Boukerrou A, Duchet J, Fellahi S, et al. Morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007 ; 103: 3547-3552
120. Ma H, Tong L, Xu Z, et al. Clay network in ABS-graft-MAH nanocomposites: rheology and flammability. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2007 ; 92: 1439-1445
121. Han B, Ji G, Wu S, et al. Preparation and characterization of nylon 66/montmorillonite nanocomposites with co-treated montmorillonites. Eur Polym J. 2003 ; 39: 1641-1646
122. Yilmaz O, Cheaburu CN, Durraccio D, et al. Preparation of stable acrylate/montmorillonite nanocomposite latex via in situ batch emulsion polymerization: effect of clay types. Appl Clay Sci. 2010 ; 49: 288-297
123. Kusmono, Ishak ZAM, Chow WS, et al. Effect of clay modification on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyamide 6/polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym Compos. 2010 ; 31 (7). 1156-1167
124. Kelarakis A, Giannelis EP, Yoon K. Structure-properties relationships in clay nanocomposites based on PVDF/(ethylene-vinyl acetate) copolymer blends. Polymer. 2007 ; 48: 7567-7572
125. Xanthos M Functional fillers for plastics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA ; 2010 :
126. Jiankun L, Yucai K, Zongneng Q, et al. Study on intercalation and exfoliation behavior of organoclays in epoxy resin. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2001 ; 39: 115-120
127. Weon J-I, Sue H-J. Effects of clay orientation and aspect ratio on mechanical behavior of nylon-6 nanocomposite. Polymer. 2005 ; 46: 6325-6334
128. Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K An introduction to rheology. London, UK: Elsevier BV ; 1989 :
129. Arunvisut S, Phummanee S, Somwangthanaroj A. Effect of clay on mechanical and gas barrier properties of blown film LDPE/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007 ; 106: 2210-2217
130. Chu D, Nguyen Q, Baird DG. Effect of matrix molecular weight on the dispersion of nanoclay in unmodified high density polyethylene. Polym Compos. 2007 ; 28 (4). 499-511
131. Dasari A, Yu Z-Z, Yang M, et al. Micro- and nano-scale deformation behavior of nylon 66-based binary and ternary nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2006 ; 66: 3097-3114
132. Carastan DJ, Vermogen A, Masenelli-Varlot K, et al. Quantification of clay dispersion in nanocomposites of styrenic polymers. Polym Eng Sci. 2010 ; 50 (2). 257-267
133. Yu W, Zhao Z, Zheng W, et al. Crystallization behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polym Eng Sci. 2009 ;: 491-498
134. As'habi L, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, et al. Morphological, rheological and thermal studies in melt processed compatibilized PA6/ABS/clay nanocomposites. J Polym Res. 2011 ; 18: 197-205
135. Barick AK, Tripathy DK. Effect of organoclay on the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of organophilic montmorillonite nanoclay based thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites prepared by melt blending. Polym Eng Sci. 2010 ; 50 (3). 484-498
136. Zhang X, Loo LS. Morphology and mechanical properties of a novel amorphous polyamide/nanoclay nanocomposite. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2008 ; 46: 2605-2617
137. Cui L, Yeh J-T. Nylon 6 crystal-phase transition in nylon 6/clay/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 118: 1683-1690
138. Behradfar A, Shojaei A, Sheikh N. Rheological and mechanical characteristics of low density polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate/organoclay nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2010 ; 50 (7). 1315-1325
139. Taghizadeh E, Naderi G, Dubois C. Rheological and morphological properties of PA6/ECO nanocomposites. Rheol Acta. 2010 ; 49 (10). 1015-1027
140. Mitchell CA, Krishnamoorti R. Rheological properties of diblock copolymer/layered-silicate nanocomposites. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2002 ; 40: 1434-1443
141. Peters ST Handbook of composites. Cambridge, England: Chapman & Hall: Cambridge University Press ; 1998 :
142. Yanovsky YG Polymer rheology: theory and practice. Cambridge, UK: Chapman & Hall ; 1993 :
143. Rhoney I, Brown S, Hudson NE, et al. Influence of processing method on the exfoliation process for organically modified clay systems. I. Polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004 ; 91: 1335-1343
144. John B, Nair CPR, Ninan KN. Effect of nanoclay on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of cyanate ester syntactic foams. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010 ; 527: 5435-5443
145. Maji PK, Guchhait PK, Bhowmick AK. Effect of nanoclays on physico-mechanical properties and adhesion of polyester-based polyurethane nanocomposites: structure-property correlations. J Mater Sci. 2009 ; 44: 5861-5871
146. Samadi A, Kashani MR. Effects of organo-clay modifier on physical-mechanical properties of butyl-based rubber nano-composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 ; 116: 2101-2109
147. Pluta M, Jeszka JK, Boiteux G. Polylactide/montmorillonite nanocomposites: structure, dielectric, viscoelastic and thermal properties. Eur Polym J. 2007 ; 43: 2819-2835
148. Ingram S, Dennis H, Hunter I, et al. Influence of clay type on exfoliation, cure and physical properties of in situ polymerised poly(methyl methacrylates) nanocomposites. Polym Int. 2008 ; 57: 1118-1127
149. Sinha Ray S, Bousmina M. Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in greening the 21st century materials world. Prog Mater Sci. 2005 ; 50 (8). 962-1079
150. Xie S, Zhang S, Wang F, et al. Influence of annealing treatment on the heat distortion temperature of nylon-6/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2005 ; 45 (9). 1247-1253
151. Chae DW, Kim KJ, Kim BC. Effects of silicalite-1 nanoparticles on rheological and physical properties of HDPE. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 3609-3615
152. Chabert E, Bornert M, Bourgeat-Lami E, et al. Filler-filler interactions and viscoelastic behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004 ; 381: 320-330
153. Dong Y, Bhattacharyya D. Effects of clay type, clay/compatibiliser content and matrix viscosity on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. Composites: Part A. 2008 ; 39: 1177-1191
154. Gupta N, Lin TC, Shapiro M. Clay-epoxy nanocomposites: processing and properties. JOM J Minerals Metals Mater Soc. 2007 ; 59 (3). 61-65
155. Pizzatto L, Lizot A, Fiorio R, et al. Synthesis and characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane/nanoclay composites. Mater Sci Eng C. 2009 ; 29: 474-478
156. Delabarde C, Plummer CJG, Bourban P-E, et al. Accelerated ageing and degradation in poly-l-lactide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2011 ; 96 (4). 595-607
157. Valles-Lluch A, Ferrer GG, Pradas MM. Effect of the silica content on the physico-chemical and relaxation properties of hybrid polymer/silica nanocomposites of P(EMA-co-HEA). Eur Polym J. 2010 ; 46: 910-917
158. Chen B, Evans J. Impact and tensile energies of fracture in polymer-clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2008 ; 49: 5113-5118
159. Gilman JW. Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicateclay/nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci. 1999 ; 15: 31-49
160. Kiliaris P, Papaspyrides CD. Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview of flame retardancy. Prog Polym Sci. 2010 ; 35: 902-958
161. Gilman JW, Harris RH, Shields JR, et al. A study of the flammability reduction mechanism of polystyrene-layered silicate nanocomposite: layered silicate reinforced carbonaceous char. Polym Adv Technol. 2006 ; 17: 263-271
162. Kashiwagi T, Harris RH, Zhang X, et al. Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2004 ; 45: 881-891
163. Kashiwagi T, Mu M, Winey K, et al. Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer. 2008 ; 49 (20). 4358-4368
164. Kaynak C, Nakas GI, Isitman NA. Mechanical properties, flammability and char morphology of epoxy resin/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci. 2009 ; 46: 319-324
165. Jang BN, Costache M, Wilkie CA. The relationship between thermal degradation behavior of polymer and the fire retardancy of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Polymer. 2005 ; 46: 10678-10687
166. Wu T-M, Yang S-H. Surface characterization and barrier properties of plasma-modified polyethersulfone/layered silicate nanocomposites. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys. 2006 ; 44: 3185-3194
167. Xu B, Zheng Q, Song Y, et al. Calculating barrier properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites: effects of clay layers. Polymer. 2006 ; 47: 2904-2910
168. Dumont M-J, Reyna-Valencia A, Emond J-P, et al. Barrier properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007 ; 103: 618-625
169. Kim J-K, Hu C, Woo RSC, et al. Moisture barrier characteristics of organoclay-epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2005 ; 65: 805-813