Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers andwireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem-a review

Biology and Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 202-216

  Sivani, S ^a   Sudarsanam, D ^a  

^a LOYOLA COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Cell Phone Tower; Non Ionizing radiation; Non thermal; Power Density; Radio frequency electromagnetic field; SAR

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875269144     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09748369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abdel-Rassoul G, El-Fateh OA, Salem MA, Michael A, Farahat F, El-Batanouny M, et al., 2007. Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations. Neurotoxicology, 28(2): 434-440.
2. ARPANSA, 2011. Introduction to radiation basics. http://www.arpansa.gov.au/RadiationProtection/basics/index.cfm
3. Balmori A, 2003. The effects of microwave radiation on the wildlife. Preliminary results, Valladolid (Spain). http://www.whale.to/b/martinez.pdf
4. Balmori A, 2005. Possible effects of electromagnetic fields from phone masts on a population of white stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24: 109-119.
5. Balmori A, 2009. Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects on wildlife. Pathophysiology, 16(2): 191-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.007
6. Balmori A, 2010. Mobile phone masts effects on common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles: the city turned into a laboratory. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 29: 31-35.
7. Barnes FS, Greenebaum B, 2007. Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields: bioengineering and biophysical aspects of electromagnetic fields. 3rd Edition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Taylor and Francis Press, 440.
8. Beason RC, Semm P, 2002. Responses of neurons to an amplitude modulated microwave stimulus. Neuroscience Letters, 333: 175-178.
9. Belpomme D, 2011. Presentation of Prof. Dominique Belpomme at 8th National Congress on Electrosmog, Berne. http://citizensforsafetechnology.org/uploads/scribd/Presentation%20of%20Prof.pdf
10. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxström-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer W, et al., 2006. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromagnetics, 27(4): 295-306.
11. Belyavskaya NA, 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Advances in Space Research, 34(7): 1566-1574.
12. Birenbaum L, Grosof GM, Rosenthal SW, Zaret MM, 1969. Effect of microwaves on the eye. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 16(1): 7-14.
13. Blank M, 2012. Cell Towers and Cancer-Bioinitiative Report. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v5a6wLFeIrCtU&feature5related; www.weepinitiative.org.
14. Business Standard, 2010. Cellular tower study debunks radiation myth by COAI, AUSPI. December 21, 2010. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cellular-tower-study-debunks-radiation-mythby-coai-auspi/419036
15. çam ST, Seyhan N, 2012. Single-strand DNA breaks in human hair root cells exposed to mobile phone radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 88(5): 420-424.
16. Cane JH, Tepedino VJ, 2001. Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conservation Ecology, 5(1): 1.
17. Cherry N, 2001. Evidence that electromagnetic radiation is genotoxic: the implications for the epidemiology of cancer and cardiac, neurological, and reproductive effects. http://www.neilcherry.com/documents/90_m2_EMR_Evidence_That_EMR-EMF_is_genotoxic.pdf
18. Davis D, 2010. Disconnect. USA: Dutton Penguin Group, 69-95.
19. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ, 2009. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS ONE, 4(7): e6446.
20. DoT, 2010. Report of the Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) on EMF radiation. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of India. http://www.dot.gov.in/miscellaneous/IMC%20Report/IMC%20Report.pdf
21. Doyon PR, 2008. Are the microwaves killing the insects, frogs, and birds? And are we next? http://www.thenhf.com/article.php?id5480
22. Favre D, 2011. Mobile phone-induced honeybee worker piping. Apidologie, 42(3): 270-279. DOI: 10.1007/ s13592-011-0016-x
23. FCC, 1999. Questions and answers about biological effects and potential hazards of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. OET Bulletin 56, 4th Edition. http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/oetbulletins-line
24. Fragopoulou A, Grigoriev Y, Johansson O, Margaritis LH, Morgan L, Richter E, et al., 2010. Scientific panel on electromagnetic field health risks: consensus points, recommendations, and rationales. Reviews on Environmental Health, 25(4): 307-317.
25. Grefner NM, Yakovleva TL, Boreysha IK, 1998. Effects of electromagnetic radiation on tadpole development in the common frog (Rana temporaria L.). Russian Journal of Ecology, 29(2): 133-134.
26. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH, Morgan LL, 2007. Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for . or 5 10 years. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(9): 626-632.
27. Hässig M, Jud F, Naegeli H, Kupper J, Spiess BM, 2009. Prevalence of nuclear cataract in Swiss veal calves and its possible association with mobile telephone antenna base stations. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkde, 151(10): 471-478.
28. Havas M, 2006. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25: 259-268.
29. Hotary KB, Robinson KR, 1994. Endogenous electrical currents and voltage gradients in Xenopus embryos and the consequences of their disruption. Developmental Biology, 166: 789-800.
30. Hyland GJ, 2000, Physics and biology of mobile telephony. The Lancet, 356: 1833-1836.
31. ICNIRP SCI Review, 2011. Mobile phones, brain tumors, and the interphone study: Where are we now? Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(11): 1534-1538.
32. ICNIRP, 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics, 74(4): 494-522.
33. Instituto Edumed, 2010. Latin American experts committee on high frequency electromagnetic fields and human health, Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency spectrum and its effects on human health. www.edumed.org.br/lasr2008/en/
34. Jing J, Yuhua Z, Xiao-qian Y, Rongping J, Dong-mei G, Xi C, 2012. The influence of microwave radiation from cellular phone on fetal rat brain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 31(1): 57-66.
35. Johansson O, 2010. Aspects of studies on the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 10: 012005. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/10/1/012005
36. Kane RC, 2001. Cellular telephone russian roulette-a historical and scientific perspective. New York: Vantage Press.
37. Kasevich RS, 2000. Cell Towers, Wireless Convenience or Environmental Hazards? Proceedings of the "Cell Towers Forum" State of the Science/State of the Law. Chapter 11, Levitt BB (Ed.), Canada: New Century Publishing, pp. 170-175.
38. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J, 2011. Biomarkers inducing changes due to microwave exposure effect on rat brain, pp. 1-4. http://www.academia.edu/967270/Biomarkers_inducing_changes_due_to_microwave_exposure_effect_on_rat_brain
39. Kevan PG, Phillips TP, 2001. The economic impacts of pollinator declines: an approach to assessing the consequences. Ecology and Society, 5(1): 8.
40. Kimmel S, Kuhn J, Harst W, Stever H, 2007. Effects of electromagnetic exposition on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Environmental Systems Research, 8: 1-8.
41. Kirschvink JL, Walker MM, Diebel CE, 2001. Magnetite-based magnetoreception. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11: 462-467.
42. Kumar G, 2010. Report on cell tower radiation, submitted to the Secretary, DoT, Delhi. http://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~mwave/GK-cell-tower-rad-report-DOT-Dec2010.pdf
43. Kumar N, Kumar G, 2009. Biological effects of cell tower radiation on human body. Electrical engineering department, IIT Bombay. December 16-19, ISMOT, 2009, New Delhi, India.
44. Lahijani MS, Ghafoori M, 2000. Teratogenic effects of sinusoidal extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on morphology of 24 hr chick embryos. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38(7): 692-699.
45. Lai H, Singh NP, 1995. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 16: 207-210.
46. Lai H, Singh NP, 1996. Single-and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 69: 513-521.
47. Lai H, Singh NP, 1997. Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18: 446-454.
48. Leszczynski D, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R, 2002. Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancerand blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation, 70: 120-129.
49. Levengood WC, 1969. A new teratogenic agent applied to amphibian embryos. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 21(1): 23-31.
50. Levitina NA, 1966. Non-thermal effect of microwaves on the rhythm of cardiac contractions in the frog. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 62(12): 64-66.
51. Levitt BB, 2007. Electromagnetic fields: a consumer's guide to the issues and how to protect ourselves. Authors Guild Backinprint.com Edition, iUniverse, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-595-47607-7.
52. Levitt BB, 2010. The environmental effects of wireless technologies and other sources of non-ionizing radiation: an overview. http://www.croww.org/environmental-effects.pdf
53. Levitt BB, Lai H, 2010. Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Canada: NRC Research Press, 369-395.
54. Marino AA, Carrubba A, 2009. The effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on brain electrical activity: A critical review of literature. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 28(3): 250-274. http://andrewamarino.com/PDFs/CellphoneEMFs-Review.pdf
55. Milham S, 2010. Historical evidence that electrification caused the 20th century epidemic of disease of civilization. Medical Hypotheses, 74(2): 337-345.
56. Mitra A, Bhattacharya D, 2008. Effects of melatonin in mild diabetics with dyslipidaemia. Journal of Human Ecology, 23(2): 109-114.
57. MOEF, 2010. Report on possible impacts of communication towers on wildlife, including birds and bees, Government of India. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/final_mobile_towers_report.pdf
58. Mouritsen H, Ritz T, 2005. Magnetoreception and its use in bird navigation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(4): 406-414.
59. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Bhat PG, Mailankot M, 2010. Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Uppsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115: 91-96.
60. New International EMF Alliance, 2011. Seletun Statement, Oslo, Norway. http://iemfa.org/index.php/publications/seletun-resolution
61. Nylund R, Leszczynski D, 2004. Proteomics analysis of human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 after exposure to GSM 900 radiation. Proteomics, 4: 1359-1365.
62. Nylund R, Leszczynski D, 2006. Mobile phone radiation causes changes in gene and protein expression in human endothelial cell lines and the response seems to be genome-and proteome-dependent. Proteomics, 6: 4769-4780.
63. Oberfeld G, Navarro E, Portoles M, Maestu C, Gomez-Perretta C, 2004. The microwave syndrome-further aspects of a Spanish study. EBEA Congres Kos-Greece, 1: 1-9.
64. Osepchuk JM, 1983. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, IEEE INC.
65. Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH, 2004. Effect of GSM 900 MHz mobile phone radiation on the reproductive capacity of Drosophila melanogaster. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 23(1): 29-43.
66. Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH, 2008. Mobile Telephony Radiation Effects on Living Organisms. In: mobile telephones, Chapter 3, Harper AC, Buress RV (Eds.). New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 107-149.
67. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Nezis IP, Margaritis LH, 2007. Cell death induced by GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz mobile telephony radiation. Mutation Research, 626(1-2): 69-78.
68. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Margaritis LH, 2010. Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86(5): 345-357.
69. Repacholi MH, Cardis E, 2002. Criteria for EMF health risk assessment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 72: 305-312.
70. Repacholi MH, Rubtsova NB, Muc AM, 1998. Proceedings of the International Meeting on "Electromagnetic Fields: Biological Effects and Hygienic Standardization", Moscow. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation, 1999. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65976
71. Rogers KJ, 2002. Health effects from cell phone tower radiation. http://www.scribd.com/doc/3773284/Health-Effects-from-Cell-Phone-Tower-Radiation
72. Rubin EB, Shemesh Y, Cohen M, Elgavish S, Robertson HM, Bloch G, 2006. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses reveal mammalian-like clockwork in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and shed new light on the molecular evolution of the circadian clock. Genome Research, 16(11): 1352-1365.
73. Sage C, 2007.The Bioinitiative Report and Biologicallybased Exposure Standards. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v5jC6Bzz25rzU&feature5relmfu
74. Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M, 2002. Investigation on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations: incidence according to distance and sex. Pathological Biology (Paris), 50(6): 369-373.
75. SCENIHR, 2007. Possible effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. 16th Plenary on 21st March 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_007.pdf
76. Sharma VP, Kumar NR, 2010. Changes in honeybee behaviour and biology under the influence of cellphone radiations. Current Science, 98(10): 1376-1378.
77. Tanwar VS, 2006. Living Dangerously in Indian cities: an RF radiation pollution perspective. ElectroMagnetic Interference and Compatibility (INCEMIC), 2006 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference, Cogent EMR Solutions, New Delhi, India, pp. 458-466.
78. The Hindu, 2012. Mobile base station radiation limit will be cut from September 1. August 27, 2012. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3828735.ece
79. The Hindu, 2012. No major health fallout from typical exposure, say studies. August 28, 2012. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3829594.ece
80. TRAI, 2012. Indian telecom services performance indicator report for the quarter ending December. Information note to the Press. Press release No. 74/2012, New Delhi. www.trai.gov.in
81. US Fish & Wildlife Service, 2009. Public Press release on briefing paper on the need for research into the cumulative impacts of communication towers on migratory birds and other wildlife in the United States, Division of Migratory Bird Management (DMBM). http://electromagnetichealth.org/pdf/CommTowerResearchNeedsPublicBriefing-2-409.pdf
82. Warnke U, 2007. Bees, birds, and mankind: destroying nature by "Electrosmog". Effects of mobile radio and wireless communication. A series of papers by the competence initiative for the protection of mankind, environment, and democracy. Kempten. http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/warnke_bbm.pdf
83. WHO Press Release, 2011. IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en
84. Xu S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang W, Wang Y, et al., 2010. Exposure to 1800 MHz radio-frequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Research, 1311: 189-196.